Implementação do sistema GSM-R na rede ferroviária nacional : projeto-piloto

O GSM -R-Global System for Mobile Communications Railway começou o seu desenvolvimento em 1992 pela UIC (União Internacional dos Caminhos de ferro) com a criação do EIRENE (European lntegrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network) e constitui a componente de telecomunicações do sistema ERTMS - European Railway Trajjic Management System em conjunto com o ETCS - European Train Contrai System e o ATP­ Automatic Train Protection. O GSM-R baseia-se assim no GSM público com algumas adaptações e um conjunto de funcionalidades adicionais necessárias à sua utilização especificamente ferroviária. Em termos de rádio as principais diferenças relativamente à norma GSM, residem no facto de o sistema GSM-R suportar velocidades até aos 500 km/h, suportando handovers e seleção/re-seleção de células mais rápidos do que na norma do GSM original. Por outro lado, ao nível funcional e aplicacional, novas funções específicas da ferrovia foram consideradas, tais como por exemplo o controlo automático dos comboios e as chamadas de emergência. O GSM-R encontra-se já instalado em diversos países europeus. Em Portugal encontra-se instalado na Linha de Cascais e entre a Estação do Oriente e a Ponte 25 Abril, atualmente ainda numa fase experimental. O Estágio decorreu na empresa Refer Telecom - Serviços de Telecomunicações S.A. (RT) que é uma empresa do grupo REFER E.P.E. Mais concretamente, o estágio integrou-se nas atividades da Direção de Comunicações Móveis, pertencente à Direção de Coordenação de Sistemas Ferroviários da REFER Telecom. Neste Relatório de Estágio pretende-se fazer uma apresentação das atividades com participação e acompanhamento do estagiário, integrada numa descrição de todas as fases em que se dividiu a implementação do Projeto-piloto GSM-R em Portugal, desde a elaboração dos elementos técnicos para o concurso até à sua implementação no terreno. Pretende-se ainda enquadrar os principais aspetos relacionados com a utilização de algumas ferramentas de suporte à operação e à manutenção ao sistema GSM-R. Neste contexto são apresentados os conhecimentos teóricos e práticos adquiridos com a realização do estágio, incluindo o estudo necessário para compreender a arquitetura complexa do sistema GSM-R e tecnologias associadas, sobre a sua implementação no terreno e a operação e manutenção dos equipamentos, assim como sobre as áreas da contratação e da gestão de projetos. O Projeto-piloto GSM-R é um dos mais importantes projetos de telecomunicações ferroviárias instalado em Portugal nos últimos anos, pois visa projetar a ferrovia nacional para o futuro, com melhores comunicações em termos de qualidade, segurança, fiabilidade, interoperabilidade e sustentabilidade. Trata-se assim de uma importante experiência profissional e pessoal, muito enriquecedora, e que no seu conjunto abre novas perspectivas para o futuro.

Projeto, planeamento e acompanhamento de obra em AVAC : estágio na empresa Climacer - Climatização do Centro, Lda.

Ao abrigo do Mestrado em Equipamentos e Sistemas Mecânicos, ramo de Projeto, Instalação e Manutenção de Sistemas Térmicos, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, o aluno pode, no segundo ano letivo, optar pela realização de um Estágio Curricular. Assim, este Relatório de Estágio constitui-se como documento final de curso e descreve as atividades desenvolvidas no decorrer do estágio na empresa Climacer, Climatização do Centro Lda. durante o ano letivo de 2011/2012. A área de Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (AVAC) é a atividade capital da empresa. Deste modo, o documento agora apresentado insere-se no âmbito de projeto e instalações de sistemas de AVAC. O estágio iniciou-se por um conhecimento geral da empresa, desenvolvendo-se posteriormente em três fases principais: a fase de Projeto, na qual se elaborou uma remodelação de um projeto de AVAC, (capitulo 2); a fase de Orçamentação, em que se realizaram inúmeros orçamentos, quer concursos públicos, quer privados (capitulo 3) e a fase de Direção de Obra, onde se acompanharam cinco obras, passando por todas as fases que um processo de obra contém, acompanhando individualmente, na parte final do estágio, uma obra por completo (capitulo 4). As duas primeiras fases (Projeto e Orçamentação) foram preponderantes para o desempenho na Direção de Obra. Nesta última fase, a capacidade de analisar problemas em obra e de encontrar as soluções mais adequadas de forma autónoma foi crucial. Com a realização do presente estágio, foi passivei aplicar a aprendizagem teórica e adquirir uma vasta experiência prática em contexto profissional.

Projeto de uma antena para controlo wireless de um robot

A comunicação e transmissão de informação sem fios tornou - se uma realidade cada vez mais utilizada pelas sociedades contemporâneas. A nível profissional, as forças armadas de cada país acharam conveniente modernizar os seus meios, por forma a aumentar a eficiência e a segurança em determinadas tarefas. Nesse sentido, o Exército português adquiriu um robot (ROVIM) cuja função é desempenhar ações de reconhecimento e vigilância de modo a obter informações de forma segura. O objetivo desta dissertação é dimensionar e construir uma antena para controlo wireless do robot (ROVIM). As especificações técnicas desta antena requerem dois modos de operação, um com uma largura de feixe larga e outro com uma largura de feixe estreita. Para alcançar esses objetivos dimensionou-se e construiu-se duas antenas. Na dissertação são construídas duas antenas, a primeira é uma antena Yagi – Uda convencional e a segunda é uma antena com uma estrutura nova que permite a regulação do ganho e da largura de feixe a -3 dB. A primeira antena será o modelo base da segunda antena, que apresenta a inovação do controlo das caraterísticas de radiação. Esse controlo é possível através da introdução de díodos e do respetivo circuito de polarização na estrutura da antena. Inicialmente, as antenas foram dimensionadas e simuladas recorrendo ao programa de simulação CST MWS, de modo a operarem na banda dos 2,4 GHz. Após a construção das antenas, as caraterísticas de radiação foram medidas recorrendo à câmara anecoica e ao network analyzer, permitindo assim a comparação dos resultados medidos com os simulados.

AS INFLUÊNCIAS DA REALIZAÇÃO DO CURSO SUPERIOR DE TECNOLOGIA EM GESTÃO DE RECURSOS HUMANOS A DISTÂNCIA NA SITUAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E FAMILIAR DE ALUNOS EGRESSOS DO POLO DE APOIO PRESENCIAL DA CIDADE DE MAUÁ DA UMESP

Esta pesquisa traz as primeiras evidências das influências da realização do Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Gestão de Recursos Humanos a Distância na situação profissional e familiar dos alunos egressos de um polo de apoio presencial da UMESP: Mauá. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos e gestores, em uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter exploratório, e a análise do Projeto Pedagógico indicam influências do curso na situação profissional e familiar do aluno egresso, embora elas não representem mudanças radicais, bem como apontam para a possibilidade de o curso desenvolver competências pessoais e profissionais e aumentar a empregabilidade, apesar de não formar gestores e empreendedores. Essa pesquisa é relevante à medida que os resultados apresentam evidências do que pode acontecer na situação profissional e familiar e, nesse sentido, pode contribuir para pesquisas futuras , ainda que esses resultados sejam preliminares e, por isso, não devam ser generalizados.

Sobre formas e processos: projeto de um condomínio de casas a partir de princípios da gramática da forma

With the intention of studying and developing the design process based on a specific methodology, the object of this work is to present the design of a gated condominium community in Natal based on the application of principles of shape grammar, used in their design process. The shape grammar is a design method developed in the 1970s by George Stiny and James Gips. It is used for the analysis of the project as well as for its synthesis, with the goal of creating a "formal vocabulary" through mathematical and/or geometrical operations. Here, the methodology was used in the synthesis of the design process, through the relationship between formal subtractions and the houses’ architectural planning. As a result, five dwellings configurations were proposed, each one different from the other with respect to their shape and architectural programming, distributed in three twin groups, which are repeated until the final total of nine architectural volumes. In addition to studies of the condominium’s ventilation and the buildings’ shading simulations, studies of spatial flexibility and acoustic performance were also performed. The mapping of the design process, one of the specific objectives of the dissertation, was composed not only by the record of formal constraints (the preparation and application of rules), but also by physical, environmental, legal and sustainability aspects in relation to, on one hand, the optimization of the shading and passive ventilation for hot and humid climates, and, on the other hand, the modulation and rationalization of the construction.

Produção do mestrado profissional em ensino de ciências naturais e matemática da UFRN (física e química/2005-2012): papel dos documentos oficiais e características dos produtos educacionais

The importance of the Professionals Master in the field of science education is revealed by the recognition that they provide, to practicing teachers, in particular, training spaces for reflection and application of knowledge. This work appears in the context of the project "Research and training in teaching science and mathematics: a cutout of academic production in the northeast and overview of formative action in basic education" on the Centre for Education program, which main objective was to conduct studies description, analysis and evaluation of the academic production of Postgraduate Programs in Science Teaching of UFRPE, UFRN and UEPB and investigate the contribution of continuing education in stricto sensu level, of graduated teachers to improve the quality of basic education . We sought to examine a cut of academic production PPGECNM / UFRN, taking as reference dissertations of Natural Sciences, finished between the years 2005 and 2012, which have developed and applied educational products for high school students. More specifically we sought to conduct a general characterization of the dissertations analyzed for basic descriptors, to understand if and how the official documents governing the Brazilian education, especially science education, subsidized development of dissertations and identify current trends for science teaching are addressed and which ones are used in preparing the product of dissertations. The survey was based on documentary analysis, a type of qualitative approach in which the documents are objects of study in themselves. The results revealed that most of the work was developed in public schools, on subjects of physics and chemistry. During analytical reading of the text of the dissertations was observed that, in its construction, most of them addressed somehow, official documents governing the Brazilian educational system, that the products are basically teaching units and teaching approaches that are more focused on Experimentation and History and Philosophy of Science

Projeto de intervenção JUCERN Digital

Displays intervention project that proposes changes in the organizational and operational structure of the Board of Trade of Rio Grande do Norte. Analyzes routine flow of activities of business registration and organizational structure. Compare the models, with the current proposed. The work is divided into six chapters which lists since the description of the institution, work object, until the proposed new organizational and operational model. Uses the methodology of literature review and observation of reality

A fiscalização do exercício profissional no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Rio Grande do Norte: um debate ético

The present investigation had as its study subject the history of professional monitoring, at the Regional Nursing Council of Rio Grande do Norte (Coren-RN). It assumes that the fiscalization by the Council is an important tool for improving the quality of nursing care. This study aims to analyze the history of monitoring of the nursing profession in Rio Grande do Norte, in the period from 1993 to 2013. It was marked in the ethical-philosophical contribution of Fourez and Vázquez. This is a study of social history, descriptive and analytical, with a qualitative approach, using the methods of documentary research and the technique of oral history. It had the Coren-RN as locus of the empirical research, with its documents and the participation of inspectors and presidents. The history of monitoring was built based on documents and interviews with those who lived through this path. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFRN as Opinion 562 400/2014 (CAAE: 25452113.7.0000.5537). The results indicate that the Coren-RN, during these twenty years faced many difficulties such as the shortage of inspectors, the precarious reality of most health services, lack of professional qualification, the illegality of professional practice and structural deficiency in the institution. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that the monitoring process exercised by the Council, has evolved over the years. This evolution is expressed in increasing the number of inspectors, in the acquisition of a new seat and three vehicles, the creation of the subsections in the cities of Natal, Caicó and Pau dos Ferros, the referral of ethical procedures, among other achievements. Similarly, it is registered an improvement in the credibility of nursing professionals and other regulatory agencies. In summary, the monitoring as core activity of the Council is going through a process of transformation, in order to make the dialogue between the disciplinary design and the pedagogical design, in defense of nursing care quality. Therefore, it is an unfinished process, in continuous construction.

Formação do profissional sanitarista: caminhos e percalços

The public health is a project that struggles for a fair, resolutive and democratic health and that aims to help the collective and social bodies starting from their real needs, being totally involved with inequality and social determination issues. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to form a professional commited to this project. This current study aims to understand the perception of teachers/militants of Public Health about the graduation of Healthcare professionals. Therefore, we look forward answering the following question: Which elements are relevant to the formation of the sanitarian professional? This is a field research, descriptive and exploratory, with a qualitative approach. For data collection, we used a semi-structured interview technique with veteran professionals as sanitarians and teachers of Public Health area. The data were analyzed based on the technique of thematic analysis of subject. This technique consists in structuring the text in units, in categories according analogic reunification. In this sense, were organized three analysis categories, whose titles were guided according to the study objectives, namely: "The Institutional Formation of Sanitarians"; "Elements that contribute to the Sanitarian formation " and "Possible Paths in Sanitarian Formation". Four main elements of sanitarian formation were emphasized: technical capacity to develop a sanitation work, based on three conceptual pillars of Public Health; Framework, foundation and support on Social Sciences, in the social concepts of health; Life history of the student, implication of this with the Public Health object; Field operation, in the territory, directly integrated to the service and the health system. The intervieweds imagine a path to the sanitarian formation: the Public Health should be well explored in its theory and practice in graduation, in any health area and obviously in the graduation of Public Health; the Lato Sensu courses, especially residency, would need a theoretical upgrading, given the creation of undergraduate courses on the area; the Stricto Sensu courses, while forming researchers and teachers in the area, should develop productions involved with the health system and the object of Public Health, in order to bring an effective return, in terms of applicability, in the health system. It is suggested that such a path should be complementary, in a sense of adding knowledge as it travels through graduation, postgraduation Lato Sensu and post-graduation Stricto Sensu. The idea, in general, is that the graduate-residence set / specialization-mastering / PhD compose a linear formation, ascending and complementary. To follow all this process effectively, it is necessary, and urgent, to think of regulation strategies of the formating procedures. It is also recommended that more studies are conducted in this area, specially a more careful evaluation of the undergraduate courses in Public Health, which is a current and relatively new issue on formation in the area.

A educação profissional em debate: uma avaliação política da formação para o trabalho ofertada pelo SENAC/RN através do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego

In this study, we present a political evaluation of how SENAC/RN perceives PRONATEC, emphasizing all ideological principles, aims and theories that this institution reproduces and reinforces while playing this professional qualification program. We intended to reveal ideological aspects that inspire SENAC’s perception of PRONATEC, pointing the actual interests hidden by those aspects. Our starting question is: What ideologies, objectives and theories that are explicitly or implicitly reinforced by Senac in implementing PRONATEC? In the research, we consider the hypothesis that transferring the responsibility about PRONATEC from public to private institutions is something that impoverishes the professional formation process, once the program ends up subordinated to private institution’s ideological, political and economic interests. The methodological approach chosen was the single case study. As data source, we used broad literature survey, official files of PRONATEC and SENAC, official information about the program and personal interviews. At the end of the research, we present elements that show some “flexibility” on PRONATEC due to SENAC’s interests, offering a superficial professional formation, commonly dissociated from a propaedeutic education, focusing on the need of adaptation e consensus of works around a society project. In this regard, despite PRONATEC is payed by public resources, it’s been used by SENAC as a fortifier of this institution on professional education market, in an hegemonic and neoliberal construction of a model of society.

A educação profissional em debate: uma avaliação política da formação para o trabalho ofertada pelo SENAC/RN através do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego

In this study, we present a political evaluation of how SENAC/RN perceives PRONATEC, emphasizing all ideological principles, aims and theories that this institution reproduces and reinforces while playing this professional qualification program. We intended to reveal ideological aspects that inspire SENAC’s perception of PRONATEC, pointing the actual interests hidden by those aspects. Our starting question is: What ideologies, objectives and theories that are explicitly or implicitly reinforced by Senac in implementing PRONATEC? In the research, we consider the hypothesis that transferring the responsibility about PRONATEC from public to private institutions is something that impoverishes the professional formation process, once the program ends up subordinated to private institution’s ideological, political and economic interests. The methodological approach chosen was the single case study. As data source, we used broad literature survey, official files of PRONATEC and SENAC, official information about the program and personal interviews. At the end of the research, we present elements that show some “flexibility” on PRONATEC due to SENAC’s interests, offering a superficial professional formation, commonly dissociated from a propaedeutic education, focusing on the need of adaptation e consensus of works around a society project. In this regard, despite PRONATEC is payed by public resources, it’s been used by SENAC as a fortifier of this institution on professional education market, in an hegemonic and neoliberal construction of a model of society.

Projeto de intervenção adaptando o Balanced Scorecard ao sistema de compras da Base Aérea de Natal

The present proposal for intervention examines the issue of public procurements carried out by a military organization on a Federal Public Administration. The main objective of this paper is to propose a model of strategic planning based on the Balanced Scorecard for the public procurement system, which contributes to increased efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness of acquisitions made in the Air Base of Natal city. Therefore, Structured interviews were used in order to make a diagnosis of the current reality of the procurement system along with the main requirement sectors of BANT, as well as the adaptation of the prospects of the BSC based on literature review. The technique used for the analysis of the interviews was the analysis of content whose results contributed to the preparation of the conceptual Strategic Map which was submitted to validation through a Focal Group. It was concluded through the analysis of the interviews, that the system of purchases of BANT is in a tactical profile because of low interaction between the system of purchases and the requirement sectors, aiming only at the “economicity” of acquisition in opposition of the effectiveness of material acquired, the lack of training of the elements which build the system and the absence of a proper planning. It is intended with thecreation of this proposal to contribute to the improvement of management with a focus on results in public administration as well as increasing efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness of public procurements. Whereas for the particular case the measurement of the results can only be performed after at least a year of its implementation, the present research constitutes a proposal of intervention.

As escolas polivalentes do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba (MG): sondagem vocacional no projeto desenvolvimentista civil-militar (1965–1976)

This study has as object eight state vocational schools located in Araguari, Araxá, Frutal, Ituiutaba, Monte Carmelo, Patos de Minas, Uberaba and Uberlândia, in Minas Gerais. The period analyzed comprises the years from 1965 to 1976, from the signature of the Agreement 512-11-610-042 beteween the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and the American Agency for International Development (USAID), which started a series of other agreements, and actions ending up with the creation of the Expansion and Improvement of High Schools Program (Programa de Expansão e Melhoria do Ensino Médio - PREMEM) and, from this, the Vocational Schools. The upper limit of the study, 1976, was the year when these agreements, known as MEC/USAID agreements ceased. The Vocational Schools were characterized as vocation probing schools, directing the professional formation of the population in general, which would happen a posteriori, turning it shorter and more effective, since the labor market would demand, urgently, capable professionals for an expanding economy. The project of Vocational Schools had a national scope, and foresaw, for its unfolding, the complete substitution of State Schools for the new model, called “multi-curricula”. The theme Vocational schools was the object of my Master’s degree study, when I focused the State School Guiomar de Freitas Costa, in Uberlândia. That study raised questionings and concerns that resulted in the central problem of the thesis presented here: understanding the measure in which such schools integrated the country’s development project – mostly in the first half of the military rule – and to understand its structure, functionality and efficacyThe development of the study presented here, demanded the use of several sources: 1) specialized literature about the topics presented, i.e., the situation of national education in a temporal analysis, the political, economical and social context, research methodologies, the theory of human capital, vocational teaching, pedagogical trends and practices, agreements MEC-USAID and PREMEM; 2) national, state and county laws related to the discussion: laws of national education directives and basis, decrees and reports stating about the program of technical cooperation between Brazil and the United States of America, the Program of Expansion and Improvement of Teaching (PREMEM), formation of professors, establishment of Vocational Schools and educational planning; 3) documentation of school archives: books of minutes of Collegiate and of faculty and staff, registrar books with final scores, enrolment, visits of inspector, accounting books, punch clock records, student, professor and staff occurrences, inventory, class schedules, school year calendar, school rules, class reports, payment rolls, bills of sales, exchanged mail, personal documentation of professional personnel, documents of land acquisition, blueprints, manuals of PREMEM, didactic materials/resources used in classes, books available in the school library, structured evaluations for follow-up of school processes, pictures of events, texts prepared for special dates, and news from the official newspaper and, finally, 4) national and local press reports, especially from Folha de São Paulo, Correio de Araxá, Correio de Uberlândia and Lavoura e Comércio (Uberaba). The proposition of Vocational schools was conciliate theoretical and practical formation through an active education permeated by technological resources. The contact with knowledge and several practical activities under professional supervision, the student would identify the knowledge area that would interest him the most and his aptitude. This formation in primary school would make way for the vocation studies in high school, which became mandatory by the law 5.692/71, that reformed school education from the previous levels of elementary, middle high and high school. However, the multi-curricula proposal that would be spread to the other public schools in the country ended up succumbing to the model already established. From its ephemeral existence, maybe the Vocational Schools have not reached the more general goals in political, economic and social aspects; however, this study demonstrated that, for the people that, directly or indirectly, had contact with such schools, a legacy of vocational and quality teaching was made, so much so, that forty years after the end of that proposal, they are still remembered.

Efeito do trabalho de projeto na abordagem da estatística nas atitudes face à matemática de alunos do 6.º ano de escolaridade

O presente trabalho constitui uma investigação levada a cabo no âmbito do Mestrado e Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclos de Educação Básica. A problemática surgiu no decorrer da minha prática pedagógica no seio de uma turma do 6.º ano, numa Escola Básica do centro do país. Partindo da necessidade da tomada de posição perante o ensino e a sua finalidade, centra-se na perspetiva de que além da promoção de aquisição de informação, conteúdo e experiência Matemática, também é finalidade do ensino desta disciplina o desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas face à mesma e a capacidade de apreciar esta ciência. Pretende verificar o efeito de um trabalho de projeto nas atitudes dos alunos, pois conhecer apenas a atitude que apresentam em relação à matemática não previne que a mesma evolua no sentido negativo ao longo da escolaridade obrigatória. O projeto realizado na turma teve como dinâmica o trabalho de grupo, no qual os alunos desempenharam o papel de produtores e de consumidores de informação estatística. Avalia a atitude dos alunos em três momentos da concretização do projeto – antes, durante e depois; por forma a evidenciar semelhanças e diferenças nos três momentos, bem como o que poderá ter influenciado o resultado obtido. Considerando a atitude com base em três componentes principais – afetiva, cognitiva e comportamental, a análise dos dados traduziu-se na análise das expressões de comportamento verbal e não-verbal a partir da qual foi inferida a componente de atitude refletida. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma melhoria nas atitudes dos alunos mediante a metodologia utilizada, nomeadamente no que respeita à apreciação desta ciência através da compreensão da sua aplicabilidade no quotidiano diário e futuro profissional, bem como ao autoconhecimento das suas competências em relação ao tema matemático abordado. Poderia ter tido uma influência mais positiva nas atitudes dos alunos, nomeadamente na componente comportamental, se estes já tivessem desenvolvido competências intrínsecas ao trabalho cooperativo.

O percurso formativo em educação de infância: da música ao projeto dos caracóis.

O presente relatório de Mestrado foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação em Educação Pré-Escolar, no ano letivo 2014/2015, na Escola Superior de Educação e Ciências Socias do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria. Apresenta-se dividido em duas partes que remetem para o percurso de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional na Prática de Ensino Supervisionada no contexto de creche e no contexto de jardim-de-infância. A parte I é relativa às vivências em contexto de creche e é dividida em dois pontos. Em primeiro lugar exponho uma componente reflexiva sobre o meu percurso formativo durante a Prática Pedagógica em contexto de creche, onde reflito sobre as experiências vividas com as crianças. No segundo ponto revelo o ensaio investigativo desenvolvido com duas crianças que teve por base a questão “Quais as formas de interação que as crianças estabelecem entre si quando escutam música, na sala de atividades?”. Os principais resultados revelaram que as crianças interagiam com os seus pares essencialmente através do olhar e do sorriso. A parte II é igualmente dividida em dois pontos. Inicialmente dou a conhecer a dimensão reflexiva que assentou nas experiências e aprendizagens que decorreram da Prática Pedagógica em contexto de jardim-de-infância. Segue-se o projeto “Investigando os caracóis com as crianças” onde dou a conhecer o trabalho desenvolvido com as crianças no âmbito da Metodologia de Trabalho de Projeto. Esta metodologia permitiu-me compreender o carácter ativo da criança na construção das suas aprendizagens e a importância da motivação e interesses das crianças nesse processo.