Structure and base properties of calcined hydrotalcites

Five hydrotalcites with Mg/Al molar ratio range of 3-15 were prepared. The structure and basicity of Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) transformed from hydrotalcites were investigated by TPD, XPS, XRD, FT-IR and NMR techniques. The results of elemental analysis and XPS indicate that Al is enriched in the surface regions of Mg(Al)O, and its amount increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and, the calcination temperature. Al-27-MAS-NMR results show that Al exists in two chemical environments: tetrahedral aluminium (Al(t)) and octahedral aluminium (Al(o)) in Mg(AI)O. The amount of Al(t) increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. It is assumed that Al(t) may be mainly from the surface Al. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2 shows that the number of basic sites of Mg(Al)O samples increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio, and the maximum number of basic sites is obtained for hydrotalcite calcined at 773 K. Infrared spectra of adsorbed CO2 and B(OCH3)(3) reveal that there are two kinds of basic sites: weak basic OH- sites and strong basic O2- sites on the Mg(AI)O samples, the base strength depends on the Mg/Al molar ratio and calcination temperature.

Coke formation during the methanol conversion to olefins in zeolites studied by UV Raman spectroscopy

Coke formation on/in ZSM-5, USY and SAPO-34 zeolites was investigated during the methanol conversion to olefins at temperatures from 298 to 773 K using ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectroscopy. The fluorescence interference that usually obscures the Raman spectra of zeolites in the conventional Raman spectroscopy, particularly for coked catalysts, can be successfully avoided in the UV Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra are almost the same for adsorbed methanol on the three zeolites at room temperature. However, the Raman spectra of the surface species formed at elevated temperatures are quite different for the three zeolites. Coke species formed in/on SAPO-34 are mainly polyolefinic species, and in/on ZSM-5 are some aromatic species, but polyaromatic or substituted aromatic species are predominant in USY at high temperatures. Most of the coke species can be removed after a treatment with O-2 at 773 K, while some small amount of coke species always remains in these zeolites, particularly for USY. The main reason for the different behavior of coke formation in the three zeolites could be attributed to the different pore structures of the zeolites. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts: The reactivity of MoCx species formed from MoOx associated and non-associated with Bronsted acid sites

The catalytic performances of methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) under non-oxidative conditions over 6 wt.% Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts calcined for different durations of time at 773 K have been investigated in combination with ex situ H-1 MAS NMR characterization. Prolongation of the calcination time at 773 K is in favor of the diffusion of the Mo species on the external surface and the migration of Mo species into the channels, resulting in a further decrease in the number of Bronsted acid sites, while causing only a slight change in the Mo contents of the bulk and in the framework structure of the HZSM-5 zeolite. The MoQ(x) species associated and non-associated with the Bronsted acid sites can be estimated quantitatively based on the 1H MAS NMR measurements as well as on the assumption of a stoichiometry ratio of 1: 1 between the Mo species and the Bronsted acid sites. Calcining the 6 wt.% Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst at 773 K for 18 h can cause the MoOx species to associate with the Bronsted acid sites, while a 6 Wt-% MO/SiO2 sample can be taken as a catalyst in which all MoOx species are non-associated with the Bronsted acid sites. The TOF data at different times on stream on the 6 wt.% Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst calcined at 773 K for 18 h and on the 6 Wt-% MO/SiO2 catalyst reveal that the MoCx species formed from MoOx associated with the Bronsted acid sites are more active and stable than those formed from MoOx non-associated with the Bronsted acid sites. An analysis of the TPO profiles recorded on the used 6 wt.% Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts calcined for different durations of time combined with the TGA measurements also reveals that the more of the MoCx species formed from MoOx species associated with the Br6nsted acid sites, the lower the amount of coke that will be deposited on it. The decrease of the coke amount is mainly due to a decrease in the coke burnt-off at high temperature. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Maximal strength and cortisol responses to psyching-up during the squat exercise

McGuigan, M. R., Ghiagiarelli, J., Tod, D. (2005). Maximal strength and cortisol responses to psyching-up during the squat exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23 (7), 687-692. RAE2008

The strength of Islam / by al-Hajj Khwaja Kamal-ud-din.

http://www.archive.org/details/thestrengthofisl00kamauoft

Hell & heaven / by al-Hajj Khwaja Kamal-ud-din.

http://www.archive.org/details/hellandheaven00kamauoft

The Hawaiian Islands, as developed by missionary labors. By Andrew P. Peabody. From the Boston Review for May, 1865.

http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianislandsa00peabiala

Test-pattern selection for screening small-delay defects in very-deep submicrometer integrated circuits

Timing-related defects are major contributors to test escapes and in-field reliability problems for very-deep submicrometer integrated circuits. Small delay variations induced by crosstalk, process variations, power-supply noise, as well as resistive opens and shorts can potentially cause timing failures in a design, thereby leading to quality and reliability concerns. We present a test-grading technique that uses the method of output deviations for screening small-delay defects (SDDs). A new gate-delay defect probability measure is defined to model delay variations for nanometer technologies. The proposed technique intelligently selects the best set of patterns for SDD detection from an n-detect pattern set generated using timing-unaware automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG). It offers significantly lower computational complexity and excites a larger number of long paths compared to a current generation commercial timing-aware ATPG tool. Our results also show that, for the same pattern count, the selected patterns provide more effective coverage ramp-up than timing-aware ATPG and a recent pattern-selection method for random SDDs potentially caused by resistive shorts, resistive opens, and process variations. © 2010 IEEE.

Estrategias en la resolución de problemas matemáticos de la prueba pisa. Un estudio de casos

El artículo analiza las estrategias desarrolladas por estudiantes de nivel medio superior al resolver problemas matemáticos de la prueba PISA. El estudio toma como base las explicaciones escritas, verbales y gestuales presentadas por los estudiantes en el proceso de resolución de los problemas. Fueron caracterizadas dos tipos de estrategias: formales e informales. Las primeras, a partir de conceptos sobre objetos, relaciones y operaciones, así como de proposiciones y propiedades matemáticas y las segundas, por medio de transformaciones como la descomposición y recomposición de formas geométricas, asimismo, del uso de la estimación visual y estimación de medidas.

Influencia de los modelos intuitivos en el aprendizaje de la transformación lineal en contexto geométrico

En este documento trataremos algunas consideraciones teóricas en que basamos un trabajo en proceso, un estudio comparativo acerca de las concepciones sobre la transformación lineal en contexto geométrico entre dos tipos de actores educativos (profesores y estudiantes de matemáticas de distintas zonas geográficas en México). Nuestra intención es discutir algunas ideas del marco teórico de la investigación, en relación a algunos modelos intuitivos relacionados con la transformación lineal en contexto geométrico, utilizando la teoría de Fischbein (1987, 1989) y el trabajo de Molina (2004).

Thermal, mechanical and optical modelling of VCSEL packaging

Hybrid OECB (Opto-Electrical Circuit Boards) are expected to make a significant impact in the telecomm switches arena within the next five years, creating optical backplanes with high speed point-to-point optical interconnects. OECB's incorporate short range optical interconnects, and are based on VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Diode) and PD (Photo Diode) pairs, connected to each other via embedded waveguides in the OECB. The VCSEL device is flip-chip assembled onto an organic substrate with embedded optical waveguides. The performance of the VCSEL device is governed by the thermal, mechanical and optical characteristics of this assembly. During operation, the VCSEL device will heat up and the thermal change together with the CTE mismatch in the materials, will result in potential misalignment between the VCSEL apertures and the waveguide openings in the substrate. Any degree of misalignment will affect the optical performance of the package. This paper will present results from a highly coupled modelling analysis involving thermal, mechanical and optical models. The paper will also present results from an optimisation analysis based on Design of Experiments (DOE).

Shear strength analysis of ball grid array (BGA) solder interfaces

Ball shear test is the most common test method used to assess the reliability of bond strength for ball grid array (BGA) packages. In this work, a combined experimental and numerical study was carried out to realize of BGA solder interface strength. Solder mask defined bond pads on the BGA substrate were used for BGA ball bonding. Different bond pad metallizations and solder alloys were used. Solid state aging at 150degC up to 1000 h has been carried out to change the interfacial microstructure. Cross-sectional studies of the solder-to-bond pad interfaces was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer to investigate the interfacial reaction phenomena. Ball shear tests have been carried out to obtain the mechanical strength of the solder joints and to correlate shear behaviour with the interfacial reaction products. An attempt has been taken to realize experimental findings by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). It was found that intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the solder interface plays an important role in the BGA solder bond strength. By changing the morphology and the microchemistry of IMCs, the fracture propagation path could be changed and hence, reliability could be improved

Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of particle velocity profiles in gas-solid two-phase flows

The measurement of particle velocities in two-phase gas-solid systems has a wide application in flow monitoring in process plant, where two-phase gas-solids systems are frequently employed in the form of pneumatic conveyors and solid fuel injection systems. Such measurements have proved to be difficult to make reliably in industrial environments. This paper details particle velocity measurements made in a two phase gas-solid now utilising a laser Doppler velocimetry system. Tests were carried out using both wheat flour and pulverised coal as the solids phase, with air being used as the gaseous phase throughout. A pipeline of circular section, having a diameter of 53 mm was used for the test work, with air velocities ranging from 25 to 45 m/s and suspension densities ranging from 0.001 kg to 1 kg of solids per cubic meter of air. Details of both the test equipment used, and the results of the measurements are presented.