Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Population und Untersuchungen zum Quorum Sensing in der Rhizosphäre vom Weidelgras (Lolium perenne) auf einer Rückstandshalde der Kaliindustrie

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Dynamik und die Kommunikation innerhalb der mikrobiellen Population der Rhizosphäre von Deutschem Weidelgras (Lolium perenne) untersucht, welches auf einer teilweise rekultivierten Rückstandshalde der Kaliindustrie wuchs. Um die niederschlagsbedingte Auswaschung von Salzen zu reduzieren, wird die Rückstandshalde des Kaliwerks Sigmundshall (in Bokeloh bei Hannover) schrittweise mit dem technogenen Abdecksubstrat REKAL/SAV ummantelt. Dieses weist eine hohe Standfestigkeit und Wasserspeicherkapazität auf und kann zudem begrünt werden, wofür als Pionierpflanze Lolium perenne dient. Durch diese Rekultivierung wird Niederschlag besser gespeichert und über Evapotranspiration wieder in die Luft abgegeben, was letztendlich die Bildung von Salzwasser vermindert. Da das Abdecksubstrat neben alkalischem pH-Wert auch teilweise hohe Schwermetallkonzentrationen aufweist, sollte in der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmals die mikrobielle Rhizosphären-Gemeinschaft in diesem extremen Habitat mittels einer kulturunabhängigen Methode erforscht werden. Zudem wurden erste Untersuchungen angestellt, ob im Substrat die zelldichte-abhängige bakterielle Kommunikation (Quorum Sensing) nachgewiesen werden kann. Mittels extrahierter Gesamt-DNA wurde anhand der 16S rDNA die Analyse des „Terminalen Restriktonsfragmentlängenpolymorphismus“ (TRFLP) verwendet, um die komplexe bakterielle Rhizosphären-Gemeinschaft unter zeitlichen und lokalen Aspekten zu vergleichen. Auftretende Veränderungen bei den bakteriellen Populationen der jeweiligen Proben wurden durch eine Zu- oder Abnahme der auch als Ribotypen bezeichneten terminalen Restriktionsfragmente (TRF) erfasst. Hierbei zeigten sich am Südhang der Halde während der Sommermonate der Jahre 2008 und 2009 zwar Schwankungen in den bakteriellen Gemeinschaftsprofilen, es lagen jedoch keine eindeutigen Dynamiken vor. Im Vergleich zum Südhang der Halde wies der Nordhang eine höhere Ribotyp-Diversität auf, was mit der fortgeschritteneren Rekultivierung dieses Haldenabschnitts zusammenhängen könnte. Zusätzlich wurden Bakterien aus der Rhizosphäre von Lolium perenne isoliert und mithilfe der Biosensoren Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136 pCF218 pCF372 und Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 auf die Produktion von N-Acylhomoserinlactonen (AHLs) überprüft. Diese AHLs werden von Gram-negativen Mikroorganismen als Signalmoleküle verwendet, um ihre Genexpression zelldichteabhängig zu kontrollieren. Von den 47 getesteten Gram-negativen Rhizosphärenisolaten konnten nur bei einem reproduzierbar AHL-Moleküle mithilfe des Reporterstamms A. tumefaciens nachgewiesen werden. Der AHL-Produzent wurde als Pseudomonas fluorescens identifiziert. Mittels dünnschichtchromatographischer Analysen konnten die extrahierten bakteriellen AHL-Moleküle den N-Octanoyl-L-homoserinlactonen zugeordnet werden.

20. Theorietag der GI-Fachgruppe "Automaten und Formale Sprachen''

Die Fachgruppe AFS (früher Fachgruppe 0.1.5) der Gesellschaft für Informatik veranstaltet seit 1991 einmal im Jahr ein Treffen der Fachgruppe im Rahmen eines Theorietags, der traditionell eineinhalb Tage dauert. Seit dem Jahr 1996 wird dem eigentlichen Theorietag noch ein eintägiger Workshop zu speziellen Themen der theoretischen Informatik vorangestellt. In diesem Jahr wurde der Theorietag vom Fachgebiet "Theoretische Informatik" des Fachbereichs Elektrotechnik/Informatik der Universität Kassel organisiert. Er fand vom 29.9. bis 1.10.2010 in Baunatal bei Kassel statt. Dabei stand der begleitende Workshop unter dem allgemeinen Thema "Ausgewählte Themen der Theoretischen Informatik". Als Vortragende für diesen Workshop konnten Carsten Damm (Göttingen), Markus Holzer (Giessen), Peter Leupold (Kassel), Martin Plátek (Prag) und Heribert Vollmer (Hannover) gewonnen werden. Das Programm des eigentlichen Theorietags bestand aus 20 Vorträgen sowie der Sitzung der Fachgruppe AFS. In diesem Band finden sich die Zusammenfassungen aller Vorträge sowohl des Workshops als auch des Theorietags. Desweiteren enthält er das Programm und die Liste aller Teilnehmer.

Effect of management strategies on the performance of ruminant livestock production systems and the safety of plant and animal products in the city of Sikasso, Mali

The regional population growth in West Africa, and especially its urban centers, will bring about new and critical challenges for urban development policy, especially in terms of ensuring food security and providing employment for the growing population. (Peri-) urban livestock and vegetable production systems, which can contribute significantly to these endeavours, are limited by various constraints, amongst them limited access to expensive production factors and their (in)efficient use. To achieve sustainable production systems with low consumer health risks, that can meet the urban increased demand, this doctoral thesis determined nutrient use efficiencies in representative (peri-) urban livestock production systems in three West African cities, and investigated potential health risks for consumers ensuing from there. The field study, which was conducted during July 2007 to December 2009, undertook a comparative analysis of (peri-) urban livestock production strategies across 210 livestock keeping households (HH) in the three West African cities of Kano/Nigeria (84 HH), Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso (63 HH) and Sikasso/Mali (63 HH). These livestock enterprises were belonging to the following three farm types: commercial gardening plus field crops and livestock (cGCL; 88 HH), commercial livestock plus subsistence field cropping (cLsC; 109 HH) and commercial gardening plus semi-commercial livestock (cGscL; 13 HH) which had been classified in a preceding study; they represented the diversity of (peri-) urban livestock production systems in West Africa. In the study on the efficiency of ruminant livestock production, lactating cowsand sheep herd units were differentiated based on whether feed supplements were offered to the animals at the homestead (Go: grazing only; Gsf: mainly grazing plus some supplement feeding). Inflows and outflows of nutrients were quantified in these herds during 18 months, and the effects of seasonal variations in nutrient availability on animals’ productivity and reproductive performance was determined in Sikasso. To assess the safety of animal products and vegetables, contamination sources of irrigated lettuce and milk with microbiological contaminants, and of tomato and cabbage with pesticide residues in (peri-) urban agriculture systems of Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso were characterized at three occasions in 2009. Samples of irrigation water, organic fertilizer and ix lettuce were collected in 6 gardens, and samples of cabbage and tomato in 12 gardens; raw and curdled milk were sampled in 6 dairy herds. Information on health risks for consumers of such foodstuffs was obtained from 11 health centers in Sikasso. In (peri-) urban livestock production systems, sheep and goats dominated (P<0.001) in Kano compared to Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, while cattle and poultry were more frequent (P<0.001) in Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso than in Kano. Across cities, ruminant feeding relied on grazing and homestead supplementation with fresh grasses, crop residues, cereal brans and cotton seed cake; cereal grains and brans were the major ingredients of poultry feeds. There was little association of gardens and livestock; likewise field cropping and livestock were rarely integrated. No relation existed between the education of the HH head and the adoption of improved management practices (P>0.05), but the proportion of HH heads with a long-term experience in (peri-) urban agriculture was higher in Kano and in Bobo Dioulasso than in Sikasso (P<0.001). Cattle and sheep fetched highest market prices in Kano; unit prices for goats and chicken were highest in Sikasso. Animal inflow, outflow and dairy herd growth rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Gsf than in the Go cattle herds. Maize bran and cottonseed expeller were the main feeds offered to Gsf cows as dry-season supplement, while Gsf sheep received maize bran, fresh grasses and cowpea pods. The short periodic transhumance of Go dairy cows help them maintaining their live weight, whereas Gsf cows lost weight during the dry season despite supplement feeding at a rate of 1506 g dry matter per cow and day, resulting in low productivity and reproductive performance. The daily live weight gains of calves and lambs, respectively, were low and not significantly different between the Go and the Gsf system. However, the average live weight gains of lambs were significantly higher in the dry season (P<0.05) than in the rainy season because of the high pressure of gastrointestinal parasites and of Trypanosoma sp. In consequence, 47% of the sheep leaving the Go and Gsf herds died due to diseases during the study period. Thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination levels of irrigation water significantly exceeded WHO recommendations for the unrestricted irrigation of vegetables consumed raw. Microbial contamination levels of lettuce at the farm gate and the market place in Bobo Dioulasso and at the farm gate in Sikasso were higher than at the market place in Sikasso (P<0.05). Pesticide residues were detected in only one cabbage and one tomato sample and were below the maximum residue limit for consumption. Counts of thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli were higher in curdled than in raw milk (P<0.05). From 2006 to x 2009, cases of diarrhea/vomiting and typhoid fever had increased by 11% and 48%, respectively, in Sikasso. For ensuring economically successful and ecologically viable (peri-) urban livestock husbandry and food safety of (peri-) urban foodstuffs of animal and plant origin, the dissemination and adoption of improved feeding practices, livestock healthcare and dung management are key. In addition, measures fostering the safety of animal products and vegetables including the appropriate use of wastewater in (peri-) urban agriculture, restriction to approve vegetable pesticides and the respect of their latency periods, and passing and enforcement of safety laws is required. Finally, the incorporation of environmentally sound (peri-) urban agriculture in urban planning by policy makers, public and private extension agencies and the urban farmers themselves is of utmost importance. To enable an efficient (peri-) urban livestock production in the future, research should concentrate on cost-effective feeding systems that allow meeting the animals’ requirement for production and reproduction. Thereby focus should be laid on the use of crop-residues and leguminous forages. The improvement of the milk production potential through crossbreeding of local cattle breeds with exotic breeds known for their high milk yield might be an accompanying option, but it needs careful supervision to prevent the loss of the local trypanotolerant purebreds.

Matter flows and balances in urban vegetable gardens of Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Many efforts are undertaken for sustaining urban agriculture in African cities. This study therefore investigated nutrient management practices in urban vegetable gardens of Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (West Africa). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and carbon (C) fluxes were quantified and nutrient balances calculated for three gardens representing the typical commercial gardening + field crops and livestock system (cGCL) and three gardens representing the commercial gardening + semi-commercial field crop system (cGscC). Nutrient and C balances were similarly positive in both production systems reaching annual averages of 688 kg N ha -1, 251 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 189 kg K ha-1, and 31 t C ha-1. Inputs in all gardens exceeded the amounts recommended by the extension service. Gaseous emissions of N and C represented important pathways of N and C losses. The highest emission rates occurred during the hottest periods of the day and the peaks were observed after fertilizer applications. Management recommendations should be geared towards increasing nutrient use efficiencies by better tailoring nutrient availability to crop demand and adjusted fertilization techniques to mitigate N losses.

Microbial response to restoration of tantalite mine soils in western Rwanda

Artisanal columbite-tantalite (coltan) mining has had negative effects on the rural economy in the great Lakes region of Africa through labor deficits, degradation and loss of farmland, food insecurity, high cost of living, and reduced traditional export crop production alongside secondary impacts that remotely affect the quality of air, water, soil, plants, animals, and human wellbeing. The situation is multifaceted and calls for a holistic approach for short and long-term mitigation of such negative effects. This study focuses on the effects of mine land restoration on soil microbiological quality in the Gatumba Mining District of western Rwanda. Some coltan mine wastelands were afforested with pine and eucalyptus trees while farmers directly cultivated others due to land scarcity. Farmyard manure (FYM) is the sole fertilizer applied on the wastelands although it is insufficient to achieve the desired crop yields. Despite this, several multi-purpose plants such as Tithonia diversifolia, Markhamia lutea, and Canavalia brasiliensis thrive in the area and could supplement FYM. The potential for these “new” amendments to improve soil microbial properties, particularly in the tantalite mine soils was investigated. The specific objectives of the study were to: (a) evaluate the effects of land use on soil microbial indices of the tantalite mine soils; (b) investigate the restorative effects of organic amendments on a Technosol; and (c) estimate the short-term N and P supply potential of the soil amendments in the soils. Fresh soils (0-20 cm) from an unmined native forest, two mine sites afforested with pine and eucalyptus forests (pine and eucalyptus Technosols), an arable land, and two cultivated Technosols (Kavumu and Kirengo Technosols) were analyzed for the physicochemical properties. Afterwards, a 28-day incubation (22oC) experiment was conducted followed by measurements of mineral N, soil microbial biomass C, N, P, and fungal ergosterol contents using standard methods. This was followed by a 12-week incubation study of the arable soil and the Kavumu Technosol amended with FYM, Canavalia and Tithonia biomass, and Markhamia leaf litter after which soil microbial properties were measured at 2, 8, and 12 weeks of incubation. Finally, two 4-week incubation experiments each were conducted in soils of the six sites to estimate (i) potential mineralizable N using a soil-sand mixture (1:1) amended with Canavalia and goat manure and (ii) P mineralization mixtures (1:1) of soil and anion exchange resins in bicarbonate form amended with Tithonia biomass and goat manure. In study one, afforestation increased soil organic carbon and total N contents in the pine and eucalyptus Technosols by 34-40% and 28-30%, respectively of that in the native forest soil. Consequently, the microbial biomass and activity followed a similar trend where the cultivated Technosols were inferior to the afforested ones. The microbial indices of the mine soils were constrained by soil acidity, dithionite-extractable Al, and low P availability. In study two, the amendments substantially increased C and N mineralization, microbial properties compared with non-amended soils. Canavalia biomass increased CO2 efflux by 340%, net N mineralization by 30-140%, and microbial biomass C and N by 240-600% and 240-380% (P < 0.01), respectively after four weeks of incubation compared with the non-amended soils. Tithonia biomass increased ergosterol content by roughly 240%. The Kavumu Technosol showed a high potential for quick restoration of its soil quality due to its major responses to the measured biological parameters. In study three, Canavalia biomass gave the highest mineralizable N (130 µg g-1 soil, P < 0.01) in the Kavumu Technosol and the lowest in the native forest soil (-20 µg g-1 soil). Conversely, the mineralizable N of goat manure was negative in all soils ranging from -2.5 µg N g-1 to -7.7 µg N g-1 soil except the native forest soil. However, the immobilization of goat manure N in the “cultivated soils” was 30-70% lower than in the “forest soils” signifying an imminent recovery of the amended soils from N immobilization. The mineralization of goat manure P was three-fold that of Tithonia, constituting 61-71% of total P applied. Phosphorus mineralization slightly decreased after four weeks of incubation due to sulfate competition as reflected in a negative correlation, which was steeper in the Tithonia treatment. In conclusion, each amendment used in this research played a unique role in C, N, and P mineralization and contributed substantially to microbial properties in the tantalite mine soils. Interestingly, the “N immobilizers” exhibited potentials for P release and soil organic carbon storage. Consequently, the combined use of the amendments in specific ratios, or co-composting prior to application is recommended to optimize nutrient release, microbial biomass dynamics and soil organic matter accrual. Transport of organic inputs seems more feasible for smallholder farmers who typically manage small field sizes. To reduce acidity in the soils, liming with wood ash was recommended to also improve P availability and enhance soil biological quality, even if it may only be possible on small areas. Further, afforestation with mixed-species of fast-growing eucalyptus and legume or indigenous tree species are suggested to restore tantalite mine wastelands. It is emphasized most of this research was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which exclude interaction with environmental variables. Also fine fractions of the amendments were used compared with the usual practice of applying a mixture of predominantly coarser fractions. Therefore, the biological dynamics reported in the studies here may not entirely reflect those of farmers’ field conditions.

On-demand hd video using Jini based grid

This research establishes the feasibility of using a network centric technology, Jini, to provide a grid framework on which to perform parallel video encoding. A solution was implemented using Jini and obtained real-time on demand encoding of a 480 HD video stream. Further, a projection is made concerning the encoding of 1080 HD video in real-time, as the current grid was not powerful enough to achieve this above 15fps. The research found that Jini is able to provide a number of tools and services highly applicable in a grid environment. It is also suitable in terms of performance and responds well to a varying number of grid nodes. The main performance limiter was found to be the network bandwidth allocation, which when loaded with a large number of grid nodes was unable to handle the traffic.

Morphometric analysis of the urethra of castrated female rats treated with tamoxifen

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen on the weight and thickness of the urethral epithelium of castrated female rats. Methods: Forty castrated adult female Wistar-Hannover rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group I (n = 20) in which the animals received only the vehicle (propylene glycol) and Group 11 (n = 20) in which the rats received tamoxifen 250 mu g/day by gavage. After 30 days of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the urethra was immediately removed for weighing. Next, the urethra was divided into the proximal and distal segments, which were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and submitted to routine histological techniques for morphometric study. The data were analyzed using the weighted minimum mean-square error method and Student`s t-test for two independent samples (p < 0.05). Results: There was a significant increase in the mean weight of the urethra in the rats of Group 11 compared to the control group, 32.0 +/- 2.0 mg and 22.0 +/- 1.6 mg, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean thickness of the distal urethral epithelium of the animals treated with tamoxifen was significantly greater than that of the control group, 42.8 +/- 2.0 mu m and 36.6 +/- 1.5 mu m, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to the epithelial thickness of the proximal urethra (p = 0.514). Conclusion: Treating castrated adult rats with 250 mu g/day of tamoxifen for 30 days may increase the weight of the urethra and the thickness of the distal urethral epithelium. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação de padrões morfológicos e funcionais do epitélio respiratório superior de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) mantidos em diferentes sistemas de ventilação.

Na última década, o uso de sistemas microventilados (sistema VMA) em biotérios possibilitou alojar animais com melhor qualidade sanitária devido ao maior controle ambiental fornecido por esses sistemas. Contudo, ainda é necessário uma melhor avaliação desses sistemas, principalmente no que tange às respostas dos animais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a integridade do epitélio do trato respiratório superior (septo nasal e traquéia) de ratos mantidos em sistema VMA. Cem ratos, da linhagem Wistar-Hannover, heterogênicos, machos, de padrão sanitário convencional, foram mantidos durante 6 meses em dois distintos sistemas de ventilação: ventilação para conforto (grupo VGD, controle) e sistema VMA com intervalos de troca de cama variando de 3, 5, 7 e 9 dias (grupos IT3, IT5, IT7 e IT9, respectivamente). Após a eutanásia dos animais, fragmentos de septo nasal e traquéia foram coletados, processados com rotina de técnica histológica e corados com combinação de ácido periódico de Shiff e azul alciano (PAS-AB) e hematoxilina-eosina (HE). Os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados em septo nasal foram: 1) área de epitélio por unidade de superfície de membrana basal (EP/MB), 2) área de cílios por unidade de superfície de membrana basal (CI/MB), 3) número de núcleos por unidade de superfície de membrana basal (NN/MB), 4) área de muco ácido por unidade de superfície de membrana basal (MAc/MB), 5) área de muco ácido por área de epitélio (MAc/EP) e 6) número de núcleos por área de epitélio (NN/EP). Para NN/MB, o grupo VGD apresentou diferença estatística com os grupos IT3, IT5 e IT9. Para NN/EP, o grupo VGD teve diferença estatística com os todos grupos mantidos em VMA (IT3, IT5, IT7 e IT9). Em AE/MB observou-se diferença significativa do grupo VGD com os grupos IT7 e IT9. Para CI/MB notou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos IT3 e IT7. Embora não foi demonstrada diferença significativa entre os demais grupos, os dados sugerem que o grupo IT3 apresenta proporcionalmente maior área de cílios em relação aos demais grupos. Em MAc/MB e MAc/EP observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos VGD e IT7. Na avaliação qualitativa da traquéia por escores, predominou a lesão inflamatória crônica, com intenso infiltrado de mononucleares (predominando neutrófilos). A presença e intensidade dessas lesões variaram de acordo com o sistema de ventilação sendo que somente no grupo VGD é que foram encontradas lesões severas (grau III). Com base nos resultados obtidos, os animais mantidos no sistema VMA, independente do intervalo de trocas de cama a que foram submetidos, apresentaram menor intensidade de lesões no septo nasal e na traquéia do que os animais mantidos em VGD. A maior integridade epitelial pode ser relacionado com a qualidade das condições ambientais fornecida aos animais alojados no sistema VMA, confirmando ser este o sistema mais adequado para a manutenção de ratos em experimentação.

Expondo os planos : as exposições universais do séc. XX e seus planos urbanísticos

Expondo os planos: as exposições universais do século XX e seus planos urbanísticos. Esta dissertação versará sobre as exposições de caráter universal, expoentes da cultura e do pensamento de uma respectiva época. Mais precisamente abordará seus planejamentos e seus projetos urbanos e a capacidade destes eventos de absorverem ou gerarem e propagarem idéias e pensamentos. Desta forma, tomando-se como base às exposições universais e as teorias urbanísticas buscar-se-á fazer um cruzamento que evidencie aspectos das relações entre os planos urbanísticos de algumas das mais significativas exposições universais do século XX (Exposição Internacional de Barcelona 1929, Internacional de Paris 1937, Universal de Bruxelas 1958, Universal de Sevilha 1992, Internacional de Lisboa 1998 e Universal de Hannover 2000) e os principais pensamentos urbanísticos desenvolvidos durante este período. Tudo isso dentro de um contexto onde os pensamentos dominantes, as ideologias e os conceitos sofreram grandes e constantes mudanças, mas onde o aspecto da internacionalização ou universalização está sempre presente.

A relação cartográfica e geometria diferencial de Mercator a Gauss

Pós-graduação em Educação Matemática - IGCE

Assessment of micronucleus frequency in the peripheral blood of female rats in persistent estrus treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators

The aim of this study was to evaluate micronucleus (MN) frequency in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of female rats in persistent estrus (a model developed to mimic polycystic ovary syndrome) treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, tamoxifen, and raloxifene). Forty female Wistar-Hannover rats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: Group I (normally cycling rats) and Group II (persistent estrus) both received only vehicle, while Group III (persistent estrus) was treated with tamoxifen (250 mu g/animal/day) and Group IV (persistent estrus) was treated with raloxifene (750 mu g/animal/day). Tamoxifen and raloxifene were given by oral gavage beginning on postnatal day 90 and continuing for 30 consecutive days. Peripheral blood samples were collected from tails 1 day following the last exposure. Blood smears were made on glass slides and stained with 10% Giemsa solution. ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test were used for data analysis. Mean percentages of MN were 1.82 +/- 0.13, 5.20 +/- 0.24, 3.32 +/- 0.13, and 3.04 +/- 0.12 in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The results indicate that tamoxifen and raloxifene similarly reduced the formation of MNPCE of female rats in persistent estrus (P < 0.0001 for Groups III and IV vs. Group II), using the dosages and time periods applied in the present study. The data suggest possibly antimutagenic effects of SERMs under high levels of estrogens. The findings also suggest that this is an interesting animal model for studying the genotoxicity of estrogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Hacia un nuevo modelo de enseñanza-aprendizaje experimental de la Biología

[ES]El año 2000, un grupo de estudiantes de Bachillerato representaron a España en el Worldwide Young Researches for the Environment, una reunión organizada con ocasión de la Expo 2000 en Hannover. En 2005, otro equipo de bachilleres españoles obtuvo el primer premio en el XVII European Union Contest for Young Scientists celebrada en Moscú. Era la segunda ve< que la representación española conseguía esta mención en el certamen. Los estudiantes que acudieron a Hannover y a Moscú procedían de Gran canaria. ¿Es posible investigar en la ESO? ¿Es posible investigar en bachillerato? Los ejemplos mencionados responden ambas preguntas. Afortunadamente no son los únicos. las cifras del fracaso escolar ocultan los casos de excelencia escolar. La investigación en ESO y Bachillerato no sólo es posible sino necesaria.