Apoyo social e ideación suicida en pacientes con cáncer

El diagnóstico de cáncer ha sido asociado con un alto riesgo de presentar ideación suicida en comparación con la población no oncológica, sin embargo se ha considerado al apoyo social como un factor protector para la ocurrencia de esta conducta. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación entre el apoyo social percibido y la ideación suicida en 90 pacientes oncológicos adultos en Bogotá, bajo la hipótesis de que a mayor apoyo social percibido, menor presencia de ideación suicida. Se midió la variable de apoyo social a través del cuestionario Duke UNC y la ideación suicida a través de cuatro instrumentos: Escala de Ideación Suicida (SSI), Escala de Desesperanza de Beck (BHS), el ítem 9 del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-IA) y una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados mostraron que no existe relación entre el apoyo social percibido y la ideación suicida. Por otro lado se identificó una prevalencia de suicidio entre 5,6% y 22,77%, confirmando que el paciente con cáncer considera el suicidio y es fundamental evaluar esta variable en esta población. Se considera importante continuar con la realización de investigaciones que permitan generalizar los resultados a la población oncológica colombiana.

A (des)necessidade do conceito de capital social no direito societário brasileiro: uma análise à luz do direito norte-americano e europeu

O trabalho analisa o tema do capital social no direito societário brasileiro. Seu objetivo é demonstrar, do ponto de vista jurídico, os malefícios e benefícios que o instituto promove. Apesar de ser tido como um conceito clássico e essencial para as sociedades com limitação de responsabilidade no Brasil, esse instituto vem sendo cada vez mais criticado no sentido de que não desempenha suas funções clássicas (organização, produção, e proteção de credores) de maneira efetiva nos dias atuais. Nesse contexto, direito societário moderno vem passando por uma evolução no sentido de questionar a efetividade de seus institutos. A análise aqui proposta do capital social segue esse raciocínio. Para auxiliar na interpretação do instituto no Brasil, serão utilizadas serão estudadas as lições e legislações dos ordenamentos europeu e norte-americano, onde o tema já foi amplamente debatido. O tratamento dado pelo Revised Model Business Corporation Act, legislação modelo norte americana, e da Segunda Diretiva do Capital da União Europeia aos instituto serão comparados com o tratamento da Lei das S.A. para o capital social. Por fim, são identificadas algumas particularidades do instituto do capital social em relação aos ordenamentos estrangeiros, que demonstram que uma eventual supressão do conceito de capital social no Brasil possuiria características próprias que não estão presentes na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Nesse contexto, serão identificados os custos legislativos que uma eventual mudança do regime de capital social teria no sistema legislativo brasileiro.

Capital social e igreja católica :expressões e práticas no sertão do Seridó

It historizes and it analyzes the social capital in the area Seridó. The traditions associative seridoenses are reconstructed starting from the dimensions: economical, social, religious person and politics. In them it is possible to notice actions that form the social capital of the area. The country of Seridó present an associative tradition based on the mutual help, in the trust and reciprocity that she remount there are decades in your history. The relationship among the Catholic Church, that historically it is present in the area, and rural communities, through your community associations, it is the backdrop where you/they are the responsible associative elements for the tear of the regional social fabric: in him (the backdrop) he/she is the responsible social capital for the work of the rural community organizations. The Catholic Church, through your social action and the Program of Combat to the Rural Poverty, of Rio Grande do Norte is the league that sustains the actions collective seridoenses

Trabalho flexível e capital social: um estudo de caso sobre a ação dos agentes comunitários de saúde em Araraquara

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comunidad, conectividad y movimiento regional en la Patagonia: evolución del capital social en la Región de Aysén, Chile

Las pequeñas comunidades rurales de la Región de Aysén, Chile, evidencian una variedad de formas y tipos de capital social. La forma específica de capital social que predomina ha evolucionado según cambios en el contexto nacional y la progresiva integración comunicacional. Tras haber sido ejemplo de cooperación comunitaria, las comunidades rurales enfrentaron el desafío de relacionarse con actores sociales de mayor poder, en el escenario ampliado de la sociedad civil regional. En muchos casos, este cambio conllevó una menor autonomía y la captura de facciones comunitarias en cadenas de clientelismo. Sin embargo, en 2012 emergió el movimiento “Tu problema es mi problema” para enfrentar la marginación percibida en sus relaciones asimétricas con el gobierno central. Este evento masivo de desobediencia civil se basó en tres formas de capital social y marcó la emergencia de una ciudadanía de alcance regional, cumpliendo una de las condiciones para una descentralización plenamente democrática.

Capital social, redes sociais e inovações produtivas

As experiências de sucesso na estratégia de motivar as populações locais, organizá-las e treiná-las, para a realização de inovações produtivas, revelam que as comunidades onde os indivíduos interagem mais uns com os outros e em que a rede de relações sociais, em seu conjunto, está bem integrada tendem a superar as suas limitações com mais facilidade, tirando-se maior proveito das oportunidades que favorecem a elaboração de estratégias e táticas coletivas, aumentando o poder de escolha e de decisão dos atores envolvidos.

Cultural capital and social inequality in health

Economic and social resources are known to contribute to the unequal distribution of health outcomes. Culture-related factors such as normative beliefs, knowledge and behaviours have also been shown to be associated with health status. The role and function of cultural resources in the unequal distribution of health is addressed. Drawing on the work of French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the concept of cultural capital for its contribution to the current understanding of social inequalities in health is explored. It is suggested that class related cultural resources interact with economic and social capital in the social structuring of people's health chances and choices. It is concluded that cultural capital is a key element in the behavioural transformation of social inequality into health inequality. New directions for empirical research on the interplay between economic, social and cultural capital are outlined.

Modelo para evaluar el capital social en programas de cooperación para el desarrollo

Los programas de desarrollo regional promovidos por los gobiernos nacionales y las agencias multilaterales, como el Banco Mundial y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), se orientan a las políticas públicas de suministro de bienes públicos, ya sean servicios públicos o infraestructuras, a las regiones subdesarrolladas. Las evidencias apuntan que el éxito de estos programas depende en parte de externalidades, las cuales se relacionan con los cambios del tejido asociativo y los valores de los participantes de la comunidad. Estas externalidades se definen como el capital social. Cómo las externalidades no son directamente evaluadas en el impacto económico y social de los proyectos, pero su existencia es aceptada por los planificadores que reconocen la importancia de desarrollar el tejido de relaciones en la comunidad. Sin embargo este capital social no es medido. El objeto de esta tesis es investigar y proponer procesos de medida y evaluación del capital social de un proyecto, y relacionarlos con las actividades del mismo en un territorio y proyecto dado como casos de estudio. El Programa de Desarrollo de la Zona de Mata (PROMATA) en el Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, financiado por el Estado de Pernambuco en Brasil y el BID, finalizado en 2010, ha sido elegido como caso de estudio. Para la evaluación y medida del capital social se han estudiado dos periodos. Uno considerando solo los planes del proyecto, sin considerar su implantación, que se ha denominado evaluación A Priori, basada en un panel de expertos con visión de las externalidades generadas. Y otra con la participación de las partes de la comunidad después de su finalización, denomina evaluación A Posteriori, para lo cual se han entrevistado un número significativo de partes interesadas utilizando un cuestionario especialmente diseñado. Los resultados han sido procesados mediante análisis estadísticos avanzados. El proyecto PROMATA es considerado un caso de éxito en Brasil, en parte por su aproximación al desarrollo asociativo. Sin embargo las valoraciones del capital social muestran que algunas relaciones Estado-sociedad y sociedad-personas no han cambiado todo lo esperado, en oposición a las evaluaciones de satisfacción de los indicadores del proyecto. Es el efecto externo del capital social. ABSTRACT The regional development programs promoted by the national governments and international multilateral agencies, like the World Bank and the Interamerican Development Bank (BID), are oriented to public policies under which public goods, like public services and infrastructures, are supplied to underdeveloped regions. More and more evidences are pointing to the fact that success of these programs depends in a good part of externalities, which are related to the changes in the networking and values among the stakeholders in the territory. These externalities are defined as the Social Capital. As externalities, they are not directly evaluated in the projects economic and social impact, but accepted to exist and the planners of the projects do acknowledge the important of social networking. However never assessed. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and propose a way to measure and assess the social capital of a given project, and relate that with the activities of the project, with a given project and territory as base case. The Development Program in Zona da Mata (PROMATA) in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, funded by the Brazil State and the BID, ended in 2010, was chosen as the base case. For the assessment of the social capital two periods in time where studied. One considering only the project program named a priori evaluation and based in a panel of experts, which are aware of the possible externalities of the project. Other, considering the stakeholders view after the project ended, named posterior evaluation, which required interviewing a number of stakeholders using a specially designed questionnaire. The results were processed using advanced statistical techniques. PROMATA is considered a success case story in Brazil, in part for its social networking approach. However when the social capital is assessed there are areas of state-society and society-community relations not that well transformed, as the satisfaction research of the project indicators. This unforeseen externality is the social capital effect.

Keyboard warriors in cyberfights:conflict in online communities of consumption and its effects on community resources

Conflicts are very common in Online Consumption Communities (OCC) and numerous expressions have developed to describe them. Prior research indicates contradictory effects on community resources, namely social capital and culture. One stream finds that online conflict dissolves social capital and community culture (cf. De Valck 2007) while another stream finds it enhances them (cf. Ewing, Wagstaff, and Power 2013). Therefore, the effect of OCC conflict on community resources is unclear. In this paper, we (1) investigate conflict in OCC to develop a typology, and (2) delineate how each type of OCC conflict impacts community resources. This research contributes to our understanding of OCC conflicts and to the literature on value formation in OCC.

Social network structure as a critical success condition for open source software project communities

In recent years, a surprising new phenomenon has emerged in which globally-distributed online communities collaborate to create useful and sophisticated computer software. These open source software groups are comprised of generally unaffiliated individuals and organizations who work in a seemingly chaotic fashion and who participate on a voluntary basis without direct financial incentive. ^ The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the social network structure of these intriguing groups and their level of output and activity, where social network structure is defined as (1) closure or connectedness within the group, (2) bridging ties which extend outside of the group, and (3) leader centrality within the group. Based on well-tested theories of social capital and centrality in teams, propositions were formulated which suggest that social network structures associated with successful open source software project communities will exhibit high levels of bridging and moderate levels of closure and leader centrality. ^ The research setting was the SourceForge hosting organization and a study population of 143 project communities was identified. Independent variables included measures of closure and leader centrality defined over conversational ties, along with measures of bridging defined over membership ties. Dependent variables included source code commits and software releases for community output, and software downloads and project site page views for community activity. A cross-sectional study design was used and archival data were extracted and aggregated for the two-year period following the first release of project software. The resulting compiled variables were analyzed using multiple linear and quadratic regressions, controlling for group size and conversational volume. ^ Contrary to theory-based expectations, the surprising results showed that successful project groups exhibited low levels of closure and that the levels of bridging and leader centrality were not important factors of success. These findings suggest that the creation and use of open source software may represent a fundamentally new socio-technical development process which disrupts the team paradigm and which triggers the need for building new theories of collaborative development. These new theories could point towards the broader application of open source methods for the creation of knowledge-based products other than software. ^

Social Network Structure as a Critical Success Condition for Open Source Software Project Communities

In recent years, a surprising new phenomenon has emerged in which globally-distributed online communities collaborate to create useful and sophisticated computer software. These open source software groups are comprised of generally unaffiliated individuals and organizations who work in a seemingly chaotic fashion and who participate on a voluntary basis without direct financial incentive. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the social network structure of these intriguing groups and their level of output and activity, where social network structure is defined as 1) closure or connectedness within the group, 2) bridging ties which extend outside of the group, and 3) leader centrality within the group. Based on well-tested theories of social capital and centrality in teams, propositions were formulated which suggest that social network structures associated with successful open source software project communities will exhibit high levels of bridging and moderate levels of closure and leader centrality. The research setting was the SourceForge hosting organization and a study population of 143 project communities was identified. Independent variables included measures of closure and leader centrality defined over conversational ties, along with measures of bridging defined over membership ties. Dependent variables included source code commits and software releases for community output, and software downloads and project site page views for community activity. A cross-sectional study design was used and archival data were extracted and aggregated for the two-year period following the first release of project software. The resulting compiled variables were analyzed using multiple linear and quadratic regressions, controlling for group size and conversational volume. Contrary to theory-based expectations, the surprising results showed that successful project groups exhibited low levels of closure and that the levels of bridging and leader centrality were not important factors of success. These findings suggest that the creation and use of open source software may represent a fundamentally new socio-technical development process which disrupts the team paradigm and which triggers the need for building new theories of collaborative development. These new theories could point towards the broader application of open source methods for the creation of knowledge-based products other than software.

Capital social e desenvolvimento de territórios: estudo multicasos nos territórios da cidadania do Rio Grande do Norte

This study aims to systematize elements for territorial development analyzing attributes of social capital present in the territories of Rio Grande do Norte. Unlike other studies about the subject, it is not intended to measure the stock of social capital, but rather to reveal the phenomenon of social organization and its implications, considering territories examined are already made around social capital structures. Case study were used as strategy research because it is enables to understand holistic features and significant events within the context of real life. For this research were selected representatives of public and social institutions involved in territorial collegiate specifically those of the governing core, selected from the more effective involvement of discretion in structure, functioning and meetings. The three territories have similar realities, are products of a public policy that is based on common criteria and present interdependence between categories of analysis of social capital. The presence or absence of any relationship - link, bridge or connection - influences the performance of territorial policy, affecting the social organization and fostering processes of access to information. In the cases at hand, despite the similarity of the general conditions of structure and function, the Apodi has qualities superior to the other. The presence of Dom Helder Camara project that articulates, in parallel to the Territory of Citizenship, the same actors of public policy with social mobilization capacity and effectiveness of actions, is able to encourage different development processes at Apodi. This can be explanatory factor, the tangent construct social capital, so that the territory present living conditions and better levels of development than the other two addressed here.

La buena hora del desarrollo local: un diagnóstico sobre los factores que afectan el capital social, el desarrollo local y la participación en el barrio Juan XXIII en Medellín

Este trabajo de tesis pretende abordar en el primer capítulo el problema que se vive localmente en la periferia de la ciudad de Medellín en donde las políticas públicas que son implementadas desde la municipalidad en los territorios administrativos no siempre dejan capacidades instaladas en las comunidades territoriales, en especial las de generación de empleo y emprendimiento -- Se analiza también la dificultad de convocatoria de la ciudadanía, que no logra participar activamente tanto en los programas ofrecidos como en la generación de propuestas participativas -- En este capítulo se evidencia la necesidad de activar el capital social a través de iniciativas locales de fortalecimiento del voluntariado a través de transacciones no monetarizadas -- Se plantea la necesidad de detectar redes de confianza, de reconocer potencialidades y talentos para potenciar ese capital social, y se analiza la propuesta de implementación de una estrategia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y lectura de la realidad, a una comunidad de un territorio específico de la ciudad desde sus propias experiencias -- En el capítulo tres se revisan los conceptos de desarrollo humano, desarrollo a escala humana y desarrollo local, así como el de capital social como indicadores de bienestar social, y la relación de éstos con la participación ciudadana y la política pública -- En los siguientes capítulos se presentan los resultados y las conclusiones de la investigación y se hacen algunas recomendaciones para implementaciones futuras que podrían orientar perspectivas empíricas que sustenten programas y políticas públicas coherentes con las exigencias locales

Reforço do capital social de um território através de uma abordagem de estruturação da reflexão colectiva em torno dos processos de reconstrução produtiva: O caso do projecto ReADAPT no concelho da Covilhã

As teorias e políticas de desenvolvimento regional sofreram grandes alterações nas duas últimas décadas. Os factores que impulsionam o crescimento económico sustentado já não se relacionam apenas com o capital físico, nem sequer com o capital humano regional. As novas condições de competitividade enfatizam a importância do “capital social”, normas e regras sociais, formais ou informais que promovem a compreensão recíproca e a confiança mútuas entre os agentes da economia da região. Este artigo demonstra a forma como as instituições de uma região se podem organizar em torno dos processos de reestruturação produtiva e encorajar as empresas na região a adoptar normas, expectativas, valores, atitudes e práticas comuns, em suma, uma cultura comum de inovação reforçada pelo processo de aprendizagem social. A acção política dinamizada pela autarquia da Covilhã no projecto ReADAPT, a acção da Associação Nacional dos Industriais de Lanifícios ao promover as condições que sustentam e levam ao aparecimento de redes ou agrupamentos de empresas com actividades relacionadas nas áreas de maior potencial de desenvolvimento da região, e o estabelecimento de relações entre essas redes e as restantes instituições (centros de formação, universidade, sindicatos, etc.) constituem o chamado Sistema Regional de Inovação deste território. Num contexto de depressão económica sectorial e regional, o papel da ANIL e das restantes entidades parceiras assumiu-se como de “animadores e facilitadores” do desenvolvimento. A aprendizagem e a reflexão institucional conseguidas contribuíram também para o que ANIL e as restantes entidades parceiras e o sector público com o qual interagem, tenham adquirido uma nova capacidade de inovação estratégica. Neste contexto, instituições de carácter regional/local assumem-se como um elemento essencial na construção de racionalidades e no condicionamento de comportamentos reflexivos e de cooperação, indicando os caminhos possíveis a seguir aos restantes actores da região. Em suma, as dinâmicas de associação entre actores regionais são um ingrediente fundamental na receita para o desenvolvimento das regiões, no sentido em que podem ajudar outros a ajudar-se na criação de significados, na construção de capacidade para agir e no suporte à construção de redes através das quais os agentes económicos e sociais podem colaborar em benefício comum.