636 resultados para Nationalism
Resumo:
The research assesses the skills of upper comprehensive school pupils in history. The focus is on locating personal motives, assessing wider reasons hidden in historical sources and evaluating source reliability. The research also questions how a wide use of multiple sources affects pupils holistic understanding of historical phenomena. The participants were a multicultural group of pupils. The origins of their cultures can be traced to the Balkan, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The number of native Finnish speakers and pupils speaking Finnish as their second language was almost equal. The multicultural composition provides opportunities to assess how culturally responsive learning history from sources is. The intercultural approach to learning in a multicultural setting emphasizes equality as a precondition for learning. In order to set assignments at least to some extent match with all participants only those answers were taken into account which were produced by pupils who had studied history for a similar period of time in the Finnish comprehensive school system. Due to the small number of participants (41), the study avoids wide generalizations. Nevertheless, possible cultural blueprints in pupils way of thinking are noted. The first test examined the skills of pupils to find motives for emigration. The results showed that for 7th graders finding reasons is not a problematic task. However, the number of reasons noticed and justifications varied. In addition, the way the pupils explained their choices was a distinguishing factor. Some pupils interpreted source material making use of previous knowledge on the issue, while other pupils based their analysis solely on the text handed and did not try to add their own knowledge. Answers were divided into three categories: historical, explanatory and stating. Historical answers combined smoothly previously learned historical knowledge to ones own source analysis; explanatory answers often ignored a wider frame, although they were effective when explaining e.g. historical concepts. The stating answers only noticed motives from the sources and made no attempts to explain them historically. Was the first test culturally responsive? All pupils representing different cultures tackled the first source exam successfully, but there were some signs of how historical concepts are understood in a slightly different way if the pupils personal history has no linkage to the concepts under scrutiny. The second test focused on the history of Native Americans. The test first required pupils to recognize whether short source extracts (5) were written by Indians or Caucasians. Based on what they had already learned from North American history, the pupils did not find it hard to distinguish between the sources. The analysis of multiphase causes and consequences of the disputes between Native Americans and white Americans caused dispersion among pupils. Using two historical sources and combining historical knowledge from both of them simultaneously was cumbersome for many. The explanations of consequences can be divided into two groups: the ones emphasizing short term consequences and those placing emphasis on long term consequences. The short term approach was mainly followed by boys in every group. The girls mainly paid attention to long term consequences. The result suggests that historical knowledge in sources is at least to some extent read through role and gender lenses. The third test required pupils to explain in their own words how the three sources given differed in their account of living conditions in Nazi Germany, which turned out to be demanding for many pupils. The pupils stronghold was rather the assessment of source reliability and accounts why the sources approached the same events differently. All participants wrote critical and justified comments on reliability and aspects that might have affected the content of the sources. The pupils felt that the main reasons that affected source reliability were the authors ethnic background, nationality and profession. The assessment showed that pupils were well aware that position in a historical situation has an impact on historical accounts, but in certain cases the victims account was seen as a historical truth. The account of events by a historian was chosen most often as the most reliable source, but it was often justified leniently with an indication to professionalism rather than with clear ideas of how historians conduct accounts based on sources. In brief, the last source test demonstrates that pupils have a strong idea that the ethnicity or nationalism determines how people explained events of the past. It is also an implication that pupils understand how historical knowledge is interpretative. The results also imply that history can be analyzed from a neutral perspective. Ones own membership in an ethnical or religious group does not automatically mean that a persons cultural identity excludes historical explanations if something in them contradicts with his or her identity. The second method of extracting knowledge of pupils historical thinking was an essay analysis. The analysis shows that an analytical account of complicated political issues, which often include a great number of complicated political concepts, leads more likely to an inconsistent structure in the written work of pupils. The material also demonstrates that pupils have a strong tendency to take a critical stance when assessing history. Historical empathy in particular is shown if history somehow has a linkage to young people, children or minorities. Some topics can also awake strong feelings, especially among pupils with emigrant background, if there is a linkage between ones own personal history and that of the school; and occasionally a students historical experience or thoughts replaced school history. Using sources during history lessons at school seems to have many advantages. It enhances the reasoning skills of pupils and their skills to assess the nature of historical knowledge. Thus one of the main aims and a great benefit of source work is to encourage pupils to express their own ideas and opinions. To conclude, when assessing the skills of adolescents in history - their work with sources, comments on history, historical knowledge and finally their historical thinking - one should be cautious and avoid cut off score evaluations. One purpose of pursuing history with sources is to encourage pupils to think independently, which is a useful tool for further identity construction. The idea that pupils have the right to conduct their own interpretations of history can be partially understood as part of a wider learning process, justification to study history comes from extrinsic reasons. The intrinsic reason is history itself; in order to understand history one should have a basic understanding of history as a specific domain of knowledge. Using sources does not mean that knowing history is of secondary importance. Only a balance between knowing the contextual history, understanding basic key concepts and working with sources is a solid base to improve pupils historical understanding.
Resumo:
Kirjallisuusarvostelu
Resumo:
Kirjallisuusarvostelu
Resumo:
Kirja-arvio
Resumo:
The thesis is the first comprehensive study on Finnish public painting, public artworks generally referred to as murals or monumental paintings. It focuses on the processes of production of public paintings during the post-WWII decades in Finland and the complex relationships between the political sphere and the production of art. The research studies the networks of agents involved in the production of public paintings. Besides the human agentsartists, assistants, commissioners and viewersalso public paintings were and are agents in the processes of production and in their environments. The research questions can be grouped into three overlapping series of questions: First, the research investigates the production public paintings: What kinds of public paintings were realised in postwar Finlandhow, where, by whom and for what purposes? Second, it discusses the publicness of these paintings: How were public paintings defined, and what aspects characterised them as public? What was their relation to public space, public authorities, and audience? And third, it explores the politics of public paintings: the relationship between Finnish public painting, nationalism, and the memory of war. To answer these questions, extensive archival work has been performed, and over 200 public paintings have been documented around Finland. The research material has been studied in a sociological framework and in the context of the political and economic history of Finland, employing critical theories on public space and public art as well as theories on the building of nationalism, commemoration, memory, and forgetting. An important aim of this research was to open up a new field of study and position public painting within Finnish art history, from which it has been conspicuous by its absence. The research indicates that public painting was a significant genre of art in postwar Finland. The process of creating a national genre of public painting participated in the defining of municipal and state art politics in the country, and paintings functioned as vehicles of carrying out the agenda of the commissioning bodies. In the formation of municipal art policies in Finland in the 1950s, public painting connected to the same tendency of democratising art as the founding of public art museums. Public painting commissions also functioned as an arena of competition and a means of support for the artists. Public paintings were judged and commissioned within the realm of political decision-making, and they suggested the values of the decision-making groups, generally conveyed as the values of the society. The participation of official agents in the production allocated a position of official art to the genre. Through the material of this research, postwar public painting is seen as an agent in a society searching for a new identity. The postwar public painting production participated in the creation of the Finnish welfare society as indications of a humane society. It continued a tradition of public art production that had been built on nationalist and art educational ideologies in the late 19th and early 20th century. Postwar public paintings promoted the new national narrative of unification by creating an image of a homogeneous society with a harmonious communal life. The paintings laid out an image of Finnishness that was modern but rooted in the agrarian past, of a society that was based on hard work and provided for its members a good life. Postwar public painting was art with a mission, and it created an image of a society with a mission.
Resumo:
Since the end of Cold War rivalries, the world of international hockey was deemed to becoming increasingly homogenized along western sportization patterns. The introduction of the Russian-sponsored Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) signified a new era in the global diffusion of modern sports. Its recent expansion in the post-Soviet space and European countries significantly reshuffled the landscape of international hockey, offering new prospects for the studies of the intersection of sports, history, geopolitics and nationalism in the age of globalization. The aim of this study is to conceptualize the KHL and illuminate the role of ice hockey in post-Soviet Latvia. I treat the creation of the KHL and the integration of a Latvian-based team, Dinamo Riga, into the KHL within the broader discussion on the globalization of sports and its effects on national communities. The research is based on a case study of the modern rebirth of Dinamo Riga and its participation in the KHL and is confined to the scholarly themes in sports research, such as the history of modern sports and globalization, sports and nationalism. The study pays special attention to unveiling the geopolitical links between the restart of Latvian-Russian relations after the EUs eastern enlargement and the re-emerging Latvian-Russian contacts in ice hockey. The research concludes that with the creation of the KHL, European hockey received a new charismatic zone of prestige for sports interaction. The project of Dinamo Riga became the new global phenomenon in Latvian sports in terms of its capabilities to transcend the post-Soviet geopolitical stereotypes in relation to Russia and serve as a new national symbol in the promotion and celebration of Latvian sporting nationalism. Further sociological research would require the clarification of the impact of Latvian-Russian cooperation in hockey on the bilateral relations of both countries and the formation of a national community in Latvia.
Resumo:
f. 13.5.1860 i S:t Michel, d. 30.3.1898 i Bjrneborg. K.A. Tavaststjerna r en av de tidigaste realistiska och moderna frfattarna i Finland, srskilt i den finlandssvenska litteraturen. I hans produktion, som tillkom under 1880- och 1890-talen, ifrgastts konventionell idealism och nationalism mot bakgrund av en mrkare, mera desillusionerad skildring av den finlndska verkligheten och av mnsklig falskhet. terkommande ideal i hans verk r den fria tanken och ett kompromisslst konstnrsliv och vrldsmedborgarskap, som kontrasteras mot tristessen i ett slutet och inskrnkt Finland. Till hans mest betydande verk hr romanerna Barndomsvnner. Ett nutidsde (1886) samt Hrda tider. Berttelse frn Finlands sista ndr (1891), men i produktionen ingr ven lyrik och dramatik. Tavaststjerna har ocks uppfattats som den frsta finlandssvenska frfattaren, dvs. en frfattare vars verk ger uttryck fr knslan att som svensksprkig i Finland tillhra en minoritet.
Resumo:
Kirjallisuusarvostelu
Resumo:
This thesis constitutes an interdisciplinary approach to the Polish Romanticism combining literature studies with memory studies, nationalism research and psychoanalysis. This phenomenon-based study attempts to answer the question, how the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz (17981855) or more exactly the implied authors in his works perceived the role of poetry in mnemonic terms and how it changes in course of time. Consequently, memory in literature (Astrin Erll and Ansger Nnning) is discussed here. Two pieces of writing by Mickiewicz Konrad Wallenrod [1828] and the third part of Forefathers [1832], where a bard respectively a poetic genius appears are seen as meta-texts defining goals of poets in time of the political non-existence of a state. Poetry is supposed to keep memory of the glorious past alive, kindle the love for the motherland, support the collective identity of a group and initiate a liberation movement. Poets function as memory guards, leaders of the nation and prophets. Thus, literature is a medium of collective memory it stores crucial contents, transmits them and acts as a cue. Nevertheless, shifting the focus from the community towards well-being of individuals, which is consistent with the postmodern thinking, the impact that poetry has on members of a given memory culture (Jan Assmann) can be described in vampiric terms (Maria Janion). Poetry embodying collective memory may be compared to poison, infecting people with a nationalistic way of thinking to their disadvantage as far as their personal lives are concerned.
Resumo:
Principen om nationalismen dr det politiska och det nationella r samspelt kan vara av markant betydelse fr uppbyggande av autonomiska regimer. Likas tillter decentralicering och delegering av befogenheter fr sprk och utbildning (officiellt erknnande av sprk, standardisering av sprk, undervisningssprk och relaterade lroplaner) formning av identiteter inom dessa autonomiska regimer. Resultatet r en ofullkomlig cirkulr relation dr sprk, samfund och politiska institutioner msesidigt och kontinuerligt formar varandra: lingvistiskt mngfald prgar och formger autonomiska ordningar och vice-versa. De juridiska implikationerna av territoriella och icke-territoriella former av autonomi r dock av en annan art. Emedan territoriell autonomi bygger p iden om ett eventuellt inkluderande hemland fr lingvistiska grupper, vars vistelseort r avgrande, frstrker den icke-territoriella autonomin iden om ett exclusivt samfund bestende av sjlv-identifierade medlemmar som r kapabla till sjlvstyre oavsett territoriella grnser. Denna avhandling utgr an analys av sdana juridiska implikationer genom komparativa och institutionella analyser. Avhandlingen freslr som resultat en serie av normativa och pragmatiska rekommendationer inriktade p att frmja demokratiseringsprocesser i linje med principer om multikulturalism.
Resumo:
Globalization and nation-states are not in contradiction, since globalization is the present stage of capitalist development, and the nation-state is the territorial political unit that organizes the space and population in the capitalist system. Since the 1980s, Global Capitalism constitutes the economic system characterized by the opening of all national markets and a fierce competition between nation-states. Developing countries tend to catch up, while rich countries try to neutralize such competitive effort, using globalism as an ideology, and conventional orthodoxy as a strategy. Middle-income countries that are catching up in the realm of globalization are the ones that count with a national development strategy. This is broadly the case of the dynamic Asian countries. In contrast, Latin American countries have no longer their own strategy, and grow less. To add data to the argument, the author conducts an econometric test comparing these two groups of countries, and three variables: the rate of investment, the current account deficit or surplus that would indicate or not a competitive exchange rate, and public deficit.
Resumo:
Le Mouvement Desjardins, institution phare du Qubec moderne caractris par un nationalisme civique et une intgration accrue des immigrants la majorit francophone, demeure encore aujourd'hui, fortement identifi ce mme groupe. Ce mmoire a pour objet les reprsentations sociales de la pluriethnicit qubcoise chez Desjardins. Une analyse du contenu de la Revue Desjardins de 1998 2005 permet de saisir le discours ainsi qu'un point de rupture spatio-temporel tabli l'anne 2003, anne o l'espace du discours s'largit pour y inclure l'ouest de l'le de Montral majoritairement anglophone. D'abord axe sur l'intgration au Mouvement et la socit qubcoise dans le souci d'une plus grande reprsentativit de la population, l'institution passe une orientation davantage pluraliste favorisant son adaptation des marchs potentiellement lucratifs. Les catgories linguistiques anglophone et allophone sont alors davantage utilises pour aborder l'enjeu pluriethnique banalisant ainsi la spcificit des groupes ethniques qui les composent. Alors que la premire priode est surtout caractrise par des perceptions et des orientations gnrales, l'ouverture en 2003 d'un centre de service destin la clientle allophone et anglophone de l'ouest de l'le constitue l'aboutissement d'un processus de reprsentation sociale ayant pour fonction l'orientation des pratiques. L'ensemble du discours est nuanc par des obstacles l'adaptation la pluriethnicit ainsi que des lacunes internes l'institution. La concept d'ethnicit est peu utilis et souvent abord sous le terme communaut culturelle qui peut englober des communauts de nature autre qu'ethnique et qui rduit l'ethnicit sa seule dimension culturelle. Il omet galement de considrer les membres d'un groupe ethnique qui ne s'identifient pas la communaut. En conclusion, l'tude permet de confirmer l'existence d'un discours sur la pluriethnicit qubcoise maintenant bien ancr chez Desjardins et davantage orient vers l'adaptation de l'institution en offrant des services en anglais et dans d'autres langues.
Resumo:
Hritire de la tradition fantastique borgsienne, imprgne dune ralit compose de mythes prcolombiens et des rsidus industriels de la modernit, et dveloppe lre de la mondialisation, du post-modernisme, des jeux vidos, du cinma numrique et danimation, la tendance cyberpunk latino-amricaine est cultive du Mexique jusquen Argentine, en passant par Cuba et dautres pays souvent mconnus dans le monde de la science-fiction comme le Paraguay et la Bolivie. Pressenti dans les uvres de certains crivains canoniques comme Ricardo Piglia, Carmen Boullosa ou Edmundo Paz-Soldn, le cyberpunk se manifeste avec force dans lcriture de jeunes artistes interdisciplinaires et de collaborateurs assidus des fanzines. Cette adaptation du sous-genre dans un continent o la rfrence reste encore le rel merveilleux et le ralisme magique, malgr lapport des gnrations plus rcentes comme celle de McOndo ou celle du Crack , essaie dlaborer une srie de rponses aux questions issues de la conjoncture historique et artistique dans laquelle nous vivons : comment situer lidentit latino-amricaine dans la nouvelle cartographie culturelle mondiale travers une littrature qui cherche se renouveler par rapport au canon littraire et la marginalit de son propre genre? Quelles sont les stratgies dassimilation et de rsistance quadoptent des jeunes auteurs latino-amricains devant le cyberpunk anglo-amricain littraire et cinmatographique? Peut-on parler dun impact esthtique et philosophique du cyberpunk sur la culture latino-amricaine, perue habituellement comme une consommatrice passive de ces produits culturels et non comme une productrice? Ce travail cherche parcourir lensemble de ces questions partir dune rflexion sur les principaux dispositifs constitutifs du cyberpunk la dystopie et la virtualit dans les discours (post)identitaires en Amrique Latine. Reprsentation presque mimtique de lespace socioculturel et historique latino-amricain travers la violence et la rpression politique, militaire, ethnique ou sexuelle, la dystopie est un moyen darticuler certaines figures spatiales aux mythes nationaux et la politique identitaire dans le contexte de la mondialisation. Cette dernire ralit socioculturelle, ainsi que lidologie esthtique que vhicule celle-ci travers le cyberpunk, cre un conflit avec ces discours identitaires nationaux, conflit qui est accentu ou dissous par la reprsentation de la ralit virtuelle. La ralit virtuelle, comprise ici comme la direction que le rcit prend pour dfaire ou consolider la figure dystopique, mne rflchir galement sur les enjeux de la (post)identit. Penser une (post)identit (en gardant bien lesprit cette parenthse) travers le cyberpunk signifie poser une question sur la rsistance au pass identitaire des mythes nationaux, au prsent de la mondialisation culturelle, et aux discours post-humanistes qui semblent marquer le futur. lappui de travaux sur la dystopie et la ralit virtuelle dans le cyberpunk anglo-amricain, ainsi que des tudes culturelles latino-amricaines, je parcourrai un corpus compos des romans crits entre 1990 et 2005. Ce corpus comprendra La Primera Calle de la Soledad (1993) de Gerardo Horacio Porcayo, Santa Clara Poltergeist (1991) de Fausto Fawcett, Ygdrasil (2005) de Jorge Baradit, et les films argentins No muera sin decirme adnde vas (1992) dEliseo Subiela et La sonmbula (1998) de Fernando Spiner. Dans ces oeuvres, la dystopie se configure aux possibilits narratives de la virtualit et traverse des thmatiques identitaires comme les mythes sexuels et nationaux, la mmoire et le traumatisme ainsi que les projets utopiques des minorits.
Resumo:
Facile de discourir sur la paix ; complexe, par contre, dvaluer si paroles et gestes y contribuent vraiment. De manire critique, ce mmoire cherche contextualiser lmergence de la nation isralienne de 1881 1948, de mme quun certain nombre de forces pacifistes juives, religieuses comme sculires, sionistes comme anti-sionistes, que cette socit a engendres ou provoques de la fin du XIXe sicle aujourdhui. Dans un premier temps, quatre stratgies utilises pour construire ltat juif sont explores : la voie pratique (ltablissement de mochavot, kibboutzim et mochavim), la voie diplomatique (le lobbying de Herzl et Weizmann), la voie sociopolitique (la formation de syndicats, de lAgence juive et du Vaad Leoumi) et enfin la voie militaire (la mise sur pied dorganisations paramilitaires telles la Hagana, lIrgoun, le Lehi et le Palmah). Cette exploration permet de mieux camper le problme de la lgalit et de la lgitimit des nations palestinienne et isralienne. Dans un deuxime temps, une approche conceptuelle et une approche empirique sont combines pour mieux comprendre ce quest un camp de la paix. Lexploration conceptuelle remet en question les critres quutilisent certains chercheurs afin didentifier si une organisation contribue, ou non, la construction de la paix. Lexploration empirique trace les contours de deux camps de la paix israliens : les militants de la gauche sculire achkenazi (un pacifisme qui a merg dans les annes 1970) et les religieux haredim (un pacifisme oppos lidologie sioniste ds ses dbuts). Ce survol permet de saisir que tout systme de croyances peut provoquer la guerre autant que la paix. La conclusion discute des dfis du dialogue intercivilisationnel, des dfis tant intranationaux (lharmonie sociale isralienne entre les juifs achkenazim, mizrahim, russes, thiopiens, etc.) quinternationaux (la paix entre les Palestiniens et les Israliens).
