Masters in art [odd numbers, i.e.] Andrea del Sarto [Raphael Sanzio, The frescoes of Raphael, Michelangelo as a sculptor, Michelangelo as a painter, Leonardo da Vinci].

Mode of access: Internet.

A Capitania-mor do Mar da Índia : 1502-1564

A presente dissertação pretende compreender as origens e a actividade associada à capitania-mor do mar da Índia, considerado o segundo cargo mais relevante da estrutura político-militar do Estado Português da Índia, desde 1502 a 1564. Este cargo, transferido do reino para a Índia, ainda nos primórdios da presença portuguesa, em 1502, visou assegurar os interesses da Coroa na Ásia. Após a nomeação do primeiro vice-rei para a Índia, D. Francisco de Almeida, em 1505, este ofício foi desde logo disputado e requerido pelos governadores subsequentes. Na maioria das vezes era-lhes concedida a possibilidade de indicarem ao soberano quem pretendiam ao seu lado, para os auxiliar na realização do plano de expansão gizado pela Coroa. No entanto, ao monarca assistia a palavra final. Procuramos saber quem foram os oficiais que ocuparam a capitania e compreender que espaço era esse “Mar da Índia”. Considerado o controlo do mar como a base da afirmação e alargamento da presença portuguesa na Ásia, de acordo com os planos de expansão de D. Manuel I e D. João III, é relevante percebermos qual foi a área de autoridade desta capitania. Se o espaço é relevante, também as embarcações o são, por isso, tentamos perceber que tipos de embarcações faziam parte das armadas associadas a este ofício. Após o entendimento sobre o espaço e as embarcações, foi relevante percebermos os critérios da nomeação e as funções inerentes, as quais eram, sobretudo, do foro político-militar. Todavia, os poderes outorgados à capitania, de natureza marítima, foram por vezes alargados às praças portuguesas do Estado da Índia. Percepcionar de que forma e para que fins essa autoridade se ampliou também foi motivo de discussão. Compreender o estatuto social e o impacto do cargo nas trajectórias individuais, foram aspectos que foram tidos em linha de conta ao longo do nosso estudo. Tentamos igualmente avançar com hipóteses explicativas sobre o fim deste cargo. Com este estudo pretendemos compreender como a capitania-mor do mar da Índia fez parte do funcionamento da cúpula político-militar do Estado Português da Índia, ao longo de mais de meio século, como elemento estabilizador. Constatamos que o capitão-mor do mar também foi usado pelo rei, com o intuito de controlar o governador em funções.

La participación de la mujer en la política colombiana entre las acciones afirmativas y la ley 1475 de 2011

161 p.

Estimación del costo de los elementos de seguridad necesarios para controlar los riesgos existentes en el proceso constructivo del Edificio Jardín 1564

81 p.

Elites instruidas en la Costa Rica colonial, 1564-1718

ResumenHaciendo uso de la metodología prosopográfica y de un enfoque teórico de redes sociales, el presente artículo se propone investigar el funcionamiento social del conocimiento, así como sus mecanismos de transmisión en la sociedad colonial de Costa Rica. También se lleva a cabo una presentación documental de las principales líneas de evolución institucional de la educación en la época. Se llega así a constatar que el conocimiento estaba en manos de una estrecha red social de individuos conectados, enriquecidos y empoderados, que formaban parte de la elite política colonial, quienes lo vedaban sistemáticamente a otros sectores sociales de la época, y lo empleaban para apuntalar su posición social.AbstractBy means of a prosopographic study and using a social networks theoretical approach, this article explores the social functions of knowledge, as well as its ways of transmission in the Costarican colonial society. A documented presentation of the main traits of the evolution of the formal education in the period is also offered. As a result, the work concludes that knowledge was in the hands of a very narrow social network structured with very well connected individuals, who were also rich and politically powerful. These individuals used their position and their monopoly of knowledge to impede access to it to other social groups of the time, using it, at the same time, as a tool to sustain their social position.

Temporomandibular Dysfunction Post-craniotomy: Evaluation Between Pre- And Post-operative Status.

To identify risk factors associated with post-operative temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy. The study sample included 24 patients, mean age of 37.3 ± 10 years; eligible for surgery for refractory epilepsy, evaluated according to RDC/TMD before and after surgery. The primary predictor was the time after the surgery. The primary outcome variable was maximal mouth opening. Other outcome variables were: disc displacement, bruxism, TMJ sound, TMJ pain, and pain associated to mandibular movements. Data analyses were performed using bivariate and multiple regression methods. The maximal mouth opening was significantly reduced after surgery in all patients (p = 0.03). In the multiple regression model, time of evaluation and pre-operative bruxism were significantly (p < .05) associated with an increased risk for TMD post-surgery. A significant correlation between surgery follow-up time and maximal opening mouth was found. Pre-operative bruxism was associated with increased risk for temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy.

Reduced Insulin Clearance And Lower Insulin-degrading Enzyme Expression In The Liver Might Contribute To The Thrifty Phenotype Of Protein-restricted Mice.

Nutrient restriction during the early stages of life usually leads to alterations in glucose homeostasis, mainly insulin secretion and sensitivity, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Despite growing evidence regarding the importance of insulin clearance during glucose homeostasis in health and disease, no information exists about this process in malnourished animals. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of a nutrient-restricted diet on insulin clearance using a model in which 30-d-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a protein-restricted diet for 14 weeks. After this period, we evaluated many metabolic variables and extracted pancreatic islet, liver, gastrocnemius muscle (GCK) and white adipose tissue samples from the control (normal-protein diet) and restricted (low-protein diet, LP) mice. Insulin concentrations were determined using RIA and protein expression and phosphorylation by Western blot analysis. The LP mice exhibited lower body weight, glycaemia, and insulinaemia, increased glucose tolerance and altered insulin dynamics after the glucose challenge. The improved glucose tolerance could partially be explained by an increase in insulin sensitivity through the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor/protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver, whereas the changes in insulin dynamics could be attributed to reduced insulin secretion coupled with reduced insulin clearance and lower insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression in the liver and GCK. In summary, protein-restricted mice not only produce and secrete less insulin, but also remove and degrade less insulin. This phenomenon has the double benefit of sparing insulin while prolonging and potentiating its effects, probably due to the lower expression of IDE in the liver, possibly with long-term consequences.

Imported Malaria In A Non-endemic Area: The Experience Of The University Of Campinas Hospital In The Brazilian Southeast.

Although malaria in Brazil almost exclusively occurs within the boundaries of the Amazon Region, some concerns are raised regarding imported malaria to non-endemic areas of the country, notably increased incidence of complications due to delayed diagnoses. However, although imported malaria in Brazil represents a major health problem, only a few studies have addressed this subject. A retrospective case series is presented in which 263 medical charts were analysed to investigate the clinical and epidemiological characterization of malaria cases that were diagnosed and treated at Hospital & Clinics, State University of Campinas between 1998 and 2011. Amongst all medical charts analysed, 224 patients had a parasitological confirmed diagnosis of malaria. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were responsible for 67% and 30% of the infections, respectively. The majority of patients were male (83%) of a productive age (median, 37 years old). Importantly, severe complications did not differ significantly between P. vivax (14 cases, 9%) and P. falciparum (7 cases, 10%) infections. Severe malaria cases were frequent among imported cases in Brazil outside of the Amazon area. The findings reinforce the idea that P. vivax infections in Brazil are not benign, regardless the endemicity of the area studied. Moreover, as the hospital is located in a privileged site, it could be used for future studies of malaria relapses and primaquine resistance mechanisms. Finally, based on the volume of cases treated and the secondary complications, referral malaria services are needed in the non-endemic areas of Brazil for a rapid and efficient and treatment.

Seven-membered Rings Through Metal-free Rearrangement Mediated By Hypervalent Iodine.

A versatile and metal-free approach for the synthesis of carbocycles and of heterocycles bearing seven- and eight-membered rings is described. The strategy is based on ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkanols (or the corresponding silyl or methyl ether) mediated by the hypervalent iodine reagent HTIB (PhI(OH)OTs). Reaction conditions can be easily adjusted to give ring expansion products bearing different functional groups. A route to medium-ring lactones was also developed.

Análise das diferentes manifestações de cultura quanto aos cuidados em saúde bucal em moradores de região rural ribeirinha em Rondônia, Brasil

Esse estudo avaliou as práticas populares nos cuidados com a saúde bucal decorrentes de patologias como a cárie dentária, doença periodontal, entre outras, no distrito de Tabajara, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, tendo em vista que o folclore é muito presente na cultura popular, sendo considerado um fato social e cultural, ao mesmo tempo atingindo e influenciando os cuidados quanto à saúde bucal. Realizou-se um estudo quanti-qualitativo, sendo a amostra composta por catorze mulheres e seis homens. O instrumento de pesquisa compreendeu um questionário, com questões objetivas e subjetivas, sendo os dados analisados sob a forma descritiva. Observou-se um baixo nível de conhecimento em aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal nas pessoas analisadas, bem como uma variedade de métodos alternativos para "tratamento" e "prevenção" de afecções bucais. Concluiu-se que há necessidade de um conhecimento mais aprofundado da população-alvo dos programas em saúde, haja vista que introduzem, quase sempre, mudanças culturais, e para que sejam construtivos e não desintegradores, devem levar em conta a estrutura sociocultural da comunidade onde serão executados.

Phenotypic correlations among meat quality traits in broilers

The goals of this research were to estimate the phenotypic correlations among various meat quality traits from a male broiler line and to describe the relation among these variables. Phenotypical correlations were determined among quality traits, isolating the effects of slaughter date, the age of the mother and sex. The evaluated traits were pH measurements taken at time 0 and at 6 and 24 hours after slaughtering, color parameters, water loss due to exudation, thawing and cooking of the meat, and shear force. Important associations (P<0.01) were found to be significant and, in most cases, weak or moderate, varying from -0.35 to 0.28. The initial pH of the meat was not associated (P>0.05) to the other traits of the meat, whereas the pH at 24 hours after slaughter was able of directly interfering with the attributes of the meat, since this trait was inversely related with lightness and water losses, which indicates an effect of pH fall along 24h after slaughtering on protein denaturation. This study demonstrates that the variables of poultry meat quality are related and that there is a phenotypical association between lightness and cooking losses and the other attributes of the meat. The pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, lightness and cooking losses could be efficient meat quality indicators in this broiler line.

Kerteszia subgenus of Anopheles associated with the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest: current knowledge and future challenges

Background: The Atlantic rainforest ecosystem, where bromeliads are abundant, provides an excellent environment for Kerteszia species, because these anophelines use the axils of those plants as larval habitat. Anopheles (K.) cruzii and Anopheles (K.) bellator are considered the primary vectors of malaria in the Atlantic forest. Although the incidence of malaria has declined in some areas of the Atlantic forest, autochthonous cases are still registered every year, with Anopheles cruzii being considered to be a primary vector of both human and simian Plasmodium. Methods: Recent publications that addressed ecological aspects that are important for understanding the involvement of Kerteszia species in the epidemiology of malaria in the Atlantic rainforest in the Neotropical Region were analysed. Conclusion: The current state of knowledge about Kerteszia species in relation to the Atlantic rainforest ecosystem was discussed. Emphasis was placed on ecological characteristics related to epidemiological aspects of this group of mosquitoes. The main objective was to investigate biological aspects of the species that should be given priority in future studies

Hyperglycemia can delay left ventricular dysfunction but not autonomic damage after myocardial infarction in rodents

Background: Although clinical diabetes mellitus is obviously a high risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), in experimental studies disagreement exists about the sensitivity to ischemic injury of an infarcted myocardium. Recently, our group demonstrated that diabetic animals presented better cardiac function recovery and cellular resistance to ischemic injury than nondiabetics. In the present study, we evaluated the chronic effects of MI on left ventricular (LV) and autonomic functions in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control (C, n = 15), diabetes (D, n = 16), MI (I, n = 21), and diabetes + MI (DI, n = 30). MI was induced 15 days after diabetes (STZ) induction. Ninety days after MI, LV and autonomic functions were evaluated (8 animals each group). Left ventricular homogenates were analyzed by Western blotting to evaluate the expression of calcium handling proteins. Results: MI area was similar in infarcted groups (similar to 43%). Ejection fraction and + dP/dt were reduced in I compared with DI. End-diastolic pressure was additionally increased in I compared with DI. Compared with DI, I had increased Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange and phospholamban expression (164%) and decreased phosphorylated phospholamban at serine(16) (65%) and threonine(17) (70%) expression. Nevertheless, diabetic groups had greater autonomic dysfunction, observed by baroreflex sensitivity and pulse interval variability reductions. Consequently, the mortality rate was increased in DI compared with I, D, and C groups. Conclusions: LV dysfunction in diabetic animals was attenuated after 90 days of myocardial infarction and was associated with a better profile of calcium handling proteins. However, this positive adaptation was not able to reduce the mortality rate of DI animals, suggesting that autonomic dysfunction is associated with increased mortality in this group. Therefore, it is possible that the better cardiac function has been transitory, and the autonomic dysfunction, more prominent in diabetic group, may lead, in the future, to the cardiovascular damage.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse: does it improve endurance exercise performance?

It is well known that carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation can improve performance in endurance exercises through several mechanisms such as maintenance of glycemia and sparing endogenous glycogen as well as the possibility of a central nervous-system action. Some studies have emerged in recent years in order to test the hypothesis of ergogenic action via central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that CHO mouth rinse can lead to improved performance of cyclists, and this may be associated with the activation of brain areas linked to motivation and reward. These findings have already been replicated in other endurance modalities, such as running. This alternative seems to be an attractive nutritional tool to improve endurance exercise performance.