Iowa Finance Authority District 1 Facts, February 2015

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Iowa Finance Authority District 2 Facts, February 2015

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Iowa Finance Authority District 3 Facts, February 2015

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Iowa Finance Authority District 4 Facts, February 2015

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Iowa Finance Authority Statewide Impact Overview, February 2014

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Transnational private authority and the participation of workers' organizations in the regulatory space surrounding the employment relationship

Most corporate codes of conduct and multi-stakeholder sustainability standards guarantee workers' rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining, but many authors are sceptical about the concrete impact of codes and standards of this kind. In this paper we use Hancher and Moran's (1998) concept of 'regulatory space' to assess the potential of private transnational regulation to support the growth of trade union membership and collective bargaining relationships, drawing on some preliminary case study results from a project on the impact of the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) social conditionality on worker organization and social dialogue. One of the major effects of neoliberal economic and industrial policy has been the routine exclusion of workers' organizations from regulatory processes on the grounds that they introduce inappropriate 'political' motives into what ought to be technical decision-making processes. This, rather than any direct attack on their capacity to take action, is what seems best to explain the global decline in union influence (Cradden 2004; Howell 2007; Howe 2012). The evidence we present in the paper suggests that private labour regulation may under certain conditions contribute to a reversal of this tendency, re-establishing the legitimacy of workers' organizations within regulatory processes and by extension the legitimacy of their use of economic and social power. We argue that guarantees of freedom of association and bargaining rights within private regulation schemes are effective to the extent that they can be used by workers' organizations in support of a claim for access to the regulatory space within which the terms and conditions of the employment relationship are determined. Our case study evidence shows that certain trade unions in East Africa have indeed been able to use IFC and other private regulation schemes as levers to win recognition from employers and to establish collective bargaining relationships. Although they did not attempt to use formal procedures to make a claim for the enforcement of freedom of association rights on behalf of their members, the unions did use enterprises' adherence to private regulation schemes as a normative point of reference in argument and political exchange about worker representation. For these unions, the regulation was a useful addition to the range of arguments that they could deploy as means to justify their demand for recognition by employers. By contrast, the private regulation that helps workers' organizations to win access to regulatory processes does little to ensure that they are able to participate meaningfully, whether in terms of technical capacity or of their ability to mobilize social power as a counterweight to the economic power of employers. To the extent that our East African unions were able to make an impact on terms and conditions of employment via their participation in regulatory space it was solely on the basis of their own capacities and resources and the application of national labour law.

TYÖTURVALLISUUDEN KEHITTÄMINEN TEOLLISUUSYRITYKSESSÄ

Tiivistelmä Lainsäädäntö ohjaa yrityksien työsuojelutoimintaa varsin tiukasti. Menestyvälle yritykselle ei kuitenkaan enää riitä lainsäädännön minimitason saavuttaminen. Työturvallisuudesta on tullut merkittävä menestystekijä kilpailtaessa rajallisista resursseista, kuten osaavasta työvoimasta ja rahoittajista. Diplomityössä selvitetään työturvallisuuden kehittämiskeinoja teollisuusyrityksessä. Alalla toimii useita viranomais- ja asiantuntijaorganisaatioita, joiden tehtäviin kuuluu valvoa, että lainsäädäntöä noudatetaan. Valvonnan lisäksi ne myös tarjoavat opastusta työsuojeluasioissa. Työsuojelun kehittämisessä on tärkeää johdon asenne ja toiminta työsuojeluasioissa. Turvallisuutta tulee johtaa samalla tavoin kuin yrityksen muutakin toimintaa. Turvallisuusjohtamisen menetelmiä ovat muun muassa riskien arviointi, tapaturmien tutkinta ja työsuojelukoulutuksen järjestäminen. Myös hyvän turvallisuuskulttuurin luominen yritykseen kuuluu johdon haasteisiin. Turvallisuustoiminnan tilaa kohdeyrityksessä arvioitiin Lappeenrannan teknillisessä korkeakoulussa kehitetyllä Laatua turvallisuustoimintaan (LATU) -menetelmällä. Tuloksien perusteella valittiin lähempää tarkastelua varten tapaturmien tutkinta, fyysinen kuormitus ja sisäinen liikenne. Näistä kerättiin tietoa haastatteluin ja keskusteluin niin työntekijöiden, työnjohdon kuin keskijohdonkin kanssa sekä lisäksi omakohtaisesti toimintaa havainnoimalla.

Synthetic long peptide booster immunization in rhesus macaques primed with replication-competent NYVAC-C-KC induces a balanced CD4/CD8 T-cell and antibody response against the conserved regions of HIV-1.

The Thai trial (RV144) indicates that a prime-boost vaccine combination that induces both T-cell and antibody responses may be desirable for an effective HIV vaccine. We have previously shown that immunization with synthetic long peptides (SLP), covering the conserved parts of SIV, induced strong CD4 T-cell and antibody responses, but only modest CD8 T-cell responses. To generate a more balanced CD4/CD8 T-cell and antibody response, this study evaluated a pox-vector prime/SLP boost strategy in rhesus macaques. Priming with a replication-competent NYVAC, encoding HIV-1 clade C gag, pol and nef, induced modest IFNγ T-cell immune responses, predominantly directed against HIV-1 Gag. Booster immunization with SLP, covering the conserved parts of HIV-1 Gag, Pol and Env, resulted in a more than 10-fold increase in IFNγ ELISpot responses in four of six animals, which were predominantly HIV-1 Pol-specific. The animals showed a balanced polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T-cell response and high Ab titres.

Transnational private authority, regulatory space and workers' collective competences: Bringing local contexts and worker agency back in

The impact of transnational private regulation on labour standards remains in dispute. While studies have provided some limited evidence of positive effects on 'outcome standards' such as wages or occupational health and safety, the literature gives little reason to believe that there has been any significant effect on 'process rights' relating primarily to collective workers' voice and social dialogue. This paper probes this assumption by bringing local contexts and worker agency more fully into the picture. It outlines an analytical framework that emphasizes workers' potential to act collectively for change in the regulatory space surrounding the employment relationship. It argues that while transnational private regulation on labour standards may marginally improve workers access to regulatory spaces and their capacity to require the inclusion of enterprises in them, it does little to increase union leverage. The findings are based on empirical research work conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa.