Localisations métropolitaines et mobilité quotidienne : relation entre l’équilibre emploi-résidence et le navettage à Montréal

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’important mouvement de déconcentration territoriale évoluant au sein de nombreuses métropoles à travers le monde a indéniablement su bouleverser leurs dynamiques territoriales, notamment en termes d’organisation spatiale des fonctions urbaines et de mobilité. Ce phénomène n’a pas manqué de susciter l’intérêt de nombreux auteurs, toutefois, face à la variété des facteurs d’influence et aux nombreuses spécificités locales, ces études se sont régulièrement révélées divergentes, voire contradictoires. Ainsi, de nombreuses incertitudes demeurent. La déconcentration des activités serait-elle en mesure de favoriser une meilleure adéquation des lieux de résidence et de travail au sein des territoires métropolitains? Quels en sont les conséquences sur les migrations alternantes? À l’heure où la mobilité constitue à la fois un facteur clé du développement des villes et un enjeu majeur quant aux ’émissions de GES et, alors que le mouvement de déconcentration demeure très actuel et poursuit sa progression, ce mémoire vise à enrichir le débat en proposant une étude basée sur l’analyse des plus récentes formes de distribution des activités métropolitaines en lien avec les caractéristiques de navettage, le tout dans une optique d’évaluation de la durabilité des déplacements. Le cas de Montréal, une métropole dont l’organisation spatiale a été considérée atypique en Amérique du nord, a été observé. L’analyse réalisée comprend trois grandes étapes. L’espace métropolitain montréalais a d’abord fait l’objet d’une caractérisation basée sur une typologie développée en France et basée sur divers critères reliés à la localisation emploi-résidence. Cette typologie a ensuite servi de base à une analyse des déplacements pendulaires, entre 2003 et 2008. Le portrait obtenu a finalement été opposé à celui résultant d’une analyse basée sur un découpage plus traditionnel « centre-banlieue-périphérie » de l’espace métropolitain. Les résultats suggèrent, à l’instar d’autres études, que la seule proximité des lieux d’emploi et de résidence ne suffit pas à favoriser des pratiques de navettage plus durables. D’un point de vue méthodologique, l’étude révèle également la pertinence des deux types d’approches proposés, de même que leur complémentarité.

Environmentally-Efficient Development Management System for Greater Kochi in Kerala State”

The base concept from which the entire research problem emerged is as follows: Lack of spatial planning and effective development management system lead to urban sprawl with non-optimal density of population to support urban infrastructure on the one side causing a lesser quality of life in urban areas. On the other side it causes loss of productivity of natural ecosystems and agricultural areas due to disturbance to the ecosystems. Planned compact high density development with compatible mixed land use can go a long way in achieving environmental efficiency of development management system.

Influencia de la implantación del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo en los procesos de planeación local. Estudio de caso: Fase 1 y 2- Metrolínea en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Periodo 2003-2011.

Esta investigación le permite al lector entender la influencia que tuvo la implantación del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo (SITM) sobre la gestión del ordenamiento territorial en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El documento explica y analiza las posibles transformaciones que se podrían generar en los alrededores del sistema, partiendo de reconocer que existen unas áreas denominadas centralidades y otras operaciones estratégicas que son catalogadas no solamente por el rol que cumplen en un contexto municipal y metropolitano, sino también por las posibilidades que ofrecen para el desarrollo de servicios, equipamientos y empleo, que finalmente contribuirán a alcanzar el deseo de un modelo desarrollo policéntrico en el área metropolitana.

Análisis comparado del ordenamiento territorial a escala regional de Barcelona y el Randsad 2005 – 2013. Reflexiones para el caso colombiano

El presente estudio quiere analizar la construcción de la dimensión regional como proceso de interacción entre el conjunto de asentamientos humanos y de unas relaciones políticas, jurídicas, históricas, económicas y funcionales alrededor de ese espacio determinado que aborda la interdependencia territorial. A partir de la concepción que la aglomeración urbana es intrínsecamente regional, el trabajo aborda tres casos de estudio: el Randstad en Holanda, el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona y la Mesa de Planificación Regional Bogotá – Cundinamarca como configuraciones que permiten la formación de acuerdos coordinados básicos para un abordaje integral de la gestión del territorio. De las particularidades de cada caso se elaboran comparaciones que establecen que la configuración de acuerdos regionales es influida por una práctica política y de ordenamiento territorial determinada. Fundamentándose en la comparación, el aparte final el texto establece establecen algunas orientaciones para la consolidación regional en Colombia como proceso de apoderamiento de lo local.

Estudio del proceso de transformación del aeropuerto el dorado, bajo el concepto de ciudad-aeropuerto, 2000-2011.

Los principales aeropuertos del mundo han cambiado radicalmente su vocación de simples máquinas de transporte aéreo para integrarse a los territorios y ser ejes de engranajes productivos, que impulsan la economía de las ciudades contemporáneas. En ese sentido, la presente investigación busca examinar cómo ha sido el modelo de planificación desarrollado para el Aeropuerto Internacional El Dorado (AIED) y cuál es el rol que juega su entorno inmediato en dicho modelo. ¿Se ha concebido el AIED como un espacio físico que cohesiona el territorio y cataliza encadenamientos productivos y actividades económicas supraregionales? Este trabajo de grado intentará demostrar a través de un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo, que a diferencia de las tendencias globales, el modelo de planificación del AIED aún se basa en la visión tradicional y sectorial, lo que genera un impacto económico negativo en el desarrollo económico de la ciudad de Bogotá y su área metropolitana.

Green noise or green value? Measuring the price effects of environmental certification in commercial buildings

This paper investigates the price effects of environmental certification on commercial real estate assets. It is argued that there are likely to be three main drivers of price differences between certified and non-certified buildings. First, certified buildings offer a bundle of benefits to occupiers relating to business productivity, image and occupancy costs. Second, due to these occupier benefits, certified buildings can result in higher rents and lower holding costs for investors. Third, certified buildings may require a lower risk premium. Drawing upon the CoStar database of US commercial real estate assets, hedonic regression analysis is used to measure the effect of certification on both rent and price. We first estimate the rental regression for a sample of 110 LEED and 433 Energy Star as well as several thousand benchmark buildings to compare the sample to. The results suggest that, compared to buildings in the same metropolitan region, certified buildings have a rental premium and that the more highly rated that buildings are in terms of their environmental impact, the greater the rental premium. Furthermore, based on a sample of transaction prices for 292 Energy Star and 30 LEED-certified buildings, we find price premia of 10% and 31% respectively compared to non-certified buildings in the same metropolitan area

Urban Growth Boundaries and their impact on land prices

Investigation of the effects of Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB) on land prices are restricted by a lack of good land market data. However, undeveloped land transactions at the urban fringe of the Melbourne metropolitan area in Australia are recorded in a data set that enables exploration of the impact of its UGB. Estimation can take account of endogeneity issues, while controlling for policy anticipation effects and other potential influences on land prices. OLS and instrumental variable estimates indicate that land prices rose substantially inside the UGB after its enactment in 2003 but did not rise much outside of it.

Urban Growth Boundaries and their impact on land prices

Undeveloped land transactions at the urban fringe of the Melbourne metropolitan area in Australia are recorded in a dataset that enables exploration of the impact of its urban growth boundary (UGB) on residential land prices. Estimation can take account of a wide range of factors, while controlling for policy anticipation effects and other potential influences on land prices. Modelling estimates indicate that land prices rose substantially inside the UGB after its enactment in 2003, but did not rise much outside of it. These results suggest that the urban growth boundary has had a significant upward effect on the trajectory of the urban region’s house prices. Keywords: urban growth boundary, land prices, land market dynamics

Dietary Quality and Associated Factors among Factory Workers in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The workplace is a manageable community-based setting for ensuring proper nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate dietary quality and associated factors among adult workers at a cosmetics factory in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This factory was actively participating in the Brazilian Workers` Meal Program, which was created to ensure workers` nutritional health. In this cross-sectional study, data on 202 adult workers were assessed using questionnaires (sociodemographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics) administered during August and September 2006. Dietary intake, measured by 24-hour dietary recall, was used to calculate the modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI). A repeated administration of the 24-hour dietary recall was applied in a random subsample to calculate the modified HEI adjusted for the within-person variation in intake. Mean adjusted modified HEI scores were analyzed using multiple linear regression adjusted for energy. The mean adjusted modified HEI score was 72.3 +/- 8.0. The lowest adjusted modified HEI components scores were ""milk and dairy products"" (4.4 +/- 3.2) and ""sodium"" (3.7 +/- 3.1). Two percent of workers had ""poor diet"" (adjusted modified HEI score <51 points) and the majority (87%) had ""diet that needs modification"" (adjusted modified HEI score between 51 and 80), despite their participation in the meal program. Adjusted modified HEI scores were considerably higher for men (74.7 +/- 7.0) than for women (66.9 +/- 8.2) and for normal body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) (73.3 +/- 7.8) than for overweight/obese (70.9 +/- 8.1). Based on these results, the vast majority of workers were found to have diets that needed improvement. Individuals with higher-quality diets were more likely to have lower body mass index and to be male. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:786-790.

Aspectos politicos e institucionais da administração metropolitana no Brasil : o caso de Belo Horizonte

Esta monografia analisa os obstáculos políticos e institucionais para a criação e sobrevivência de uma organização de planejamento e administração na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, desde as primeiras idéias sobre a necessidade de um plano para a região até o surgimento de uma autarquia: Superintendência de Desenvolvimento metropolitano - PLAMBEL -,ressaltando-se os mecanismos de sobrevivência e adaptação em ambiente, não raro, adverso. Como se trata de uma entidade cujo campo de açao e uma região metropolitana, achou-se oportuno, antes de iniciar a análise de seus antecedentes e realizações, buscar alguns conceitos mais correntes sobre regiões metropolitanas, inclusive para identificar os parâmetros, variáveis"e características adotadas no Brasil para a delimitação das regiões metropolitanas. Assim, toda a primeira parte do trabalho é dedicada ao quadro de referência teórico e institucional, incluindo uma digressão sobre formas encontradas em outros países onde o fenômeno metropolitano tem merecido maior atenção do poder público, na tentativa de eliminar ou minimizar os efeitos perversos da me tropolização. Depois de analisar a organização e seus principais trabalhos mesmo antes de oficialmente criada, o autor conclui que, tendo em vista a situação de irreversibilidade em que atualmente se encontram as entidades metropolitanas de planejamento e ad ministração, pode-se prever que o PLA~IDEL, se conseguir manter uma liderança institucional que defenda seus programas e objetivos, se imporá como uma organização indispensável como instrumento de planejamento e coordenação das ações governamentais na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Ressalta também a necessidade de uma aliança confiável entre a entidade e os Municípios, a fim de que os interesses metropolitanos, tais como definidos no texto da monografia, possam efetivamente se sobrepor aos interesses meramente locais ou apenas setoriais de órgãos de outros níveis de governo, que eventualmente possam tentar agir sem observância dos planos globais da região.

Em busca de modelos politico-institucionais para as regioes metropolitanas : o caso da região metropolitana de Fortaleza

Os problemas que a rápida urbanização criou são desafiantes. E são ate cruciais para aqueles de quem dependem as decisões para soluciona-los, enquanto, para a comunidade em geral, representam pesados sacrificios que chegam a causar impacto social muito forte. Os técnicos e estudiosos do assunto deveriam aproveitar esse desafio e buscar fórmulas organizacionais de planejamento e administração metropolitanos que promovam o crescimento urbano de maneira mais adequada e eficiente. Com a presente moonografia, procuramos: (1) estudar os antecedentes das organizações de planejamento e administração metropolitanos no Pais, sob os aspectos econômicos e sociais, políticos e institucionais; (2) analisar, particularmente, a Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF), descendo essa analise aos obstaculos enfrentados na sua imp1ementação, princ~palmente os polltico-institucionais, bem como, abrir mais possibilidades para o aprofundamento do estado da matéria.

Lazer : a perspectiva dos moradores no município de Duque de Caxias - RJ

Esta dissertação objetiva-se a pesquisar o padrão de escolha dos moradores de Duque de Caxias em relação à oferta de produtos e serviços de lazer disponíveis no município e na região metropolitana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Considerando a relação cidade, cidadania e qualidade de vida, no caso do município de Duque de Caxias, periferia da Região Metropolitana – RJ verifica-se a indisponibilidade de equipamentos urbanos e ausência de ordenamento territorial capaz de suprir as necessidades humanas da população local. O desenvolvimento econômico no município ocasionou o processo de implantação de complexos industriais na região, acelerando o fenômeno da urbanização e criando grande déficit na oferta de políticas públicas como segurança, saúde e serviços de lazer aos seus moradores. Por meio de aplicação de pesquisa de campo, através do acesso a mídia interativa, foram entrevistados vinte moradores do município sobre suas preferências e hábitos relacionados ao lazer. Com base na técnica da análise de conteúdo, verificou-se que para os entrevistados as atividades de lazer que buscam dentro do próprio município em que residem estão principalmente ligadas aos interesses sociais. Em relação às opções relacionadas a boates e restaurantes, o pequeno número de opções disponíveis ao morador, por melhores que sejam quanto à qualidade, fazem com que busquem em cidades próximas. Entende-se ainda, que se fazem necessário que se invista em opções de lazer de qualidade e voltado para o lazer intelectual, já que são quase inexistentes.

O Litoral e a metrópole dinâmica imobiliária, turismo e expansão urbana na região metropolitana de Natal-RN

The metropolitan regions of Northeast Brazil are being gradually included in a scenario of international investments, which are motivated by the restructuring of both touristic and real-estate sectors. The new capital, real-estate developers and space configurations that result from this process indicate the need for the creation and implementation of public tools which should, at least, allow the mitigation of the urban impacts and environmental losses resulting from this situation. The effects on landscape and on the socio-spatial configuration result from the intensification caused by the dynamism of the "real estate-tourism" sector. There is a regional integration as an expression of the urban expansion of the metropolitan area of Natal. This study investigates the uniqueness of the restructuring and territorial integration of coastal areas and the strategies of the circuit of capital accumulation formed by linking the real estate to tourism. It is intended to increase the understanding about the strategies of tourism, real estate and public policy agents involved in this territorial reconfiguration and in the fund-raising needed for the investments, to understand the existing social and environmental effects and their future trends and also to understand the forms of spatial production as results from the practices of approaching the land transformation and the tourism valorization of the landscape, in a synchronous manner, first in the Northeast region and, as a focal study, in the Metropolitan Area of Natal. Likewise, it is intended to apprehend the current processes of metropolization of the eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte, in addition to indicate its physical-territorial transformation and the types of projects/developments promoted by the market in the recent period. Based upon analysis undertaken for the Metropolitan Region of Natal RN, this piece of work presents some considerations on possible legal instruments that can be adjusted to the municipalities which are experiencing the impact of this peculiar and recent phenomenon in the region, caused by the arrival of the real estate-touristic capital. It is also intended to point out basic proposals to the forms of public intervention, in a speculative way, starting from a Metropolitan Planning project within a medium and long term

Outorga onerosa do direito de construir e dinâmica do mercado imobiliário formal: planejamento e descaminhos na expansão urbana de Parnamirim RN (2008-2010)

The `Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - OODC` (Public Concession of Building Rights), instrument instituted by The City Statute in 2001, has as main objective the recovery of urban property, seeking for a fair distribution the urbanization benefits. The possibility of usage of the OODC instrument is linked to the maximum utilization coefficient, determined to specific areas in accordance to existing infrastructure conditions, further taking into account the formal real estate market, expansion axis and crowding. Being an instrument which establishes values to be paid for a better use of land, it maintains a narrow relation to the real estate, incentivizing or discouraging the crowding in specific areas. The present study investigates the relationship between the criteria for the making of the Public Concession of Building Rights instrument and the dynamics of the formal real estate market. It takes as empiric universe Parnamirim (RN), part of the Natal Metropolitan Area (RN), focusing on the application of the OODC in the period of 2008-2010. It seeks to better understand the necessary basis for the formulation of the instrument, about how it works and its relation to the formal real estate market. It aims to depict the formal real estate market by presenting the production of urban space in Parnamirim in terms of intensity and nature of the real estate, furthermore identifying the licensed properties through the application of the municipality instrument. For the conclusion, it is discussed the criteria for the formation of OODC, its relationship to the dynamics of the formal real estate market and its influencing possibilities in the processes of usage and occupation of land in the context of urban planning

Construir frondoso :uma herança esquecida?

This dissertation of master degree was presented to Post-Graduation Program in Architecture and Planning at UFRN, Brazil. It evaluates 45 one-family housings in the Metropolitan Area of Recife, whose architects consider them to be in conformity with the recommendations contained in Armando de Holanda's book: A Guide to build in the Brazilian Northeast: Architecture as a pleasant place in the sunny tropics , published in 1976 by UFPE. For a long time, it used to be reference in many Architecture and Planning Schools of the Northern Region of Brazil. The research s methodological procedures are based on the Post- Occupancy Evaluation (P.O.E.) with emphasis on the users' thermal comfort of the houses that make part of the sample. Therefore, it has been done technical analyses of the projects, when possible; interviews with the architects; building s inspections; and form applications to the users. The collected data analysis was based on the project recommendations of Holanda s book, they can be synthesized in the principle of Building Leafy". It can not be affirmed that all the houses present the recommendations contained in the guide, but, in many different ways, they exist, sometimes more intensely and sometimes more shyly. However, it can be noticed that in the 45 projects, that the architects perceived the importance of "Building Leafy" on the climatic reality of the Metropolitan Region of Recife