Image, Political

Political communication scholars, journalists, and political actors alike, argue that the political process, and deliberative democracy (democracy founded on informed discussion inclusive of citizens), have lost their rational authenticity in that image and media spectacle have become more central to public opinion formation and electoral outcomes than policy. This entry examines the validity of that perception, and the extent to which “image” has emerged as a more significant factor in the political process. And if image is so important in political culture, what the impacts might be on the functioning of democratic processes.

Journalistic branding on Twitter: A representative study of Australian journalists’ profile descriptions

While journalism scholarship on Twitter has expanded significantly in recent years, journalists’ use of the social networking platform for self-promotion and branding has only recently received attention. Yet, as Twitter is becoming important for journalists to build economic and social capital, journalistic branding is increasingly relevant to study. This article reports the results from a study of 4189 Australian journalists’ Twitter accounts to examine their approaches to self-presentation and branding in their profile information. We find that journalists self-identify primarily through professional characteristics, but a significant number also mix this with personal information. Yet, they are also wary of providing personal information, with one-third including a disclaimer that their views are their own. Whereas only small differences could be found along gender lines, more significant differences existed in terms of whether journalists worked in metropolitan or regional areas and the nature of their employers’ main platform of distribution.

Media convergence

"The book brings together experts from Media and Communication Studies with Postcolonial Studies scholars to illustrate how the two fields may challenge and enrich each other. Its essays introduce readers to selected topics including »Media Convergence«, »Transcultural Subjectivity«, »Hegemony«, »Piracy« and »Media History and Colonialism«. Drawing on examples from film, literature, music, TV and the internet, the contributors investigate the transnational dimensions in today's media, engage with local and global media politics and discuss media outlets as economic agents, thus illustrating mechanisms of power in postcolonial and neo-colonial mediascapes."--Publisher website

Social media governance

This short article proposes an institutional framework for understanding questions of social media governance, based around the four axes of formal and informal institutions, national and supranational governance, public and private, and large-scale and smaller scale governance.

Twitter as a first draft of the present – and the challenges of preserving it for the future

This paper provides a framework for understanding Twitter as a historical source. We address digital humanities scholars to enable the transfer of concepts from traditional source criticism to new media formats, and to encourage the preservation of Twitter as a cultural artifact. Twitter has established itself as a key social media platform which plays an important role in public, real-time conversation. Twitter is also unique as its content is being archived by a public institution (the Library of Congress). In this paper we will show that we still have to assume that much of the contextual information beyond the pure tweet texts is already lost, and propose additional objectives for preservation.

Towards a typology of hashtag publics: A large-scale comparative study of user engagement across trending topics

Twitter’s hashtag functionality is now used for a very wide variety of purposes, from covering crises and other breaking news events through gathering an instant community around shared media texts (such as sporting events and TV broadcasts) to signalling emotive states from amusement to despair. These divergent uses of the hashtag are increasingly recognised in the literature, with attention paid especially to the ability for hashtags to facilitate the creation of ad hoc or hashtag publics. A more comprehensive understanding of these different uses of hashtags has yet to be developed, however. Previous research has explored the potential for a systematic analysis of the quantitative metrics that could be generated from processing a series of hashtag datasets. Such research found, for example, that crisis-related hashtags exhibited a significantly larger incidence of retweets and tweets containing URLs than hashtags relating to televised events, and on this basis hypothesised that the information-seeking and -sharing behaviours of Twitter users in such different contexts were substantially divergent. This article updates such study and their methodology by examining the communicative metrics of a considerably larger and more diverse number of hashtag datasets, compiled over the past five years. This provides an opportunity both to confirm earlier findings, as well as to explore whether hashtag use practices may have shifted subsequently as Twitter’s userbase has developed further; it also enables the identification of further hashtag types beyond the “crisis” and “mainstream media event” types outlined to date. The article also explores the presence of such patterns beyond recognised hashtags, by incorporating an analysis of a number of keyword-based datasets. This large-scale, comparative approach contributes towards the establishment of a more comprehensive typology of hashtags and their publics, and the metrics it describes will also be able to be used to classify new hashtags emerging in the future. In turn, this may enable researchers to develop systems for automatically distinguishing newly trending topics into a number of event types, which may be useful for example for the automatic detection of acute crises and other breaking news events.

The Media and the Academic Globalization Debate : Theoretical Analysis and Critique

This study offers a reconstruction and critical evaluation of globalization theory, a perspective that has been central for sociology and cultural studies in recent decades, from the viewpoint of media and communications. As the study shows, sociological and cultural globalization theorists rely heavily on arguments concerning media and communications, especially the so-called new information and communication technologies, in the construction of their frameworks. Together with deepening the understanding of globalization theory, the study gives new critical knowledge of the problematic consequences that follow from such strong investment in media and communications in contemporary theory. The book is divided into four parts. The first part presents the research problem, the approach and the theoretical contexts of the study. Followed by the introduction in Chapter 1, I identify the core elements of globalization theory in Chapter 2. At the heart of globalization theory is the claim that recent decades have witnessed massive changes in the spatio-temporal constitution of society, caused by new media and communications in particular, and that these changes necessitate the rethinking of the foundations of social theory as a whole. Chapter 3 introduces three paradigms of media research the political economy of media, cultural studies and medium theory the discussion of which will make it easier to understand the key issues and controversies that emerge in academic globalization theorists treatment of media and communications. The next two parts offer a close reading of four theorists whose works I use as entry points into academic debates on globalization. I argue that we can make sense of mainstream positions on globalization by dividing them into two paradigms: on the one hand, media-technological explanations of globalization and, on the other, cultural globalization theory. As examples of the former, I discuss the works of Manuel Castells (Chapter 4) and Scott Lash (Chapter 5). I maintain that their analyses of globalization processes are overtly media-centric and result in an unhistorical and uncritical understanding of social power in an era of capitalist globalization. A related evaluation of the second paradigm (cultural globalization theory), as exemplified by Arjun Appadurai and John Tomlinson, is presented in Chapter 6. I argue that due to their rejection of the importance of nation states and the notion of cultural imperialism for cultural analysis, and their replacement with a framework of media-generated deterritorializations and flows, these theorists underplay the importance of the neoliberalization of cultures throughout the world. The fourth part (Chapter 7) presents a central research finding of this study, namely that the media-centrism of globalization theory can be understood in the context of the emergence of neoliberalism. I find it problematic that at the same time when capitalist dynamics have been strengthened in social and cultural life, advocates of globalization theory have directed attention to media-technological changes and their sweeping socio-cultural consequences, instead of analyzing the powerful material forces that shape the society and the culture. I further argue that this shift serves not only analytical but also utopian functions, that is, the longing for a better world in times when such longing is otherwise considered impracticable.

Rethinking Media Pluralism : A Critique of Theories and Policy Discourses

This study examines different ways in which the concept of media pluralism has been theorized and used in contemporary media policy debates. Access to a broad range of different political views and cultural expressions is often regarded as a self-evident value in both theoretical and political debates on media and democracy. Opinions on the meaning and nature of media pluralism as a theoretical, political or empirical concept, however, are many, and it can easily be adjusted to different political purposes. The study aims to analyse the ambiguities surrounding the concept of media pluralism in two ways: by deconstructing its normative roots from the perspective of democratic theory, and by examining its different uses, definitions and underlying rationalities in current European media policy debates. The first part of the study examines the values and assumptions behind the notion of media pluralism in the context of different theories of democracy and the public sphere. The second part then analyses and assesses the deployment of the concept in contemporary European policy debates on media ownership and public service media. Finally, the study critically evaluates various attempts to create empirical indicators for measuring media pluralism and discusses their normative implications and underlying rationalities. The analysis of contemporary policy debates indicates that the notion of media pluralism has been too readily reduced to an empty catchphrase or conflated with consumer choice and market competition. In this narrow technocratic logic, pluralism is often unreflectively associated with quantitative data in a way that leaves unexamined key questions about social and political values, democracy, and citizenship. The basic argument advanced in the study is that media pluralism needs to be rescued from its depoliticized uses and re-imagined more broadly as a normative value that refers to the distribution of communicative power in the public sphere. Instead of something that could simply be measured through the number of media outlets available, the study argues that media pluralism should be understood in terms of its ability to challenge inequalities in communicative power and create a more democratic public sphere.

Conditionally One of 'Us' : A Study of Print Media, Minorities and Positioning Practices

This study deals with how ethnic minorities and immigrants are portrayed in the Finnish print media. The study also asks how media users of various ethnocultural backgrounds make sense of these mediated stories. A more general objective is to elucidate negotiations of belonging and positioning practices in an increasingly complex society. The empirical part of the study is based on content analysis and qualitative close reading of 1,782 articles in five newspapers (Hufvudstadsbladet, Vasabladet, Helsingin Sanomat, Iltalehti and Ilta-Sanomat) during various research periods between 1999 and 2007. Four case studies on print media content are followed up by a focus group study involving 33 newspaper readers of Bosnian, Somalian, Russian, and 'native' Finnish backgrounds. The study draws from different academic and intellectual traditions; mainly media and communication studies, sociology and social psychology. The main theoretical framework employed is positioning theory, as developed by Rom Harré and others. Building on this perspective, situational self-positioning, positioning by others, and media positioning are seen as central practices in the negotiation of belonging. In support of contemporary developments in social sciences, some of these negotiations are seen as occurring in a network type of communicative space. In this space, the media form one of the most powerful institutions in constructing, distributing and legitimising values and ideas of who belongs to 'us', and who does not. The notion of positioning always involves an exclusionary potential. This thesis joins scholars who assert that in order to understand inclusionary and exclusionary mechanisms, the theoretical starting point must be a recognition of a decent and non-humiliating society. When key insights are distilled from the five empirical cases and related to the main theories, one of the major arguments put forward is that the media were first and foremost concerned with a minority actor's rightful or unlawful belonging to the Finnish welfare system. However, in some cases persistent stereotypes concerning some immigrant groups' motivation to work, pay taxes and therefore contribute are so strong that a general idea of individualism is forgotten in favour of racialised and stagnated views. Discussants of immigrant background also claim that the positions provided for minority actors in the media are not easy to identify with; categories are too narrow, journalists are biased, the reporting is simplifying and carries labelling potential. Hence, although the will for the communicative space to be more diverse and inclusive exists — and has also in many cases been articulated in charters, acts and codes — the positioning of ethnic minorities and immigrants differs significantly from the ideal.

A quase conversação na comentosfera dos j-blogs: um estudo das interações na interface de comentários de quatro blogs jornalísticos institucionais

Este trabalho se situa na fronteira entre as áreas de Comunicação Social e Linguística e é voltado à investigação das interações ocorridas nos espaços dedicados à publicação de comentários de leitores em quatro blogs jornalísticos institucionais: Blog do Noblat, Blog MiriamLeitão.com, Blog do Reinaldo Azevedo e Blog do Josias de Souza. Com ele, pretende-se definir como cada leitor utiliza seus comentários para se relacionar com o jornalista autor do blog (o blogueiro), com outros leitores que também publicam suas opiniões (os leitores-comentaristas) e com o tópico tratado no texto (postagem) escrito pelo blogueiro. Além disso, considerando que autores da área de Comunicação Social discutem os blogs como um dispositivo amplamente conversacional, o propósito desta pesquisa é também esclarecer, à luz dos princípios da Análise da Conversação, se efetivamente ocorre uma conversação entre os participantes no ambiente de troca de mensagens dos blogs. Para a realização do estudo, foi compilado um corpus de 400 comentários cujo conteúdo demonstra a visão crítica de leitores dos blogs acima citados acerca de um mesmo tema: o apagão ocorrido em 10 de novembro de 2009 em 18 estados brasileiros. Tais mensagens foram trabalhadas a partir de um método predominantemente qualitativo e interpretativo, sendo que uma abordagem quantitativa também foi considerada para permitir uma visão mais abrangente e comparativa dos dados. Na ausência de um referencial teórico da Linguística que abrangesse os fenômenos interacionais percebidos nos comentários dos blogs, optou-se por desenvolver uma proposta de análise de base empírica, que norteou todo o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Entre as conclusões preliminares da pesquisa, pode-se dizer que, ao mesmo tempo em que os blogs inauguraram uma nova forma de relacionamento entre o jornalista e sua audiência, há indícios de grande parte dos leitores utilizem os blogs como um espaço restrito à publicação de opiniões isoladas, em vez de enxergá-lo como um ambiente com amplas possibilidades interativas, e, consequentemente, propício à discussão

Veni Creator Spiritus: criatividade, cognição e comunicação nos videogames.

This dissertation has as its object the concept of creativity, as applied on entertainment products, more specifically on video games. Since this is a concept that has been used as an analysis category for researches within the CiberCog Research Lab, we want to problematize and redefine its parameters for future investigations. Thus our goal is to revise the concept of creativity, seeking to uncover how this category shall be used to study cognitive abilities that are required (and/or stimulated) for the fruition of entertainment products, most specially video games. The selected games for this study were divided into two groups (according to their genre): (1) action/adventure games, and (2) platform games. In the first group, we have Assassins Creed III (Ubisoft 2012); in the second, we have Rayman Origins (Ubisoft 2011). For the implementation of the research, there is a Cartographic-inspired method which stimulated the writing of collected data

Journalistic genres in teaching of journalism in Spain. A historical review

This article shows the influence that journalistic genres had on the first organisation of communication studies in Spain as well as the role they remain to play in the teaching of journalism. A review is done starting from the origins of the didactics of genres, continuing with the role of genres in the beginning of regulated studies of journalism, and finalising with an analysis of their place in present education programmes which reveals that practical and theoretical knowledge of the genres are still a main objective in the training of future journalists in Spain.

¿La edad de la política? Balanche Historiográfico de los estudios sobre comunicación e información política en la sociedad ibérica moderna

Los estudios sobre política y su impacto y circulación entre la sociedad moderna, han solido limitar su expansión a un número reducido de personas del entorno más próximo a los grandes actores cortesanos frente a la tradicional “indiferencia” del común. Sin embargo, gracias a la renovación de la historiografía de lo político y a su interés por áreas culturales y sociales ajenas a su tradicional consideración, en las últimas décadas se ha descubierto un interesante terreno de experiencias políticas que nos puede servir como atalaya para conocer la difusión de la información sobre los hechos políticos también entre “gente corriente”. A nuestro juicio, es un momento adecuado para evaluar el desarrollo de un fenómeno historiográfico carente de cierta sistematicidad, razón por la que planteamos este balance crítico y analítico sobre la sociedad ibérica del Antiguo Régimen.

Le jeune téléspectateur, objet de discours social : le cas du Chili «post-1990»

Cette thèse s’interroge sur le phénomène du jeune téléspectateur contemporain. Je questionne cette « réalité », qui fait l’objet de discours et de pratiques sociales au quotidien. L’idée de l’existence « objective » de l’enfant téléspectateur depuis l’avènement de la télévision est si fertile, qu’elle a même contribué au développement d’un sous-domaine de recherche en communication : la communication jeunesse. J’inclus également ce sous-domaine dans la problématique. Ce faisant, je tente d’esquisser une théorisation de l’enfant téléspectateur, en le comprenant comme une formation discursive et sociale. Suivant le point de vue de l’analyse de discours de Michel Foucault (1969), j’axe son étude en articulant deux éléments qui forment les objets sociaux : le régime de vérité et les formations discursives. Ainsi, je réfléchis au jeune téléspectateur comme objet de savoir et de vérité, et comme fruit d’un ensemble de formations discursives. J’ancre empiriquement le questionnement du jeune téléspectateur contemporain dans le Chili « post-1990 ». Je propose une approche méthodologique et analytique me permettant de rendre compte de l’articulation d’éléments hétérogènes qui participent au façonnement discursif et social de celui-ci. Cet outil exploratoire est « le rhizome », que j’emprunte à Gilles Deleuze et à Félix Guattari (1976). Le rhizome m’est utile pour rendre compte des multiples portes d’entrée dans la formation discursive de l’enfant téléspectateur, du déplacement comme chercheuse à l’intérieur de celle-ci, et des figures qui se forment par l’articulation du discours et des pratiques entreprises à son égard. Ce faisant, je propose une archive d’époque de l’enfant téléspectateur du Chili « post-1990 ». Dans celle-ci, je montre des modalités particulières de sa formation discursive et des figures hétéroclites de celui-ci qui ont émergé dans les analyses. Finalement, je présente un ensemble de pratiques discursives qui ont également fait surface dans les analyses. Ces pratiques emploient la figure de l’enfant téléspectateur pour instaurer discursivement d’autres « réalités », qui ne le concernent pas directement. M’appuyant sur Jean-Michel Berthelot (1992), notamment sur son concept d’« opérateur discursif », je qualifie ainsi ces pratiques observées.

Intimité au Québec : étude ethnographique d'un réseau personnel

Cette recherche a pour objectif général de rendre compte de l’expérience de l’intimité, de la famille à l’amitié, tel qu’elle est quotidiennement vécue dans la vie de différentes personnes dans mon réseau personnel. Elle tient compte du contexte postmoderne du vécu de l’intimité, caractérisé par des relations plus flexibles et une multiplication des modèles (Allan, 2008 ; Stacey, 1991). J’y problématise l’intimité sous l’angle des tensions qui émergent dans notre expérience quotidienne par rapport aux normes et aux idéaux d’intimité. M’inspirant de la pensée queer, j’aborde l’intimité d’un point de vue critique, à partir de plusieurs auteures (notamment Berlant, 2000 et Butler, 2002) qui remettent en question les normes d’une intimité durable, associée notamment à l’amour familial et un idéal communicationnel de dévoilement de soi. L’expérience personnelle constitue alors un lieu où des tensions s’expriment et peuvent être saisies, un lieu qui est un point de départ pour développer une critique nuancée. L’ethnographie que j’ai réalisée auprès de gens dans la vingtaine et la trentaine a mobilisé un ensemble de méthodes : observation, réflexivité, entrevues individuelles et de groupes avec treize personnes, méthodes visuelles (création de schémas et de dessins). Ancrée en communication, elle constitue une recherche transdisciplinaire qui mobilise notamment des études sociologiques et des textes critiques. Elle propose un portrait de l’intimité spécifique au Québec et à mon réseau personnel, constitué de petits groupes et de relations dyadiques. Ce réseau est majoritairement composé de jeunes adultes ouverts à certaines intimités non traditionnelles (comme les couples de même sexe) et vivant dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. Mes analyses explorent d’abord les formes d’intimité caractérisant mon réseau, tant conventionnelles, comme le couple et la famille, que moins conventionnelles, comme le célibat. Ainsi, je me penche sur certaines normes d’intimité, comme celle du couple, en analysant comment elles s’accomplissent, produisent du sens et ont des effets inégaux sur différents sujets. Mes analyses lient des idéaux à des pratiques concrètes et matérielles, notamment l’investissement de l’intimité dans la maison et la propriété privée. Je me tourne également vers certaines formes d’intimité moins souvent abordées, principalement les petits groupes d’amis. J’aborde la communication de manière à décentrer le dévoilement de soi entre deux personnes, souvent perçu comme élément central à l’intimité (Jamieson, 1998), et à prendre en compte les dynamiques de groupe et leurs effets de pouvoir. Ciblant l’idéal de dévoilement, j’analyse en quoi il s’articule à des normes (de couple, familiales, des groupes d’amis) et côtoie différentes autres pratiques communicationnelles comme celles impliquant les médias mobiles et numériques. En guise de discussion finale, je reviens sur les grandes lignes du projet et je développe une réflexion sur les défis posés par la combinaison d’approches critiques et ethnographiques. En somme, la contribution de ma recherche consiste à analyser le vécu de l’intimité en regard de concepts issus d’études culturelles et critiques.