Job loss among immigrant and native workers: evidence from Spain's economic downturn

The profound crisis that has affected the Spanish economy since mid - 2008 has been characterized by significant job losses and a marked rise in the country´s unemployment rate. However, unemployment has had a differential impact on different population groups. Compared to native, immigrant workers have experienced higher rates of job loss. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the differences between immigrants and natives (distinguished by gender) in terms of their probability of suffering job loss in the downturn of late 2008 and 2009. Our results indicate that the higher rate of job loss among female immigrant workers can be fully explained by their lower endowment of human capital. By contrast, human capital endowment and over-representation in certain occupations, sectors and regions in which the crisis had greatest impact do not appear to be the only reason for the penalty suffered by immigrant males in terms of their chances of losing their job in the downturn.

Formal Education, Mismatch and Wages After Transition: Assessing the Impact of Unobserved Heterogeneity using Matching Estimators

This paper studies the incidence and consequences of the mismatch between formal education and the educational requirements of jobs in Estonia during the years 1997-2003. We fi nd large wage penalties associated with the phenomenon of educational mismatch. Moreover, the incidence and wage penalty of mismatches increase with age. This suggests that structural educational mismatches can occur after fast transition periods. Our results are robust for various methodologies, and more importantly regarding departures from the exogeneity assumptions inherent in the matching estimators used in our analysis

La reforma de la contratación en el mercado de trabajo: entre la flexibilidad y la seguridad

El actual debate sobre la reforma laboral pendiente en España se centra demasiado en el abaratamiento del despido o las modalidades de contratación como únicas formas de flexibilizar el mercado de trabajo. Este tipo de propuestas, además, choca con la percepción de una fuerte pérdida de seguridad de los trabajadores. En este trabajo nos planteamos cómo conciliar una mayor flexibilidad del mercado laboral sin una pérdida de la seguridad de los trabajadores. Para hacerlo revisamos qué sugiere la teoría, con qué evidencia empírica contamos y cuáles son las experiencias internacionales de las que podemos aprender para así poder hacer planteamientos serios de reformas laborales basados en evidencias y no en ocurrencias. Finalmente proponemos una línea de trabajo de la reforma del mercado de trabajo que no renuncia ni a la mejora de la flexibilidad ni a asegurar el empleo de los trabajadores.

Knowledge misallocation and growth

We develop a growth model where knowledge is embodied in individuals and diffused across sectors through labor mobility. The existence of labor mobility costs constrains mobility and, thus, generates labor misallocation. Different levels of labor misallocation imply different levels of exploitation of available knowledge and, therefore, different total factor productivity across countries. We derive a positive relationship between growth and labor mobility, which is consistent with the empirical evidence, by assuming aggregate constant returns to capital. We also analyze the short and long run effects of labor mobility costs in the case of decreasing returns to capital. It turns out that changes in mobility costs have larger economic effects when different types of worker have small rather than large complementarities. Finally, we show that different labor income taxes or labor market tightness imply different rates of labor mobility and, therefore, can explain differences in Gross Domestic Product across countries.

Is the wage curve formal or informal? Evidence for Colombia

The objective of this paper is to analyse the existente or not of a wage curve in Colombia, paying special attention to the differences between formal and informal workers, an issue that has been systematically ignored in the wage curve literature. The obtained results using microdata from the Colombian Continuous Household Survey (CHS) between 2002 and 2006 show the existence of a wage curve with a negative slope for the Colombian economy. Using information on metropolitan areas, the estimates of the elasticity of individual wages to local unemployment rates was -0.07, a value that is very close to those obtained for other countries. However, the disaggregation of statistical information for formal and informal workers has shown significant differences among both groups of workers. In particular, for the less protected groups of the labour market, informal workers (both men and women), a high negatively sloped wage curve was found. This result is consistent with the conclusions from efficiency wage theoretical models and should be taken into account when analysing the functioning of regional labour markets in developing countries.

Labour segregation and immigrant and native-born wage distributions in Spain: an analysis using matched employer-employee data

This article carries out an empirical examination of the origin of the differences between immigrant and native-born wage structures in the Spanish labour market. Especial attention is given in the analysis to the role played by occupational and workplace segregation of immigrants. Legal immigrants from developing countries exhibit lower mean wages and a more compressed wage structure than native-born workers. By contrast, immigrants from developed countries display higher mean wages and a more dispersed wage structure. The main empirical finding is that the disparities in the wage distributions for the native-born and both groups of immigrants are largely explained by their different observed characteristics, with a particularly important influence in this context of workplace and, particularly, occupational segregation.

Wages and productivity: the role of labour market institutions in OECD countries

In the context of a monetary union, to keep a territorial equilibrium in terms of economic activity and employment, the relationship between real wages and productivity is crucial. In this paper, empirical evidence about the response of wages to productivity is obtained for 20 OECD countries and the role of labour market institutions to explain differences in this response is analysed.

Més enllà de la necessitat de treballar existeix el desig d'estar en relació en llibertat = Más allá de la necesidad de trabajar existe el deseo de estar en relación en libertad

En el monografic que presentem, hi publiquem les ponencies sorgides del seminari de primavera, que, com cada any, organitzem les dones de Duoda. El seminari portava el títol Les relacions d'autoritat i de llibertat en el mercat de treball. Desitjavem donar a conèixer el pensament i els sabers de les dones fruit de la recerca de dotar de sentit la seva experiència femenina en el món del treball, des de la consciencia del que aportem les dones al món amb la nostra diferencia sexual

Empirical welfare analysis: when preferences matter

Fleurbaey and Maniquet have proposed the criteria of conditional equality and of egalitarian equivalence to assess the equity among individuals in an ordinal setting. Empirical applications are rare and only partially consistent with their framework. We propose a new empirical approach that relies on individual preferences, is consistent with the ordinal criteria and enables to compare them with the cardinal criteria. We estimate a utility function that incorporates individual heterogeneous preferences, obtain ordinal measures of well-being and apply conditional equality and egalitarian equivalence. We then propose two cardinal measures of well-being, that are comparable with the ordinal model, to compute Roemer’s and Van de gaer’s criteria. Finally we compare the characteristics of the worst-off displayed by each criterion. We apply this model to a sample of US micro data and obtain that about 18% of the worst-off are not common to all criteria.

A panel data analysis of FDI and informal labor markets

The objective of this paper is to examine whether informal labor markets affect the flows of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and also whether this effect is similar in developed and developing countries. With this aim, different public data sources, such as the World Bank (WB), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are used, and panel econometric models are estimated for a sample of 65 countries over a 14 year period (1996-2009). In addition, this paper uses a dynamic model as an extension of the analysis to establish whether such an effect exists and what its indicators and significance may be.

The allometry of non-employment. What can compositional data analysis tell us about labour market performance across the UK's regions?

The low levels of unemployment recorded in the UK in recent years are widely cited as evidence of the country’s improved economic performance, and the apparent convergence of unemployment rates across the country’s regions used to suggest that the longstanding divide in living standards between the relatively prosperous ‘south’ and the more depressed ‘north’ has been substantially narrowed. Dissenters from these conclusions have drawn attention to the greatly increased extent of non-employment (around a quarter of the UK’s working age population are not in employment) and the marked regional dimension in its distribution across the country. Amongst these dissenters it is generally agreed that non-employment is concentrated amongst older males previously employed in the now very much smaller ‘heavy’ industries (e.g. coal, steel, shipbuilding). This paper uses the tools of compositiona l data analysis to provide a much richer picture of non-employment and one which challenges the conventional analysis wisdom about UK labour market performance as well as the dissenters view of the nature of the problem. It is shown that, associated with the striking ‘north/south’ divide in nonemployment rates, there is a statistically significant relationship between the size of the non-employment rate and the composition of non-employment. Specifically, it is shown that the share of unemployment in non-employment is negatively correlated with the overall non-employment rate: in regions where the non-employment rate is high the share of unemployment is relatively low. So the unemployment rate is not a very reliable indicator of regional disparities in labour market performance. Even more importantly from a policy viewpoint, a significant positive relationship is found between the size of the non-employment rate and the share of those not employed through reason of sickness or disability and it seems (contrary to the dissenters) that this connection is just as strong for women as it is for men

Docencia adaptada a las exigencias del mercado laboral

La formación de los estudiantes universitarios es un tema de constante preocupación para los profesionales dedicados a desempeñar tareas docentes. Los tiempos van evolucionando y las demandas del mercado laboral cambiando, por lo que el profesorado universitario se ve en la obligación de ir adaptando el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje con el fin de desarrollar competencias en los alumnos que satisfagan las necesidades de este mercado. Tras escuchar las opiniones de altos cargos de las industrias asturianas acerca de las demandas actuales del mundo laboral, las profesoras de la asignatura ‘Selección de Materiales en Diseño Mecánico’, perteneciente al tercer año de Ingeniería Técnica Industrial en la Universidad de Oviedo (España), hemos llevado a cabo una adaptación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en dicha asignatura durante el curso 2007-2008, con la que se pretende acercar la formacion de los estudiantes a dichas demandas. Para ello se ha propuesto a los alumnos la realización de un proyecto en grupo, que posteriormente debería ser expuesto públicamente, siendo valorado por las profesoras y por el resto de compañeros. Los objetivos perseguidos con el método docente llevado a cabo son fomentar el aprendizaje individual activo y estratégico, el aprendizaje en grupo, el trabajo en equipo, el aprendizaje a través de las tutorías con el profesor, la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías como vía de obtención de información, la mentalidad crítica, así como la comunicación oral tanto en ‘petit comité’ como en público, introduciendo al mismo tiempo una forma alternativa de evaluación. Además de la evaluacion externa realizada por las profesoras y por el resto de los compañeros, se ha pedido a los alumnos que evaluasen su propio trabajo, es decir, que se autoevaluasen, ya que consideramos, por un lado, que la reflexión sobre un trabajo hecho ayuda a valorar su realidad y por otro que los cambios que emanan de una autoevaluación son más eficaces que los que provienen de instancias externas al proceso

Més enllà de la necessitat de treballar existeix el desig d'estar en relació en llibertat = Más allá de la necesidad de trabajar existe el deseo de estar en relación en libertad

En el monografic que presentem, hi publiquem les ponencies sorgides del seminari de primavera, que, com cada any, organitzem les dones de Duoda. El seminari portava el títol Les relacions d'autoritat i de llibertat en el mercat de treball. Desitjavem donar a conèixer el pensament i els sabers de les dones fruit de la recerca de dotar de sentit la seva experiència femenina en el món del treball, des de la consciencia del que aportem les dones al món amb la nostra diferencia sexual

Formación, inserción y mercado segmentado.

Resumen tomado de la propia publicación

Formación ocupacional e inserción laboral : propuesta para un plan de evaluación.

Resumen tomado de la propia publicación