Silva Fennica Vol. 10, 1976.

Julkaistu Silva Fennica Vol. 10(4) -numeron liitteenä.

Vesilaitosten veden laatu vuonna 1973

Water quality in water utilities in 1973.

Vesistöjen veden laadun muutoksista vuosina 1962-1973

Engl. summary: Changes in water quality in Finnish lakes and rivers 1962-1973

Tiedostumaton nykytaiteessa : Katse, ääni ja aika vuosituhannen taitteen suomalaisessa nykytaiteessa

Leevi Haapala explores moving image works, sculptures and installations from a psychoanalytic perspective in his study The Unconscious in Contemporary Art. The Gaze, Voice and Time in Finnish Contemporary Art at the Turn of the Millennium . The artists included in the study are Eija-Liisa Ahtila, Hans-Christian Berg, Markus Copper, Liisa Lounila and Salla Tykkä. The theoretical framework includes different psychoanalytic readings of the concepts of the gaze, voice and temporality. The installations are based on spatiality and temporality, and their detailed reading emphasizes the medium-specific features of the works as well as their fragmentary nature, heterogeneity and affectivity. The study is cross-disciplinary in that it connects perspectives from the visual culture, new art history and theory to the interpretation of contemporary art. The most important concepts from psychoanalysis, affect theory and trauma discourse used in the study include affect, object a (objet petit a) as articulated by Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud s uncanny (das Unheimliche) and trauma. Das Unheimliche has been translated as uncanny in art history under the influence of Rosalind Krauss. The object of the study, the unconscious in contemporary art, is approached through these concepts. The study focuses on Lacan s additions to the list of partial drives: the gaze and voice as scopic and invocative drives and their interpretations in the studies of the moving image. The texts by the American film theorist and art historian Kaja Silverman are in crucial role. The study locates contemporary art as part of trauma culture, which has a tendency to define individual and historical experiences through trauma. Some of the art works point towards trauma, which may appear as a theoretic or fictitious construction. The study presents a comprehensive collection of different kinds of trauma discourse in the field of art research through the texts of Hal Foster, Cathy Caruth, Ruth Leys and Shoshana Felman. The study connects trauma theory with the theoretical analysis of the interference and discontinuity of the moving image in the readings by Susan Buck-Morss, Mary Ann Doane and Peter Osborn among others. The analysis emphasizes different ways of seeing and multisensoriality in the reception of contemporary art. With their reflections and inverse projections, the surprising mechanisms of Hans-Christian Berg s sculptures are connected with Lacan s views on the early mirroring and imitation attempts of the individual s body image. Salla Tykkä s film trilogy Cave invites one to contemplate the Lacanian theory of the gaze in relation to the experiences of being seen. The three oceanic sculpture installations by Markus Copper are studied through the vocality they create, often through an aggressive way of acting, as well as from the point of view of the functioning of an invocative drive. The study compares the work of fiction and Freud s texts on paranoia and psychosis to Eija-Liisa Ahtila s manuscripts and moving image installations about the same topic. The cinematic time in Liisa Lounila s time-slice video installations is approached through the theoretical study of the unconscious temporal structure. The viewer of the moving image is inside the work in an in-between state: in a space produced by the contents of the work and its technology. The installations of the moving image enable us to inhabit different kinds of virtual bodies or spaces, which do not correspond with our everyday experiences. Nevertheless, the works of art often try to deconstruct the identification to what has been shown on screen. This way, the viewer s attention can be fixed on his own unconscious experiences in parallel with the work s deconstructed nature as representation. The study shows that contemporary art is a central cultural practice, which allows us to discuss the unconscious in a meaningful way. The study suggests that the agency that is discursively diffuse and consists of several different praxes should be called the unconscious. The emergence of the unconscious can happen in two areas: in contemporary art through different senses and discursive elements, and in the study of contemporary art, which, being a linguistic activity is sensitive to the movements of the unconscious. One of the missions of art research is to build different kinds of articulated constructs and to open an interpretative space for the nature of art as an event.

Uutta, vanhaa ja lainattua : Tampereen Kaupunkilähetyksen kristillissosiaalisen työn asemoituminen hyvinvointivaltion rakentumisessa vuosina 1939−1973

The main purpose of this study was to provide a full account of the Christian social work carried out at the Tampere City Mission (TCM) as well as the Missions sphere of operations from the Second World War to the early 1970s, comprising a period of significant change. The study consists of charting the processes of change and connections within the activities of the TCM and how examining these were linked to the general tendencies of the period, in lay work, social work, professionalization and the representation of gender. The positioning of the activities is described on the basis of these tendencies. The main sources for the study were the archives of the Mission, for example the minutes of meetings, correspondences as well as annual reports, and the archives of its partners, such as the City of Tampere, the Evangelical Lutheran parishes of Tampere and the State Welfare Administration. The archives of the Helsinki, Turku and Stockholm Missions supplied comparison reference and other material. In particular, social welfare and Christian social work technical journals of were used as printed sources. The principal method used was the genetic method of historiology. The research subject was also evaluated from the point of view of third sector research in addition to that of professionalization studies and gender studies. By the beginning of the research period, the TCM had turned more and more dedicatedly into a multipurpose social service organization maintaining social services such as old people s homes and children´s homes. This development continued, even though new areas of activity emerged and older ones fell into disuse. Social innovations sprang up, marriage counseling being one of them. On the national level, the TCM pioneered the provision of sheltered industrial work for intellectually disabled persons as well as housing services for them. As new activities were initiated, they overlapped with the established ones, and the TCM handed some of its child protection functions over to the municipality, in accordance with the current adaptation theory. The use of its own property to produce ever-changing social services may be the reason why the association s work continued on with vitality. Functional networks and political aid in the field of social services also bolstered the association. As in other Nordic countries, nonprofit organizations served as partners rather than competitors, with the State establishing institutional welfare arrangements. In the 1960s the municipal takeover of social services impacted the TCM activities. Rules for government subsidies and municipal allowances were not well established; hence these funds were not easily available, making improvements difficult. The TCM was a community in which women had a relatively strong position and an opportunity to make a difference. Female staff were reasonably equal to men, and women worked as heads of a several institutions. Care work employed a number of men, which went against the traditional segregation of labour between the sexes. The TCM s operations were from early on very professionalized, and were developed with particular care. Keywords: Christian social work, third sector, professionalization, gender

Trade Blocs and the Cold War : The CMEA and the EC challenge, 1969-1976

The coherence of the Soviet bloc was seriously tested at the turn of the 1970s, as the Soviet Union and its allies engaged in intensive negotiations over their relations with the European Communities (EC). In an effort to secure their own national economic interests many East European countries began independent manoeuvres against the wishes of their bloc leader. However, much of the intra-bloc controversy was kept out of the public eye, as the battle largely took place behind the scenes, within the organisation for economic cooperation, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The CMEA policy-making process vis-à-vis the EC is described in this study with reference to primary archival materials. This study investigates the negotiating positions and powers of the CMEA member states in their efforts to deal with the economic challenge created by the progress of the EC, as it advanced towards the customs union. This entails an analysis of the functioning principles and performance of the CMEA machinery. The study traces the CMEA negotiations that began in 1970 over its policy toward the EC. The policy was finally adopted in 1974, and was followed by the first official meeting between the two organisations in early 1975. The story ends in 1976, when the CMEA s efforts to enter into working relations with the EC were seemingly frustrated by the latter. The first major finding of the study is that, contrary to much of the prior research, the Soviet Union was not in a hegemonic position vis-à-vis its allies. It had to use a lot of its resources to tame the independent manoeuvring of its smaller allies. Thus, the USSR was not the kind of bloc leader that the totalitarian literature has described. Because the Soviet Union had to spend so much attention on its own bloc-politics, it was not able to concentrate on formulating a policy vis-à-vis the EC. Thus, the Soviet leadership was dependent on its allies in those instances when the socialist countries needed to act as a bloc. This consequently opened up the possibility for the USSR s allies to manoeuvre. This study also argues that when the CMEA did manage to find a united position, it was a force that the EC had to reckon with in its policy-making. This was particularly the case in the implementation of the EC Common Commercial Policy. The other main finding of the study is that, although it has been largely neglected in the previous literature on the history of West European integration, the CMEA did in fact have an effect on EC decision-making. This study shows how for political and ideological reasons the CMEA members did not acknowledge the EC s supranational authority. Therefore the EC had no choice but to refrain from implementing its Common Commercial Policy in full.

Sapientia, 1976, Vol. XXXI, nº 122 (número completo)

Contenido: Verdad, historia y hermenéutica / Octavio N. Derisi – El lumen naturale en Santo Tomás y el essere ideale en Rosmini / William R. Darós – El constitutivo esencial de la persona / Octavio N. Derisi – Filosofía y desarrollo integral / Alberto Caturelli – La respuesta del hombre frente a lo existente : intuición y palabra / Osvaldo Francella – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1973, Vol. XXVIII, nº 108 (número completo)

Contenido: Un hombre y un mundo sin sentido / Ocostavio N. Derisi – Existencia y cultura / Alberto Caturelli – La cuestión “De aeternitate mundi” : posiciones doctrinales / Omar Argerami – Educación y trascendencia / J. E. Bolzán – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

La planificación en la Argentina del desarrollo (1955-1973)

Resumen: Entre el derrocamiento del primer peronismo y el ocaso del segundo, la política económica de los distintos gobiernos se propuso por medios distintos alcanzar una relativa certidumbre de largo plazo a través de la preparación de planes ¿Por qué esta idea tuvo éxito? La planificación fue una tendencia más o menos general en América Latina. Pero además cada gobierno fue impulsando una modalidad particular de planificación acorde a sus objetivos políticos. Nuestro trabajo pretende resumir las diversas expresiones de la planificación, mostrar algunos de los principales obstáculos para su concreción y analizar el funcionamiento del sistema estatal encargado de esa tarea, especialmente representado por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo.

Sapientia, 1973, Vol. XXVIII, nº 110 (número completo)

Contenido: La inmanencia, característica fundamental de la filosofía moderna y contemporánea / Octavio N. Derisi – La corrupción de lo natural en la civilización inmanentista / Alberto Caturelli – La participación de la inteligencia en la experiencia sensible / Mario Enrique Sacchi – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1973, Vol. XXVIII, nº 109 (número completo)

Contenido: Filosofía y vida en Jacques Maritain / Octavio N. Derisi – La ascensión de las cosas desde la nada en la teogonía de Hesíodo / Cesáreo López Salgado – La cuestión “De aeternitate mundi” : posiciones doctrinales / Omar Argerami – La dimensión jurídica del hombre / Agustín Basave – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

La redefinición de la agenda socialdemócrata entre la crisis del petróleo y el fin del socialismo real (1973-1992)

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las estrategias de las organizaciones socialdemócratas frente a los nuevos desafíos que surgieron con la crisis del petróleo y la aparición de los llamados “valores posmateriales”. Se profundizará en una de las principales: el aumento de la actividad política trasnacional y la creación de comisiones que trabajaron aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo, la seguridad, el armamentismo nuclear y el medio ambiente. Estas comisiones no solo constituyeron un importante cambio frente a las tradiciones precedentes, también influyeron significativamente los desarrollos posteriores en dichas materias

Sapientia, 1973, Vol. XXVIII, nº 107 (número completo)

Contenido: Espíritu y cultura / Octavio N. Derisi – Estructura y sentido de la filosofía de la religión / Agustín Basave – El “Curso de Lógica” de Francisco Sebastiani (1791) / Celina A. Lértora Mendoza – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Teoría y práctica de la poesía cinética en Composición de lugar (1976) de Amanda Berenguer

Resumen: Este trabajo propone un análisis de Composición de lugar (1976), el volumen que mejor representa la faceta experimental de la poesía de Amanda Berenguer (Montevideo, 1921-2010). Nos interesa examinar el texto a la luz de la noción de “poesía cinética” que desarrolló la autora y, a partir de esta coincidencia de teoría y praxis, rastrear sus vínculos con las búsquedas estéticas de otros autores y grupos de neovanguardia.

Teología, 1976, Tomo XIII nº 027-028 (número completo)

San Cipriano y el Donatismo, en la polémica antidonatista de san Agustín. Estudio histórico-patrístico / Rubén D. García -- La Iglesia y la existencia cristiana en la teología de San Buenaventura. II° parte / José Rovai -- Renovación de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa a principios de este siglo / Domingo Krpan -- Pueblo, religión del pueblo e Iglesia / Lucio Gera -- El plan de la Epístola a los Gálatas / Luis H. Rivas -- Sagrada Congregación para la Educación Católica: La formación teológica de los futuros sacerdotes -- Notas bibliográficas