845 resultados para Analysis Model


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Complex diseases such as cancer result from multiple genetic changes and environmental exposures. Due to the rapid development of genotyping and sequencing technologies, we are now able to more accurately assess causal effects of many genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies have been able to localize many causal genetic variants predisposing to certain diseases. However, these studies only explain a small portion of variations in the heritability of diseases. More advanced statistical models are urgently needed to identify and characterize some additional genetic and environmental factors and their interactions, which will enable us to better understand the causes of complex diseases. In the past decade, thanks to the increasing computational capabilities and novel statistical developments, Bayesian methods have been widely applied in the genetics/genomics researches and demonstrating superiority over some regular approaches in certain research areas. Gene-environment and gene-gene interaction studies are among the areas where Bayesian methods may fully exert its functionalities and advantages. This dissertation focuses on developing new Bayesian statistical methods for data analysis with complex gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, as well as extending some existing methods for gene-environment interactions to other related areas. It includes three sections: (1) Deriving the Bayesian variable selection framework for the hierarchical gene-environment and gene-gene interactions; (2) Developing the Bayesian Natural and Orthogonal Interaction (NOIA) models for gene-environment interactions; and (3) extending the applications of two Bayesian statistical methods which were developed for gene-environment interaction studies, to other related types of studies such as adaptive borrowing historical data. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model framework that allows us to investigate the genetic and environmental effects, gene by gene interactions (epistasis) and gene by environment interactions in the same model. It is well known that, in many practical situations, there exists a natural hierarchical structure between the main effects and interactions in the linear model. Here we propose a model that incorporates this hierarchical structure into the Bayesian mixture model, such that the irrelevant interaction effects can be removed more efficiently, resulting in more robust, parsimonious and powerful models. We evaluate both of the 'strong hierarchical' and 'weak hierarchical' models, which specify that both or one of the main effects between interacting factors must be present for the interactions to be included in the model. The extensive simulation results show that the proposed strong and weak hierarchical mixture models control the proportion of false positive discoveries and yield a powerful approach to identify the predisposing main effects and interactions in the studies with complex gene-environment and gene-gene interactions. We also compare these two models with the 'independent' model that does not impose this hierarchical constraint and observe their superior performances in most of the considered situations. The proposed models are implemented in the real data analysis of gene and environment interactions in the cases of lung cancer and cutaneous melanoma case-control studies. The Bayesian statistical models enjoy the properties of being allowed to incorporate useful prior information in the modeling process. Moreover, the Bayesian mixture model outperforms the multivariate logistic model in terms of the performances on the parameter estimation and variable selection in most cases. Our proposed models hold the hierarchical constraints, that further improve the Bayesian mixture model by reducing the proportion of false positive findings among the identified interactions and successfully identifying the reported associations. This is practically appealing for the study of investigating the causal factors from a moderate number of candidate genetic and environmental factors along with a relatively large number of interactions. The natural and orthogonal interaction (NOIA) models of genetic effects have previously been developed to provide an analysis framework, by which the estimates of effects for a quantitative trait are statistically orthogonal regardless of the existence of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) within loci. Ma et al. (2012) recently developed a NOIA model for the gene-environment interaction studies and have shown the advantages of using the model for detecting the true main effects and interactions, compared with the usual functional model. In this project, we propose a novel Bayesian statistical model that combines the Bayesian hierarchical mixture model with the NOIA statistical model and the usual functional model. The proposed Bayesian NOIA model demonstrates more power at detecting the non-null effects with higher marginal posterior probabilities. Also, we review two Bayesian statistical models (Bayesian empirical shrinkage-type estimator and Bayesian model averaging), which were developed for the gene-environment interaction studies. Inspired by these Bayesian models, we develop two novel statistical methods that are able to handle the related problems such as borrowing data from historical studies. The proposed methods are analogous to the methods for the gene-environment interactions on behalf of the success on balancing the statistical efficiency and bias in a unified model. By extensive simulation studies, we compare the operating characteristics of the proposed models with the existing models including the hierarchical meta-analysis model. The results show that the proposed approaches adaptively borrow the historical data in a data-driven way. These novel models may have a broad range of statistical applications in both of genetic/genomic and clinical studies.

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Distributed real-time embedded systems are becoming increasingly important to society. More demands will be made on them and greater reliance will be placed on the delivery of their services. A relevant subset of them is high-integrity or hard real-time systems, where failure can cause loss of life, environmental harm, or significant financial loss. Additionally, the evolution of communication networks and paradigms as well as the necessity of demanding processing power and fault tolerance, motivated the interconnection between electronic devices; many of the communications have the possibility of transferring data at a high speed. The concept of distributed systems emerged as systems where different parts are executed on several nodes that interact with each other via a communication network. Java’s popularity, facilities and platform independence have made it an interesting language for the real-time and embedded community. This was the motivation for the development of RTSJ (Real-Time Specification for Java), which is a language extension intended to allow the development of real-time systems. The use of Java in the development of high-integrity systems requires strict development and testing techniques. However, RTJS includes a number of language features that are forbidden in such systems. In the context of the HIJA project, the HRTJ (Hard Real-Time Java) profile was developed to define a robust subset of the language that is amenable to static analysis for high-integrity system certification. Currently, a specification under the Java community process (JSR- 302) is being developed. Its purpose is to define those capabilities needed to create safety critical applications with Java technology called Safety Critical Java (SCJ). However, neither RTSJ nor its profiles provide facilities to develop distributed realtime applications. This is an important issue, as most of the current and future systems will be distributed. The Distributed RTSJ (DRTSJ) Expert Group was created under the Java community process (JSR-50) in order to define appropriate abstractions to overcome this problem. Currently there is no formal specification. The aim of this thesis is to develop a communication middleware that is suitable for the development of distributed hard real-time systems in Java, based on the integration between the RMI (Remote Method Invocation) model and the HRTJ profile. It has been designed and implemented keeping in mind the main requirements such as the predictability and reliability in the timing behavior and the resource usage. iThe design starts with the definition of a computational model which identifies among other things: the communication model, most appropriate underlying network protocols, the analysis model, and a subset of Java for hard real-time systems. In the design, the remote references are the basic means for building distributed applications which are associated with all non-functional parameters and resources needed to implement synchronous or asynchronous remote invocations with real-time attributes. The proposed middleware separates the resource allocation from the execution itself by defining two phases and a specific threading mechanism that guarantees a suitable timing behavior. It also includes mechanisms to monitor the functional and the timing behavior. It provides independence from network protocol defining a network interface and modules. The JRMP protocol was modified to include two phases, non-functional parameters, and message size optimizations. Although serialization is one of the fundamental operations to ensure proper data transmission, current implementations are not suitable for hard real-time systems and there are no alternatives. This thesis proposes a predictable serialization that introduces a new compiler to generate optimized code according to the computational model. The proposed solution has the advantage of allowing us to schedule the communications and to adjust the memory usage at compilation time. In order to validate the design and the implementation a demanding validation process was carried out with emphasis in the functional behavior, the memory usage, the processor usage (the end-to-end response time and the response time in each functional block) and the network usage (real consumption according to the calculated consumption). The results obtained in an industrial application developed by Thales Avionics (a Flight Management System) and in exhaustive tests show that the design and the prototype are reliable for industrial applications with strict timing requirements. Los sistemas empotrados y distribuidos de tiempo real son cada vez más importantes para la sociedad. Su demanda aumenta y cada vez más dependemos de los servicios que proporcionan. Los sistemas de alta integridad constituyen un subconjunto de gran importancia. Se caracterizan por que un fallo en su funcionamiento puede causar pérdida de vidas humanas, daños en el medio ambiente o cuantiosas pérdidas económicas. La necesidad de satisfacer requisitos temporales estrictos, hace más complejo su desarrollo. Mientras que los sistemas empotrados se sigan expandiendo en nuestra sociedad, es necesario garantizar un coste de desarrollo ajustado mediante el uso técnicas adecuadas en su diseño, mantenimiento y certificación. En concreto, se requiere una tecnología flexible e independiente del hardware. La evolución de las redes y paradigmas de comunicación, así como la necesidad de mayor potencia de cómputo y de tolerancia a fallos, ha motivado la interconexión de dispositivos electrónicos. Los mecanismos de comunicación permiten la transferencia de datos con alta velocidad de transmisión. En este contexto, el concepto de sistema distribuido ha emergido como sistemas donde sus componentes se ejecutan en varios nodos en paralelo y que interactúan entre ellos mediante redes de comunicaciones. Un concepto interesante son los sistemas de tiempo real neutrales respecto a la plataforma de ejecución. Se caracterizan por la falta de conocimiento de esta plataforma durante su diseño. Esta propiedad es relevante, por que conviene que se ejecuten en la mayor variedad de arquitecturas, tienen una vida media mayor de diez anos y el lugar ˜ donde se ejecutan puede variar. El lenguaje de programación Java es una buena base para el desarrollo de este tipo de sistemas. Por este motivo se ha creado RTSJ (Real-Time Specification for Java), que es una extensión del lenguaje para permitir el desarrollo de sistemas de tiempo real. Sin embargo, RTSJ no proporciona facilidades para el desarrollo de aplicaciones distribuidas de tiempo real. Es una limitación importante dado que la mayoría de los actuales y futuros sistemas serán distribuidos. El grupo DRTSJ (DistributedRTSJ) fue creado bajo el proceso de la comunidad de Java (JSR-50) con el fin de definir las abstracciones que aborden dicha limitación, pero en la actualidad aun no existe una especificacion formal. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar un middleware de comunicaciones para el desarrollo de sistemas distribuidos de tiempo real en Java, basado en la integración entre el modelo de RMI (Remote Method Invocation) y el perfil HRTJ. Ha sido diseñado e implementado teniendo en cuenta los requisitos principales, como la predecibilidad y la confiabilidad del comportamiento temporal y el uso de recursos. El diseño parte de la definición de un modelo computacional el cual identifica entre otras cosas: el modelo de comunicaciones, los protocolos de red subyacentes más adecuados, el modelo de análisis, y un subconjunto de Java para sistemas de tiempo real crítico. En el diseño, las referencias remotas son el medio básico para construcción de aplicaciones distribuidas las cuales son asociadas a todos los parámetros no funcionales y los recursos necesarios para la ejecución de invocaciones remotas síncronas o asíncronas con atributos de tiempo real. El middleware propuesto separa la asignación de recursos de la propia ejecución definiendo dos fases y un mecanismo de hebras especifico que garantiza un comportamiento temporal adecuado. Además se ha incluido mecanismos para supervisar el comportamiento funcional y temporal. Se ha buscado independencia del protocolo de red definiendo una interfaz de red y módulos específicos. También se ha modificado el protocolo JRMP para incluir diferentes fases, parámetros no funcionales y optimizaciones de los tamaños de los mensajes. Aunque la serialización es una de las operaciones fundamentales para asegurar la adecuada transmisión de datos, las actuales implementaciones no son adecuadas para sistemas críticos y no hay alternativas. Este trabajo propone una serialización predecible que ha implicado el desarrollo de un nuevo compilador para la generación de código optimizado acorde al modelo computacional. La solución propuesta tiene la ventaja que en tiempo de compilación nos permite planificar las comunicaciones y ajustar el uso de memoria. Con el objetivo de validar el diseño e implementación se ha llevado a cabo un exigente proceso de validación con énfasis en: el comportamiento funcional, el uso de memoria, el uso del procesador (tiempo de respuesta de extremo a extremo y en cada uno de los bloques funcionales) y el uso de la red (consumo real conforme al estimado). Los buenos resultados obtenidos en una aplicación industrial desarrollada por Thales Avionics (un sistema de gestión de vuelo) y en las pruebas exhaustivas han demostrado que el diseño y el prototipo son fiables para aplicaciones industriales con estrictos requisitos temporales.

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En la coyuntura actual, en la que existe por un lado, exceso en la oferta de vivienda (de alto precio o de segunda residencia), y aparece por otro demanda de vivienda (de bajo precio y/o social), el mercado inmobiliario se encuentra paradójicamente bloqueado. Así, surge esta investigación como fruto de este momento histórico, en el cual se somete a debate económico el producto vivienda, no solo como consecuencia de la profunda crisis económica, sino también para la correcta gestión de los recursos desde el punto de vista de lo eficiente y sostenible. Se parte de la hipótesis de que es necesario determinar un estimador de costes de construcción de vivienda autopromovida como una de las soluciones a la habitación en el medio rural de Extremadura, para lo cual se ha tomado como modelo de análisis concretamente la Vivienda Autopromovida subvencionada por la Junta de Extremadura en el marco de la provincia de Cáceres. Con esta investigación se pretende establecer una herramienta matemática precisa que permita determinar la inversión a los promotores, el posible margen de beneficios a los contratistas y el valor real de la garantía en el préstamo a las entidades financieras. Pero el objetivo de mayor proyección social de esta investigación consiste en facilitar una herramienta sencilla a la Junta de Extremadura para que pueda establecer las ayudas de una manera proporcional. De este modo se ayuda a optimizar los recursos, lo cual en época de crisis resulta aun más acuciante, ya que conociendo previamente y con bastante exactitud el importe de las obras se pueden dirigir las ayudas de forma proporcional a las necesidades reales de la ejecución. De hecho, ciertas características difíciles de cuantificar para determinar las ayudas en materia de vivienda, como la influencia del número de miembros familiares o la atención a la discapacidad, se verían contempladas de forma indirecta en el coste estimado con el método aquí propuesto, ya que suponen siempre un aumento de las superficies construidas y útiles, de los huecos de fachadas o del tamaño de locales húmedos y por tanto se contemplan en la ecuación del modelo determinado. Por último, contar con un estimador de costes potencia la forma de asentamiento de la construcción mediante autopromocion de viviendas ya que ayuda a la toma de decisiones al particular, subvencionado o no. En efecto, la herramienta es valida en cierta medida para cualquier autopromocion, constituye un sistema de construcción con las menores posibilidades especulativas y lo más sostenible, es abundante en toda Extremadura, y consigue que el sector de la construcción sea un sistema más eficiente al optimizar su proceso económico de producción. SUMMARY Under the present circumstances, in which there is, on one hand, an excess in the supply of housing (high-price or second-home), and on the other hand a demand for housing (low cost and/or social), paradoxically the property market is at a standstill. This research has come about as a result of this moment in time, in which the product: housing, is undergoing economic debate, not only on account of this serious economic crisis, but for the proper management of resources from the point of view of efficiency and sustainability. A building-costs estimator for owner-developed housing is deemed necessary as one of the solutions for the rural environment that is Extremadura. To this end, it is the Owner-Developed House which has been taken as analysis model. It is subsidized by the Extremadura Regional Government in Caceres Province. This research establishes an accurate mathematical tool to work out the developers’ investment, the builder’s potential profit margin and the reality of the loan for the Financial Institution. But the result of most social relevance in this research is to provide the Extremadura Regional Government with a simple tool, so that it can draw up the Subventions proportionally. Thus, the resources are optimized, an even more vital matter in times of economic slump, due to the fact that if the cost of the building works is known with some accuracy beforehand, the subventions can be allocated in a way that is proportional to the real needs of execution. In fact certain elements related to housing subventions which are hard to quantify, such as the influence of number of family members or disability support, would be covered indirectly in cost estimate with the proposed method, since they inevitably involve an increase in built area, exterior wall openings and the size of plumbed rooms. As such they are covered in the determined model equation. Lastly, the availability of a cost-estimator reinforces the ownerdeveloped building model, since it assists decision-making by the individual, whether subsidized or not. This is because the tool is valid to some extent in any owner-development, and this building scheme, which is common in Extremadura, is the most sustainable, and the least liable to speculation. It makes the building sector more efficient by optimizing the economic production process.

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El análisis de opiniones es un área en la cual múltiples disciplinas han otorgado diferentes enfoques para elaborar modelos que sean capaces de extraer la polaridad de los textos analizados. En función del dominio o categoría del texto analizado, donde ejemplos de categorías son Deportes o Banca, estos modelos deben ser modificados para obtener un análisis de opinión de calidad. En esta tesis se presenta un modelo que pretende elaborar un análisis de opiniones independiente de la categoría a analizar y un extenso estado del arte sobre análisis de opiniones. Se propone un enfoque cuantitativo que haría uso de un léxico polarizado semilla como único recurso cualitativo del modelo. El enfoque propuesto hace uso de un corpus anotado de textos por polaridad y categoría y el léxico polarizado semilla para producir un modelo capaz de elaborar un análisis de opinión de calidad en las distintas categorías analizadas y expandir el léxico polarizado semilla con términos que se adecúan a las categorías procesadas.---ABSTRACT---Sentiment analysis is an area in which multiple disciplines have given diferent approaches to make models that are able to extract the polarity of the analyzed texts. Depending on the domain or category of the analyzed text, where examples of categories are Sports or Banking, these models should be modified to obtain a good opinion analysis. This thesis presents a model that aims to develop a category independent opinion analysis model and a extensive sentiment analysis state of the art. A quantitative approach is proposed that will use a polarized lexicon as the only qualitative resource. The proposed approach uses an annotated corpus by polarity and category and a polarized lexicon seed to produce a model able to develop a good opinion analysis in the various categories analyzed and to expand the polarized lexicon seed with terms that fit the processed categories.

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El origen de esta tesis considera una lectura (quizás) pendiente: definir críticamente a la monumentalidad en el contexto de la arquitectura moderna. La idea de lo monumental durante la modernidad establece parte de la negación enmarcada en un planteamiento más amplio, basado en el rechazo a todo vínculo con la tradición y la historia. Desde el estatismo del monumento como objeto anacrónico, a la instrumentación de la arquitectura como herramienta simbólica, el proceso transformador más importante para la arquitectura durante el siglo XX contaba con algunas señales que nos daban la pauta para imaginar una realidad conformada por matices y desacuerdos fundamentales. La investigación no pretende contar una nueva historia sobre el periodo moderno, aunque irremediablemente se vale de su registro para presentar la discusión. Así, la idea crítica que sostenemos tiene que ver con las posibilidades estructurales y objetivas del discurso arquitectónico. Un discurso que se analiza en función de tres campos diferenciados, designados como: lo escrito, lo proyectado y lo construido en el periodo de estudio. De esta manera, pensamos que se favorecen las posibilidades dimensionales de la crítica y se amplía el sentido narrativo de la linealidad histórica. Para esta trabajo, la monumentalidad constituye una sustancia de estudio que evidencia las contradicciones, inadvertencias y matices necesarios en la articulación de una visión más compleja sobre los acontecimientos. Convencidos de la eficacia de un modelo dialéctico, que define la condición de lo monumental tanto en una valoración positiva (lo propicio, lo útil, lo verdadero, etc.) como negativa (lo falso, lo ostentoso, lo altisonante, etc.); observaremos que las diferencias alrededor del concepto derivan respectivamente en los significados de monumentalidad y monumentalismo. El contraste y la oposición de ideas expuestas a la luz favorece esa pretensión dimensional de la crítica. De los escritos de Sigfried Giedion -y la Nueva Monumentalidad- a Le Corbusier y la construcción de Chandigarh; o de la crítica anti-monumental de Karel Teige, pasando por el proyecto constructivista de Ivan Leonidov; los distintos episodios referidos en el trabajo encuentran sentido y rechazan las probabilidades arbitrarias y confusas de la selección temática. En ese orden, se busca asignar cierto rigor metodológico e incluso geométrico: la estructura propuesta toma el gran "periodo moderno" en dos bloques temporales, primera-modernidad (alrededor de 1910-1935) y tardo-modernidad (aprox. 1935-1960). En la primera parte se analizan una postura -en mayor medida- reactiva a las manifestaciones de esa hipotética condición monumental, mientras que en el segundo caso la postura se transforma y se perfila un nuevo escenario que anticipará ideológicamente parte de la evidente fractura posmoderna. A su vez, los tres registros anunciados previamente se componen de dos capítulos en función del marco temporal descrito; cada capítulo se desarrolla en tres partes que abundan en los aspectos preliminares de la discusión, luego exponen unos puntos centrales y finalmente orientan un posible recuento. El trabajo se complementa con una parte introductoria que fluye sobre definiciones concretas del monumento, el monumentalismo y la monumentalidad; además de que definirá la orientación de la crítica desarrollada. En una última intervención, a manera de conclusión, se reflexiona sobre el salto temporal, ideológico y estético que la posmodernidad representó para el tema de investigación.   Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to consider a (perhaps) pendant issue: to define monumentality by means of critical approach within the modern context of architecture. The idea of what monumental is during modernity establishes a fraction of the "modern typical denial" based on the rejection of any link to tradition and history. From the anachronistic idea of static monuments, to the orchestration of architecture as a symbolic tool, the most important process of the revolution of architecture during the 20th Century had a few signs that allowed us to imagine a reality conformed by fundamental nuances and disagreements. The aim of this research is not to tell a new story about the modern period, although inexorable it takes note of the register to present the discussion. Therefore, the idea of what we expose as criticism has to do with structural and objective possibilities in the architectural discourse. A speech analyzed in response to three differentiated domains designated here as: the written, the projected and the built during the selected time. In that way, we believe the dimensional possibilities of criticism are favored and the narrative sense of historical process is expanded. In terms of this investigation monumentality constitutes a matter of study that leads us to contradictions, unnoticed issues and necessary gray areas in the articulation of a complex vision about depicted events. We are convinced in the efficiency of a dialectical analysis model in order to define the monumental condition both as a positive value (propitious, useful, truthful, etc.) and a negative one (untrue, ostentatious, pompous, etc.); the idea is to show the differences around respective meanings deriving in terms of monumentality and monumentalism. Contrasting information and the opposition of ideas exposed in this light helped to develop the assumption of dimensional criticism. From Sigfried Giedeon's writings -and the New Monumentality- to Le Corbusier and the construction of Chandigarh; and from Karel Teige's anti-monumental criticism going through the revision of Ivan Leonidov's constructivist project; the variety of episodes referred to this work find some sense and reject the probabilities about confusion and arbitrary in the selection of themes. In order to assign some methodological precision and even geometrical criterion, the proposed structure divides the "great modern time" into two historical blocks: first-modernity (circa 1910-1935) and late-modernity (around 1935-1960). The first part analyzes a -mainly- reactive stance towards the hypothetical expressions of monumental condition, whereas in the second block the rejection tends to be transformed and to project a new scenario that will foresee the ideological postmodern fracture. At the same time, the three registers are composed by two chapters each one will operate depending on the described time frame. Each chapter is organized in three subsequent parts: at first explaining preliminary ideas for discussion, second presenting central points and finally orienting a partial recount. The research is complemented with an introductory episode describing specific definitions concerning the concepts of monument, monumentalism and monumentality; and mainly orienting the developed critique. In a final intervention, as a way of conclusion, we reflect on ideological and aesthetic qualities that postmodern time shift represented for this investigation.

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The competition in markets, the distribution of limited resources based on productivity and performance, and the efficient management of universities are changing the criteria of trust and legitimacy of the educational system in Peru. Universities are perceived more as institutions of the public sector, while the services they offer must rather contribute to the modernization of the emerging society and the knowledge economy. Higher Educations reforms - initiated in the 1980s - have been inspired by the successful university organizations that have managed to change their governance and addressed to transform certain bureaucratic institutions into organizations capable of playing active role in this global competition for resources and best talent. Within this context, Peruvian universities are facing two major challenges: adapting themselves to new global perspectives and being able to develop a better response to society demands, needs and expectations. This article proposes a model of governance system for higher education in Peru that gives a comprehensive solution to these challenges, allowing dealing with the problems of universities for their development and inclusion within the global trends. For this purpose, a holistic and qualitative methodologic approach was developed, considering an integrated method which considered educational reality as a whole, understanding its facts, components and elements that affects its outcomes. It is proposed to define a policy for university education in Peru that permeates society, by changing the planning model from a social reform model to a policy analysis model, where the Peruvian State acts as sole responsible for responding to the demanding society as its legal representative complemented with some external and independent bodies that define the basis of best practice, as it is being done in many university models worldwide.

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Un nuevo sistema de gobernanza para afrontar los retos del siglo XXI en la educación universitaria en Perú basado en el modelo de análisis de políticas, surge de observar el efecto de la competencia en los mercados, de la distribución de los escasos recursos según productividad y rendimiento, y de la gestión ineficiente de las universidades ya que estos parámetros están cambiando los criterios de confianza y legitimidad del sistema universitario en Perú. Las universidades se perciben más como instituciones del sector público, mientras que los servicios que ofrecen deben más bien contribuir a la modernización de la sociedad emergente y a la economía del conocimiento. Las reformas universitarias- iniciadas en los años 80 - han estado inspiradas en las organizaciones universitarias exitosas que han logrado modificar su gobernanza y van dirigidas a transformar ciertas instituciones burocráticas en organizaciones capaces de desempeñar la función de actores en esta competición global por los recursos y los mejores talentos. En este contexto, la universidad peruana se enfrenta a dos grandes desafíos: el de adaptarse a las nuevas perspectivas mundiales, y el poder dar mejor respuesta a las demandas, necesidades y expectativas de la sociedad. Un cambio en el sistema de gobernanza para la educación superior universitaria dará una solución integral a estos desafíos permitiéndole enfrentar los problemas de la universidad para su desarrollo e inserción en las corrientes mundiales. La metodología planteada en la investigación es cualitativa parte del análisis de la realidad como un TODO, sin reducirlos a sus partes integrantes, con la interpretación de los hechos, buscando entender las variables que intervienen. Se propone una política para la educación universitaria en Perú que se permeabilice a la sociedad, cambiando el modelo de planificación de un modelo de reforma social a un modelo de análisis de políticas, donde el Estado Peruano actúe como único responsable de responder a la sociedad demandante como su representante legal, y con unos organismo externo e independiente que siente las bases de la práctica, como se está haciendo en muchos modelos universitarios del mundo. Esta investigación presenta una primera fase conceptual, que aborda la evolución histórica de las universidades en el Perú, analizando y clarificando las fuerzas impulsoras a través del tiempo y distinguir las principales líneas que le imprimen dirección y sentido a los cambios de una realidad educativa universitaria. Así mismo, en esta fase se hace un análisis de la situación actual de las universidades en el Perú para llegar a determinar en qué situación se encuentra y si está preparada para enfrentar los retos de la educación universitaria mundial, para esto se analizan los modelos universitarios de mayor prestigio en el mundo. El marco teórico anterior permite sentar, en una segunda fase de la investigación, las bases científicas del modelo que se propone: el modelo de planificación de análisis de políticas para el sistema universitario peruano. Este modelo de ámbito público propuesto para la educación universitaria peruana basa su estrategia en un modelo de planificación con un objetivo común: “Mejorar la calidad de la educación superior universitaria peruana con el fin de aumentar la empleabilidad y la movilidad de los ciudadanos así como la competitividad internacional de la educación universitaria en Perú”, y con unas líneas de acción concretadas en cuatro objetivos específicos: 1) competencias (genéricas y específicas de las áreas temáticas); 2) enfoques de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación; 3) créditos académicos; 4) calidad de los programa. Así como los fundamentos metodológicos del modelo de análisis de políticas, utilizado como estructura política, teniendo en cuenta las características básicas del modelo: a) Planificación desde arriba; b) Se centra en la toma de decisiones; c) Separación entre conocimiento experto y decisión; d) El estudio de los resultados orienta el proceso decisor. Finalmente, se analiza una fase de validación del modelo propuesto para la educación superior universitaria peruana, con los avances ya realizados en Perú en temas de educación superior, como es, el actual contexto de la nueva Ley Universitaria N°30220 promulgada el 8 de julio de 2014, la creación del SUNEDU y la reorganización del SINEACE, que tienen como propósito atender la crisis universitaria centrada en tres ejes principales incluidos en la ley, considerados como bases para una reforma. Primero, el Estado asume la rectoría de las políticas educativas en todos los niveles educativos. El segundo aspecto consiste en instalar un mecanismo de regulación de la calidad que junto con la reestructuración de aquellos otros existentes debieran sentar las bases para que las familias y estudiantes tengan la garantía pública de que el servicio que se ofrece, sin importar sus características particulares, presenten un mínimo común de calidad y un tercer aspecto es que la ley se reafirma en que la universidad es un espacio de construcción de conocimiento basado en la investigación y la formación integral. Las finalidades, la estructura y organización, las formas de graduación, las características del cuerpo docente, la obligatoriedad por los estudios generales, etc., indican que la reflexión académica es el centro articulador de la vida universitaria. Esta validación también se ha confrontado con los resultados de las entrevistas cualitativas a juicio de experto que se han realizado a rectores de universidades públicas y privadas así como a rectores miembros de la ex ANR, miembros de organizaciones como CONCYTEC, IEP, CNE, CONEAU, ICACIT e investigadores en educación superior, con la finalidad de analizar la sostenibilidad del modelo propuesto en el tiempo. Los resultados evidencian, que en el sistema universitario peruano se puede implementar un cambio hacía un modelo de educación superior universitaria, con una política educativa que se base en un objetivo común claramente definido, un calendario para lograrlo y un conjunto objetivos específicos, con un cambio de estructura política de reforma social a un modelo de análisis de políticas. Así mismo se muestran los distintos aspectos que los interesados en la educación superior universitaria deben considerar, si se quiere ocupar un espacio en el futuro y si interesa que la universidad peruana pueda contribuir para que la sociedad se forje caminos posibles a través de una buena docencia que se refleje en su investigación, con alumnos internacionales, sobre todo, en los postgrados; con un investigación que se traduzca en publicaciones, patentes, etc., de impacto mundial, con relevancia en la sociedad porque contribuye a su desarrollo, concretándose en trabajos de muy diversos tipos, promovidos junto con empresas, gobiernos en sus diversos niveles, instituciones públicas o privadas, etc., para que aporten financiación a la universidad. ABSTRACT A new system of governance to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century university education in Peru based on the model of policy analysis, comes to observe the effect of market competition, distribution of scarce resources according to productivity and performance, and inefficient management of universities as these parameters are changing the criteria of trust and legitimacy of the university system in Peru. Universities are perceived more as public sector institutions, while the services provided should rather contribute to the modernization of society and the emerging knowledge economy. The-university reforms initiated in the 80s - have been inspired by successful university organizations that have succeeded in changing its governance and as attempting to transform certain bureaucratic institutions into organizations that act as actors in this global competition for resources and top talent. In this context, the Peruvian university faces two major challenges: to adapt to the new global outlook, and to better respond to the demands, needs and expectations of society. A change in the system of governance for university education give a comprehensive solution to address these challenges by allowing the problems of the university development and integration into global flows. The methodology proposed in this research is qualitative part of the analysis of reality as a whole, without reducing them to their constituent parts, with the interpretation of the facts, seeking to understand the variables involved. a policy for university education in Peru that permeabilizes society is proposed changing the planning model of a model of social reform a model of policy analysis, where the Peruvian State to act as the sole responsible for responding to the applicant as its legal representative, and with external and independent body that provides the basis of practice, as is being done in many university models in the world. This research presents an initial conceptual phase, which deals with the historical development of universities in Peru, analyzing and clarifying the driving forces over time and distinguish the main lines that give direction and meaning to changes in university educational reality. Also, at this stage an analysis of the current situation of universities in Peru is done to be able to determine what the situation is and whether it is prepared to meet the challenges of the global higher education, for this university models are analyzed most prestigious in the world. The above theoretical framework allows to lay in a second phase of research, the scientific basis of the model proposed: the planning model of policy analysis for the Peruvian university system. This proposed model of public sphere for the Peruvian college bases its strategy on a planning model with a common goal: "To improve the quality of the Peruvian university education in order to enhance the employability and mobility of citizens and the international competitiveness of higher education in Peru ", and lines of action materialized in four specific objectives: 1) competences (generic and specific subject areas); 2) approaches to teaching, learning and assessment; 3) credits; 4) quality of the program. As well as the methodological foundations of policy analysis model, used as political structure, taking into account the basic characteristics of the model: a) Planning from above; b) focuses on decision making; c) Separation between expertise and decision; d) The study of the results process guides the decision maker. Finally, a validation phase of the proposed Peruvian university higher education, with the progress already made in Peru on issues of higher education model is analyzed, as is the current context of the new University Law No. 30220 promulgated on July 8 2014, the creation of SUNEDU and reorganization of SINEACE, which are intended to serve the university crisis centered on three main areas included in the law, considered as the basis for reform. First, the State assumes the stewardship of education policies at all educational levels. The second aspect is to install a mechanism for regulating the quality along with the restructuring of those existing ones should lay the foundation for families and students to guarantee that public service is offered, regardless of their individual characteristics, are of common minimum quality and a third aspect is that the law reaffirms that the university is building a space of research-based knowledge and comprehensive training. The aims, structure and organization, forms of graduation, faculty characteristics, the requirement for the general studies, etc., indicate that the academic reflection is the coordinating center of university life. This validation has also been confronted with the results of qualitative interviews with expert judgment that has been made to directors of public and private universities as well as leading members of the former ANR members of organizations like CONCYTEC, IEP, CNE, CONEAU, ICACIT and researchers in higher education, in order to analyze the sustainability of the proposed model in time. The results show, that the Peruvian university system can implement a change to a model of university education, an educational policy based on clearly defined common goal, a timetable for achieving specific objectives set and, with a change social policy structure to a model of reform policy analysis. It also shows the various aspects that those interested in university education should consider, if you want to occupy a space in the future and if interested in the Peruvian university can contribute to society possible paths is forged through research good teaching, international students, especially in graduate programs; with research that results in publications, patents, etc., global impact, relevance to society because it contributes to their development taking shape in very different types of jobs, promoted with businesses, governments at various levels, public institutions or private, etc., to provide funding to the university.

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Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Ciências da Educação - área de Supervisão e Orientação Pegagógica

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A aprovação da norma contábil IAS 41- Agriculture em 2001 trouxe uma série de desafios nas práticas contábeis das empresas, sendo a principal delas o reconhecimento de ganhos/perdas durante o crescimento biológico de um ativo e a mensuração destes ganhos/perdas pelo valor justo. Toda forma de reconhecimento e mensuração apresenta relação com o modelo de negócios da empresa e irá afetar o relacionamento entre os envolvidos neste contexto e a forma como os usuários da informação contábil avaliam a gestão dos recursos investidos na entidade, que é o stewardship. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir quais e como os fatores internos e externos presentes no contexto social das organizações, contribuíram para que a informação contábil a valor justo atingisse o objetivo de stewardship. Para isto foi realizado um estudo etnográfico por meio de entrevistas direcionadas aos responsáveis pela informação contábil em onze empresas de diferentes segmentos do agronegócio. O modelo de analise primeiramente se ateve ao entendimento do Modelo de Mensuração dos ativos biológicos dentro destas empresas, e como esta informação é utilizada para fins de stewardship. Em três empresas, a informação contábil referente ao ativo biológico é utilizada para fins de avaliação de performance global e do gestor e para o relacionamento com o credor, que constituem elementos para a proxy do stewardship. O processo de mudança nestas empresas, analisado conforme modelo desenvolvido por Miller (1991) se deu primeiramente pela Problematização ocorrida no contexto social destas empresas, em que seu modelo de negócios tem a madeira como produto final, bem como no modelo de gestão que visa em primeiro lugar o retorno do capital investido, mensurado pela valorização da floresta ao longo dos anos. Os atores que agem para que isto se torne numa mudança efetiva, denominados de Comunidades Epistêmicas, são os acionistas e os credores destas empresas. Os acionistas que são fundos de investimentos têm que apresentar aos seus cotistas a valorização destes investimentos, e o credor (em uma das empresas) vincula a garantia dos empréstimos ao valor da floresta. Também atua neste processo de uma forma mais distante (Ação à Distância) a cultura dos fundos de investimentos, em que a gestora florestal é responsável pela formação e venda de novas áreas florestais, bem como a legislação específica da constituição destes fundos. Nas outras empresas, além de o ativo biológico ser um insumo de produção no modelo de negócios na maioria dos casos analisados, o modelo de gestão é baseado na eficiência operacional. Desta forma, a mensuração a ser utilizada deve ser relacionada tanto ao modelo de negócios como ao modelo de gestão da empresa, que são fatores que revelam como os ativos estão sendo geridos, e isto influencia na perspectiva de geração de caixa do negócio. Apesar da obrigatoriedade que uma norma contábil impõe, a prática contábil segue suas próprias leis no âmbito social que operam as empresas, e qualquer alteração imposta passa por um extenso processo de problematização antes de esta norma ser socialmente aceita.

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O processo de tomada de decisão que envolve a priorização e a seleção de projetos de investimentos na indústria do petróleo está longe de ser uma tarefa trivial. Ao mesmo tempo em que a empresa deve buscar relações favoráveis entre risco e retorno econômico-financeiro também deve se alinhar cada vez mais aos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável em seus negócios. Em se tratando do caso da indústria petrolífera brasileira, formada essencialmente por um monopólio estatal, esta tarefa se torna ainda mais difícil, já que uma série de interesses públicos relacionados ao investimento também devem ser considerados. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um modelo original de análise usando múltiplos critérios que auxiliasse na priorização e na seleção de projetos de investimentos nas refinarias de petróleo brasileiras. Utilizou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa com o uso de diversos artefatos de matemática aplicada capazes de lidar adequadamente com as avaliações muitas vezes incompletas e subjetivas que caracterizam o problema da análise de investimentos em refinarias de petróleo. Ao final do trabalho, conseguiu-se obter um modelo suficientemente simples, ao ponto de ser facilmente implementado em uma planilha eletrônica, robusto, ao ser capaz de lidar de maneira bastante adequada com as principais peculiaridades que envolvem o setor do refino de petróleo no Brasil e flexível, de maneira que os critérios de análise e as alternativas de decisão pudessem ser facilmente adicionados, removidos ou alterados de acordo com as necessidades específicas exigidas para cada caso.

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Introducción: la presente investigación está orientada a ofrecer un análisis donde se establezcan los recursos lingüísticos utilizados por los participantes sobre el contenido y alcance de la prestación básica de información y orientación en los servicios sociales comunitarios, tal como la desarrollan los trabajadores sociales. Material y métodos: siguiendo una metodología cualitativa y la utilización del análisis del discurso en la propuesta de Wetherell y Potter (1996) con el empleo de la herramienta analítica de los repertorios interpretativos, se intentarán resaltar aquellos elementos definitorios, estrategias profesionales, valores, normas, prácticas organizacionales, elementos de la cultura institucional, entre otros, que dan forma a los escenarios donde desarrollan su labor los profesionales y que configuran el sistema de servicios sociales comunitarios. Resultados: las entrevistas realizadas a veinticinco trabajadores sociales de la provincia de Málaga muestran cuatro repertorios interpretativos que reflejan la construcción del sistema de servicios sociales por parte de los profesionales implicados: el olvido de lo comunitario, la eterna indefinición del sistema, el elefante encadenado y la escasez agudiza el ingenio. Discusión: se pone de manifiesto cómo se construye un modelo de intervención distante a lo establecido en las normas y códigos éticos a causa de los comportamientos organizacionales e institucionales, que los profesionales intentan minimizar mediante la puesta en práctica de habilidades personales.

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Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Ciências da Educação - área de Supervisão e Orientação Pegagógica

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Bibliography: p. 35.

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Objective: To validate the unidimensionality of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) using Mokken analysis and to examine whether scores of the ARAT can be transformed into interval scores using Rasch analysis. Subjects and methods: A total of 351 patients with stroke were recruited from 5 rehabilitation departments located in 4 regions of Taiwan. The 19-item ARAT was administered to all the subjects by a physical therapist. The data were analysed using item response theory by non-parametric Mokken analysis followed by Rasch analysis. Results: The results supported a unidimensional scale of the 19-item ARAT by Mokken analysis, with the scalability coefficient H = 0.95. Except for the item pinch ball bearing 3rd finger and thumb'', the remaining 18 items have a consistently hierarchical order along the upper extremity function's continuum. In contrast, the Rasch analysis, with a stepwise deletion of misfit items, showed that only 4 items (grasp ball'', grasp block 5 cm(3)'', grasp block 2.5 cm(3)'', and grip tube 1 cm(3)'') fit the Rasch rating scale model's expectations. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the 19-item ARAT constituted a unidimensional construct measuring upper extremity function in stroke patients. However, the results did not support the premise that the raw sum scores of the ARAT can be transformed into interval Rasch scores. Thus, the raw sum scores of the ARAT can provide information only about order of patients on their upper extremity functional abilities, but not represent each patient's exact functioning.

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Este trabalho propõe o estudo comparativo do uso de infográficos multimídia pelos sites Clarín.com, da Argentina e Folha.com, do Brasil. A pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar e analisar como esses dois importantes veículos de comunicação online da América Latina têm utilizado a tecnologia HTML5 para avançar nas possibilidades interativas do gênero jornalístico. Para tanto, a análise comparada trata da infografia multimídia, que tem passado por profundas mudanças tecnológicas, alterando o formato e o conteúdo da notícia. Além da conceituação teórica e revisão de literatura sobre infografia, newsgame, narrativa transmídia, jornalismo online, interatividade e as linguagens de programação voltadas para a produção de infografia multimídia, o trabalho realizou análise comparativa das seções Infográficos, veiculada pela Folha.com, e Especiales Multimedia, do Clarín.com. O estudo, quantitativo e qualitativo, verificou os recursos narrativos e informativos, ferramentas e tecnologias de linguagem de programação para Internet que são empregadas pelos dois meios de comunicação, com base no modelo de análise proposto por Alberto Cairo em Infografia 2.0 visualización interactiva de información en prensa. A pesquisa demonstrou que ainda que o Clarín.com tenha utilizado a tecnologia Flash na maioria dos infográficos multimídia analisados, os resultados da análise comparada mostram que os infográficos do jornal online argentino possibilitaram níveis mais elevados de interatividade do que os infográficos multimídia da Folha.com, desenvolvidos majoritariamente em HTML5.