931 resultados para SDS - PAGE
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本论文研究了从圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(Daboia russellii siamensis)蛇毒中纯化的C一型凝集素样蛋白Dabocetin和L一氨基酸氧化酶DRS一AO的理化性质、生物学活性和分子克隆。Dabocetin是分子量约为28扔。的异二聚体蛋白,它由分子量约为15.0kDa和14.5kDa的两个同源亚基以和p共价结合形成。N-末端氨基酸序列比较显示,Dabocetin与目前已知的蛇毒c一型凝集素样蛋白有很高的同源性。即使在终浓度达50.0。叫而时,Dabocetin也不能直接诱导血小板聚集。此外,在终浓度为40.00μg/ml时,Dabocetin几乎不能抑制由AdP,TMVA和stejnulxin诱导的血小板聚集。但是,Dabocetin呈剂量依赖地抑制瑞斯托霉素诱导的血小板凝集,其半数抑制率ICS。值为10.80ug/ml。流式细胞仪分析表明,Dabocetin显著抑制单克隆抗体522与GPIba的结合,提示Dabocetin很可能是一个GPIb结合蛋白。从圆斑蛙蛇的毒腺中克隆到了7个编码不同蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白亚基的七DNA(命名为DRs一1至DRs一7)。其中,DRsLS编码Dabocetin的a亚基,DRS一6编码Dabocetin的p亚基。DRs一1和DRS一2很可能是圆斑蛙蛇毒腺中表达的X因子激活剂的两条轻链LCZ和LCI的山NA。DRS一3,DRS毛4和DRSL7可能是圆斑蛙蛇毒腺中表达的C一型凝集素样蛋白p亚基的。NA。DRsLAO是一个新的L一氨基酸氧化酶,比活力为1.98U加噶。十二烷基磺酸钠一聚丙烯酞氨凝胶电泳(SDs-PAGE)分析显示,该酶在还原和非还原条件下均呈现一条蛋白带,表观分子量约为58kDa。N-末端氨基酸序列比较显示,DRS一AO与目前已知的蛇毒L一氨基酸氧化酶有很高的同源性。该酶的最适底物为L一亮氨酸,最适pH为8.8。DRs一Ao呈剂量依赖地抑制扔P和仆IvA诱导的血小板聚集,其半数抑制率ICS。值分别为32.8μg/ml和32.3μg/ml。DRS-LAO对金黄色葡萄球菌(灯Cc25923)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抗菌作用。DRs一AO对金黄色葡萄球菌必Tcc25923)的最低抑菌浓度卿C)和最低杀菌浓度耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的孤CS。和呱Cg。值分别为18.。林留时和36.0μg/ml;DRSLAo对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的MBC50和MBCg。值分别为36.0μg/ml和72.0μg/ml。通过对DRS一AO的分子克隆,得到了编码DRS-AO的部分cDNA序列。
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本文采用与前人不同的新方法,利用离子交换、分子筛和快速蛋白质液相色谱(FPLC)从中华眼镜蛇华南亚种(Naja naja atra)蛇毒中分离纯化一种神经生长因子(NGF),其SDS-PAGE分子量为13500,等电点为7.2。与小鼠颌下腺神经生长因子相比中华眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子具有较低的活性。其N端蛋白质序列与其它眼镜蛇属蛇毒神经生长因子一致。用PCR方法扩增了该蛋白的编码基因并进行了序列测定。大鼠腹腔注射中华眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子可增加其附睾尾部精子的活力,提高交配雌鼠的怀孕率和胎仔数,并可以拮抗棉酚对睾丸的破坏作用,降低因棉酚损伤而升高的血清LH、FSH水平。这些结果提示神经生长因子能改善雄性大鼠的生殖功能,具有明显的促生育作用。在从烙铁头(Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus)蛇毒中分离神经生长因子的过程中,我们发现了一个新的碱性磷酯酶A_2样肌肉毒,命名为TMPB,其SDS-PAGE分子量为16000,等电点为9.2。其N端24个氨基酸序列与烙铁头属的其它磷酯酶A_2同源性较低。TMPB没有明显的水解卵磷脂活性,但它的肌肉毒和血小板聚集抑制活性却极强,其肌肉毒和血小板聚集抑制活性可被肝素所抑制。
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通过Sephadex-G-100分子筛层析,QAE-Sephadex-A-50阴离子交换层析和两次Poly-buffer-exchanger离子交换层析,分得两个出血毒蛋白,分别称之为HF-1和HF-2。通过碱性PAGE,等电聚焦(IEF),SDS-PAGE和线性密度梯度PAGE,证实两出血蛋白为电泳均一。它们均为三聚体蛋白,分别含有三个相同亚基。HF-1含3 x 113个氨基酸位点,而HF-2含3 x 104个氨基酸位点。EDTA可抑制两者的活性,而碘代乙酸部份抑制HF-2的活性而不抑制HF-1的活性。从氨基酸组成分析发现,HF-1不含有Cys,而HF-1的激光喇曼光谱也没有Cys的特征峰,这在出血毒中是少见的。HF-1和HF-2均属#alpha#-纤溶酶类,同时兼有出血活性和蛋白水解酶活性。还实验了出血HF-2对血小板聚焦的抑制活性,证实HF-2抑制血小板聚集依赖于其对血浆纤原的降解。
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本研究克隆了柞蚕核型多角体病毒(Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus,ApNPV)基因组pstⅠ-B、pstⅠ-C、pstⅠ-J三个片段,测序分析了pstⅠ-B、pstⅠ-C片段全序列及pstⅠ-J片段一端序列。ApNPV pstⅠ-C片段长6663 bp,包括9个完整ORF及2个不完整ORF;ApNPV pstⅠ-B片段长7406 bp,包括5个完整ORF及2个不完整ORF。ApNPV pstⅠ-J片段末端测定的954 bp序列包括lef-12完整序列及p47和gta部分序列。本研究共鉴定21个ApNPV ORF序列,其中20个属首次报道,占ApNPV已报道基因数的50%。编码ORF同源性分析及克隆片断ORF组成、基因排列顺序分析表明ApNPV与鳞翅目NPV第Ⅰ类群中的OpMNPV、CfMNPV、CfDefNPV、EppoNPV关系较近。 本研究克隆了ApNPV B-ORF6L、ptp-1、ptp-2及lef-12 四个基因,并对这四个基因在柞蚕蛹体内的表达进行了转录分析,结果表明:ApNPV ptp-1、lef-12是早期基因,B-ORF6L、ptp-2是晚期基因。本研究将ApNPV B-ORF6L、ptp-2亚克隆至原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析表明:PTP-2原核表达分子量与预测分子量相符,B-ORF6L融合表达分子量较预测的分子量偏大。以原核表达的B-ORF6L、PTP-2蛋白作为抗原,成功制作了B-ORF6L和PTP-2蛋白兔多克隆抗血清。ApNPV蛋白组分印迹分析表明:B-ORF6L参与包涵体膜及ODV结构组成,是ApNPV结构蛋白;PTP-2不参病毒结构组成。 分子系统发育分析表明,杆状病毒分为4个大的类群,ApNPV属于鳞翅目NPV第Ⅰ类群,与OpMNPV、CfMNPV、CfDefNPV、EppoNPV关系较近,与AcMNPV、RoMNPV、BmNPV关系稍远。
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本文利用原生质体融合技术,以四株营养缺陷型突变株(康宁木霉UV2-1、UV2-15、绿色木霉UV2-11和另一木霉菌株UV2-2)为亲本进行种间融合重组。研究了原生质体形成和再生的最适条件及高产的重组菌株筛选的方法。筛选到了一株优良的融合株F1-18,它固体发酵稻草粉产生的滤纸酶活(FPA)、Cx酶活、Cl酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶活分别为1148、5705、6042和1036 U/g基质,分别是其双亲-康宁木霉F224和绿色木霉F264-的1.86、1.38、1.95、1.52倍和9.10、6.78、4.79、0.85倍。对F1-18的生物学特性进行了研究。经菌落形态观察、分生孢子大小及其DNA含量测定,认定它为单倍性重组体。经非特异性酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱分析及纤维素酶SDS-PAGE电泳图谱分析表明,它既有与双亲共有的谱带,也有它独有的谱带,说明在融合-分离过程中,发生了基因重组和基因突变,产生了新的蛋白组分。与生产用菌SN9706相比,F1-18固体发稻草粉产生的滤纸酶活提高了39%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活提高了86%。在固体发酵玉米秸粉时也获得较高的纤维素酶产量,具有广泛的应用前景和推广价值。F1-18的最适产酶条件为:培养基起始PH值为5.5 ~ 6.0,培养基中加2.5 ~ 3倍于原料的水,28 ~ 30 ℃发酵4天,培养基中添加0.35%脲和0.35% KNO3,最高酶产量可达滤纸酶活1347 U/g基质。
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以粘粒pKC505为载体构建了节杆菌BT801的基因组文库。用功能筛选的方法从文库中筛选得到了具有乙内酞脉酶活性的阳性克隆,经过亚克隆获得了编码乙内酞脉消旋酶(HyuR)、乙内酞脉水解酶(HyuH)和N一氨甲酞氨基酸水解酶(HuC))的新序列。将3个酶的结构基因串联置于表达质粒pQE70 T5启动子的下游实现了3个基因的活性共表达,其活性是出发菌株A. BT801的2倍。SDS-PAGE分析表明3个酶均出现蛋白表达带,其中HuR占全菌蛋白的30%以上,主要以可溶性形式存在,HuH和Huc表达量比较低。用pQE表达载体对3个基因进行了分别表达,目的蛋白均占全菌蛋白40%以上,其中HyuR和HyuC主要以可溶性形式存在,而HyuH主要以不可溶性形式存在。关键酶抑uC的比活比原始菌株提高了52倍。将乙内酞脉水解酶基因用融合表达载体pET32a进行了融合表达,硫氧还蛋白基因融合后,酶的表达量、比活和稳定性均明显提高。以乙内酞脉酶启动子为基础构建了新表达载体,将α-淀粉酶报告基因置于启动子的下游,获得了活性表达,研究发现大肠杆菌中不存在对乙内酞脉酶启动子进行调控的基因。上述工作为乙内酞脉酶在氨基酸生产中的应用、结构和功能的关系以及基因调控等研究奠定了基础。
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本研究通过选择性富集培养,从辽河油田稠油污染土壤中获得了能以2000mg·L~(-1)菲为唯一碳源和能源快速生长的优势降解菌株ZL5,经165 roNA序列分析认其属变形细菌a亚类中的鞘氨醇单胞菌属。ZL5菌株具有较强的降解菲、花能力,但是不能以蔡为唯一碳源和能源生一氏。外加碳源葡萄糖能有效促进PAHs降解,降解率提高达18.21-23.5%,但糖过量会表现出抑制效应。菌株ZL5含有一个大小约为60 kb的内生大质粒。丝裂霉素C消除试验表明,随着质粒丢失,菌株利用菲和花的能力也丧失。应用电转化和氯化铆转化将质粒导入大肠杆菌中,转化子获得了相应的降解菲、花能力,表明菌株ZLS的内生大质粒是与代谢PAHs功能有关的降解质粒。菌株ZL5具有PAHs诱导的邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶酶活(C230),指明其能以菲为唯一碳源和能源生长但不能降解蔡的原因可能为一未见报道的菲代谢新途径-水杨酸和邻苯二酚途径。采用特异性引物,扩增菌株ZLS的C230编码基因全序列,再与表达载体pET-30a(+)连接,实现了在E.coli JM109(OE3)中的高效表达。SDS-PAGE结果表明:C230蛋白不仅在细胞内存在,也能被大量地分泌到胞外,属国内首次报道。经Southern杂交,将菌株ZLS的C230基因定位在内生大质粒的不同酶切片段上。
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提取鼠抗人黑色素瘤杂交瘤细胞株HB8759的总RNA,反转录成cDNA,用抗体可变区混合引物扩增出全套重、轻链可变区基因(VH、VLDNA),通过(Gly4Ser)3连接肤基因把VH和VL基因装配成单链抗体(ScFv)基因,将其克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTABSE中,构建单链抗体噬菌体抗体库。用LIBr黑色素瘤细胞对抗体库进行了3轮亲合筛选。随机挑选克隆进行hage-ELISA鉴定,结果获得了2株具有较高ELISA活性的噬菌体单链抗体。序列测定证实得到的ScFv符合抗体可变区的结构特点,与已发表的鼠抗体可变区基因有较高的同源性。采用酶切连接和重叠PCR连接两种方法将抗黑色素瘤单链抗体基因和去除N端信号肤的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)基因进行融合,并将融合基因克隆于pET28-a表达载体的H招标签下游。SDS-PAGE分析表明,两种构建方法均表达了相对分子量约SOkD的蛋白条带,与预期目的蛋白分子量相符,主要以包涵体的形式存在,表达量占菌体蛋白的27%。将重组质粒在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,用盐酸肌溶解包涵体,Ni-NTA鳌合层析柱一步法纯化包涵体,再通过透析使目的蛋白复性。凝胶灰度扫描显示蛋白纯度达90%,凝胶电泳呈单一条带,蛋白量达0.47mg/mL。用健康人外周血单个核细胞作为效应细胞,LDH法检测ScFv-SEA融合蛋白对LiBr黑色素瘤细胞、MCF7乳腺癌的体外抑制率。结果表明该融合蛋白可以通过活化效应细胞,对表达相关抗原的肿瘤细胞产生有效的抗增殖作用,而对不表达该抗原的肿瘤细胞作用不显著。说明该融合蛋白赋予了SEA抗黑色素瘤特异性。以上实验结果为我们研究SEA对黑色素瘤的靶向杀伤作用奠定了可靠的实验基础。
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从芽抱杆菌属、酵母属二十株菌中筛选到一株优良伴生菌B529,与新选育出的产酸菌V6构成一新菌系B529-V6。新菌系B529-V6表现出了较强的高浓度L-山梨糖耐受能力、较高的底物代谢速率和较高的2-KGA转化能力,在8%山梨糖浓度的发酵培养基中培养48h,糖酸转化率较对照菌系提高了5.94%;山梨糖浓度提高至10%,其生长代谢受影响程度较小,且能不同程度地利用葡萄糖和山梨醇为底物,合成维生素C前体-2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA),其发酵产物2-KGA经反相高效液相色谱分析其质量符合工业化生产要求。对新菌系生长代谢规律及调控进行了研究,4M3罐和300M3罐发酵实验表明:种子培养基的碳源、葡萄糖/山梨糖浓度比、氮源、生长因子、接种种液质量及环境因子,均可影响新菌系的生长代谢。4M3罐发酵,新菌系具有周期短、糖酸转化率高等特点,连续4批发酵平均转化率较对照菌系提高10.18%,周期缩短23.7%。在300M3罐发酵试运行期间,新菌系糖酸转化率达到90.10%,较原生产菌系提高3.95%,发酵周期平均缩短1.3小时,显示出了较高的应用价值,在东北制药总厂进行了推广应用。研究了新产酸菌V6的基本生物学特性,分析了GC moL%含量,165rDNA同源性,鉴定其在系统发育学上应归入Ketoguloigenium 属,暂命名为Ketogulonigenium sp.V6。选用限制性内切酶Hind IH对新产酸菌V6染色体DNA进行了部分消化,应用载体pGEM-3zf(+)构建了v6的基因文库。结合阳性转化子在以L-山梨糖为唯一碳源培养基上的生长特性,利用PCR技术从该基因文库中,筛选到一株含有L-山梨糖还原酶(sR)基因的阳性克隆,并利用pET-32a(+)表达载体,实现了sR酶基因在大肠杆菌AD494(DE3)中的表达。SDS-PAGE电泳分析测定SR融合蛋白分子量大约在65kD左右,除去硫氧化还原蛋白、S-Tag和His-Tag蛋白,可推测出天然sR酶蛋白分子量约53 kD左右,与从SR基因推测出的分子量大小相符。另外,SR酶学特性研究表明,还原型辅酶II(NADPH)是sR酶蛋白的最适电子供体,其最适反应pH为7.0,pH6.5时保持稳定,酶活力较高;最适反应温度为50 ℃,30 ℃时热稳定性较好;lmM的Cu~(2+),Fe~(3+)和Mn~(2+)对该酶活抑制作用较大。
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许多人类疾病和微生物抗药性的产生都是由基因组中单个碱基的替换、插入或缺失等基因突变引起的。因此,迫切需要发展快速、高通量基因突变检测方法来实现对基因疾病和细菌抗药性的早期诊断。本研究针对匕述需求发展了纂于DN八错配修复系统的墓因突变检测生物芯片方法。根据DNA错配修复MtltS蛋白结构与功能上的高度保守性,通过PCR从E.coli K-12基因组中扩一增出DNA错配修复基因,甩石(2.56kb)。通过基因水平的分子操纵,构建了Trx-His6-MutS(THM)、Trx-His6-Linker peptide-Muts(THLM)、Trx-His6-GFP-Linker peptide-MutS(THGLM)和Trx-His6-Linker peptide-Strep-tagll-Linker peptide-MutS(THLSLM)的融合基因并在大肠杆菌中进行了IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明均有一与预期分子量相应的诱导表达条带出现,其表达量占菌体蛋白的30%左右,且以可溶形式存在。融合蛋白中Trx和His6亲和肤能增加表达蛋白的可溶性及便于蛋白的纯化。连接肤的加入增大了融合蛋白各个成分之间的距离,减少空间位阻,使各个蛋白能够较大程度地保持其原有的生物活性。MLltS融合蛋白的生物活性鉴定结果表明:它们既能识别、结合含有错配碱基的DNA双链,又保留了其它融合成分的生物活性。利用融合蛋白THLSLM中的Strep-tagII与Streptavidin相互作用的天然特性,使融合蛋白THLSLM在StrePtavidin修饰过的芯片基质上自动布阵沉积,制作成蛋白质芯片来识别、结合样品中含有错配或未配刘碱基的DNA双链。THGLM、THLM-Cy3和THLSLM能够使MutS蛋白显示不同的标记信号,通过它们识别并结合固定在DNA芯片基质上的基因片段来发展基因突变检测DNA芯片方法。利用基于MutS的蛋白质芯片和DNA芯片方法对含有不同错配类型、不同长度的DNA片段和错配序列背景对错配结合的影响做了深入研究,证明了MutS介导的基因突变检测生物芯片方法的可行性。基于MutS蛋白的鳌因突变检测生物芯片方法借用了生物系统本身的DNA错配修复(Mismatch Repair,MMR)机制。DNA错配修复过程是许多修复蛋白之间的相互作用共同完成的,其中蛋白MutS、MutL和MutH在肠道细菌例如大肠杆菌的甲基定向错配修复中起决定作用。这些修复蛋白的相关研究也引起了越来越多学者的关注,但对于MutL蛋白的体外生物功能一直存在争议,从而限制了该蛋白的应用研究。本研究利用基因的体外拼接技术构建了融合蛋白Trx-Hi56-Linker peptide-MutL(THLL)、Trx-His6-GFP-Linker peptide-MutL(THGLL)和Trx-His6-Linker peptide-Strep-tagII-Linker peptide-MutL(THLSLL)。非变性凝胶电泳鉴定MutL融合蛋白体外生物功能结果表明:THLL、THGLL和THLsLL都能增加融合蛋白Trx-His6-Linker peptide-MutS(THLM)与含有错配碱基DNA双链的结合,但受ATP浓度变化的影响很大。通过融合蛋白THGLL中绿色荧光蛋白(Green Fluorescent Protein,GFP)的荧光信号或THLSLL中Strep-tagII的特性并利用酶学反应来指示该蛋白的存在,发展了体外研究DNA错配修复蛋白MtuS和MutL之间相互作用的简便方法。本研究以构建的MutS融合蛋白为分子识别元件发展了基因突变检测生物芯片并利用构建的MutL融合蛋白发展了体外研究DNA错配修复蛋白MLuS和MutL之间相互作用的简便方法。建立的融合分子系统方法也为研究其它的蛋白质或生物大分子之间的相互作用提供了一个技术平台。此外,本研究构建的融合蛋白THGLL及其 DNA错配修复蛋白与GFP的融合构想还可用来进行DNA错配修复基因产物的表达与基因突变频率和人类肿瘤恶性程度的相关性研究。
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HER2/neu基因在肿瘤中的过度表达使其成为许多肿瘤的标志分子。人肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(Trail)对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用使其成为前景看好的抗肿瘤药物,对它们的细胞杀伤机制研究日渐深入。但临床研究发现HER2/neu过度表达的肿瘤细胞抵制TNF-α和Trail的肿瘤杀伤作用,因此经常产生耐药现象。为了增加过度表达HER2/neu的肿瘤细胞对TNF-a的敏感性和提高HER2/neu抗体的肿瘤杀伤效应,我们将抗HER2/neu人源化单链抗体scFvC6.5与人翔F-a融合,构建了免疫毒素scFvC6.5-TNF-α,完成了该重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达,产率为800μg/L菌液。经过亲和层析和柱复性,融合蛋白的纯度达95%以上。ELISA试验表明scFvC6.5-TNF-a能够特异结合HER2/neu阳性卵巢癌细胞SKO从3和乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,而不结合HERZ/neu阴性的黑色素瘤细胞A-375。MTT试验表明scFvC6.5-TNF-a能够选择性的杀伤SKOV-3和MCF-7细胞,而不影响A-375细胞的生长。同时为了增加过度表达HER2/neu的肿瘤细胞对人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(sTrail)的敏感性和提高HER2/neu抗体的肿瘤杀伤效应,我们构建了scFvC6.5与人sTrail的融合蛋白scFvC6.5-sTrail。重组子经酶切及测序证明序列正确后,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE及westem一blot鉴定,获得高水平包含体表达菌株,产率为700雌/L菌液。对表达产物进行变性、复性及纯化,SDS-PAGE结果显示纯度达95%以上。用ELISA法检测纯化后蛋白的结合活性表明融合蛋白scFvC6.5-sTrail能够特异结合HERZ/neu阳性卵巢癌细胞SKO从3、乳腺癌细胞McF-7和Trail敏感菌株MDA-MB-231,而不结合HER2/neu阴性和Trail受体阴性的黑色素瘤细胞A-375。MTT法检测其生物活性显示纯化后的scFvC6.5-sTrail蛋白对SKO从3、MCF-7、MDA-MB-231均具有细胞毒活性,并存在剂量依赖性,但对A-375细胞没有作用。细胞凋亡流式分析表明这两种免疫毒素对SKO从3靶细胞的杀伤作用是通过诱导细胞凋亡所致。提示这两种免疫毒素在抗肿瘤靶向治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。
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本文利用单向SDS-PAGE方法对十八株Frankia菌的全细胞可溶性蛋白进行了图谱分析。Frankia菌蛋白图谱不受菌令的影响。不同交叉接种组的Frankia菌具有不同的蛋白图谱,同一交叉接种组内的菌株也有所羞。十八株菌分为三大类七个亚类,第I类包括赤场、杨梅香蕨木和美洲茶内生菌;第II类包括木麻黄内生菌,第III类包括胡颓子和沙棘内生菌。利用同功酶图谱的差异性对Frankia菌进行分类识别是一种非常有效的方法,不同的Frankia菌株具有不同的同功酶(过氧化物酶和酯酶)图谱。根据图谱之间的相似性,可以将二十株Frankia菌分成三组;即赤杨组,木麻黄组和胡颓子组,这与其它分类结果基本符合,只是细枝木麻黄菌株CcO1的过氧化物酶图谱与其它菌株完全不同。从同种根瘤中分离的内生菌具有不同的同功酶图谱,进一步证实了遗传结构不完全相同的菌株可以同时共生于同种根瘤内,同时根据二种同功酶的电泳分布率,说明了Frankia菌株遗传信息的广泛分布性。
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研究背景与目的:近二十年来,抗生素的广泛使用以及一些不当应用导致临床上出现大量的耐药性病原菌,所以不易产生耐药性的抗菌肽就成为目前研究的热点。本课题组此前的研究表明无指盘臭蛙(Odorrana grahami)皮肤抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性,但对真核细胞没有毒性,因此有成为新型药物的潜力。本研究采用毕赤酵母真核表达系统来生物合成抗菌肽Odorgrin A和Odorgrin C,为大量获取抗菌肽资源提供技术支撑。 方法:依照Odorgrin A和C的氨基酸序列、采用酵母偏爱密码子分别设计并化学合成了相应的目的基因序列。目的片段从合成质粒上用Xho Ι和EcoR Ι双酶切下后,与经同样限制酶完全酶切pPIC9K载体所获得的两个大片段直接连接,并转化至大肠杆菌DH5α。用PCR扩增、酶切及测序检测,鉴定正确的重组质粒。提取大量表达载体pPIC9K - Odo A和C并使之线性化后经电击法分别转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115宿主菌,用营养缺陷型筛选、遗传霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增和测序检测,鉴定并筛选出对G418具高抗性的Odorgrin A和C重组酵母菌。用甲醇对之进行诱导表达,SDS - PAGE电泳及反相层析检测表达产物,并做抑菌活性检测。 成果:PCR扩增、酶切及测序等结果表明表达载体pPIC9K - Odo A和C构建成功。营养缺陷型筛选、遗传霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增和测序等证实pPIC9K - Odo A和C已整合入酵母基因组中。SDS - PAGE电泳及反相层析结果表明抗菌肽Odorgrin A和C成功地获得了分泌表达。而抑菌活性实验则检测到部分阳性克隆菌诱导分泌表达的抗菌肽Odorgrin A和C都对测试菌的生长具有较高(>94%)的抑制率。 结论:无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽Odorgrin A和Odorgrin C基因的表达载体都构建成功,并且都在毕赤酵母系统中获得了成功表达。 Background & Objective: In the recent twenty years, a lot of pathogenic bacteria have come forth in clinic with durable trait derived from making use of and abusing the traditional antibiotics. Therefore, studying antimicrobial peptides, not be easy to be invalidated by durable bacteria, are becomimg popular and important. The skin antimicrobial peptides of Odorrana grahami with broad spectrum antibacterial activity and no toxicity to eukaryotic cell, discovered by previous research work of our workgroup, are looked forward to being potential medication. Pichia pastoris expressional system was used for biosynthesis antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C in this study, for producing abundant antimicrobial peptides. Methods: The foreign fragments which included Odorgrin A or Odorgrin C gene according to their amino acid sequence respectively were synthesized based on the biased codon usage of yeast. The DNA fragments, obtained from the plasmids containing them by digested with Xho Ι and EcoR Ι, were directly ligated with the two bigger fragments obtained from the vector pPIC9K by digested with the same restriction enzymes. And then they were transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α to be selected and amplified positive colonies. The recombinants were testified by using PCR amplification, enzymes digestion and sequencing of the foreign fragment. After the expressional vector pPIC9K - Odo A and pPIC9K - Odo C were linearized, they were transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 strain by the electroporation. Then the positive colonies which were of the highest geneticin resistant were selected through auxotrophic screening, genetic resistant screening, PCR amplification and sequencing of the inserted fragment. Methanol was used to induce the recombinant yeasts to express the foreign gene. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, reversed phase chromatography and antibacterial activity experiment were used to testify the expressional products. Results: The evidences of PCR, enzymes digestion and sequence analysis confirmed that the expressional vector pPIC9K - Odo A and pPIC9K - Odo C have been constructed correctly. The results of auxotrophic screening, of genetic resistant screening, of PCR and sequencing of the foreign fragment showed that Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C gene have been homologous integrated with the Pichia pastoris genome. And it was also testified that antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C have been expressed successfully by using SDS - PAGE electrophoresis, reversed phase chromatography and antibacterial activity experiment. Conclusion: The expressional vector of the skin antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C gene of Odorrana grahami have been constructed correctly and both of the genes have been expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris system in this study.
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高等植物种子胚乳贮藏蛋白是种子发芽时的主要氮源,也是人类和动物食用植物蛋白的主要来源。大麦种子胚乳贮藏蛋白主要是醇溶蛋白(hordeins),占大麦胚乳总蛋白的50–60%。根据大麦醇溶蛋白的大小和组成特点,大麦醇溶蛋白被划分为三种类型:富硫蛋白亚类(B,γ-hordeins)、贫硫蛋白亚类(C-hordeins)以及高分子量蛋白亚类(D-hordeins)。B组和C组醇溶蛋白是大麦胚乳的两类主要贮藏蛋白,它们分别占大麦总醇溶蛋白成分的70–80%和10–12%。遗传分析表明,大麦B、C、D和γ-组醇溶蛋白分别是由位于大麦第五染色体1H(5)上的Hor2、Hor1、Hor3和Hor5位点编码。Hor2位点编码大量分子量相同但组成不同的B组醇溶蛋白(B-hordein)。B-hordein的种类、数量和分布是影响大麦酿造、食用及饲养品质的重要因素之一。为深入了解B-hordein基因家族的结构和染色体组织,探明Hor2位点基因表达的发育调控机制,最终达到改良禾谷类作物籽粒品质的目的,本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料,采用同源克隆法,分别克隆B-hordein基因和启动子,通过原核生物表达验证B-hordein基因功能,并利用实时定量PCR探索B-hordein基因表达时空关系,取得如下研究结果: 1. 以具有特殊B组醇溶蛋白亚基组成的9份青藏高原青稞为材料,根据GenBank中三个B-hordein基因序列(GenBank No. X03103, X53690和X53691)设计一对引物,通过PCR扩增,获得23个B-hordein基因克隆并对其进行了序列分析。核苷酸序列分析表明,所有克隆均包含完整的开放阅读框。有11个克隆都存在一个框内终止密码子,推测这11个克隆可能是假基因。推测的氨基酸序列分析表明,所有大麦B-hordein具有相似的蛋白质基本结构,均包括一个高度保守的信号肽、中间重复区以及C-端结构域。不同大麦种重复区内重复基元的数目有较大差异。青稞材料Z07–2和Z26的B-hordeins仅具有12个重复基元结构,更接近于野生大麦。这些重复基元数目的差异导致了重复区序列长度和结构的变异。这种现象极可能是由于醇溶谷蛋白基因在进化过程中染色体的不平衡交换或复制滑动所造成的。对所克隆基因和禾本科代表性醇溶谷蛋白基因进行聚类分析,结果表明所有来自栽培大麦的B-hordeins聚类成一个亚家族,来自野生大麦的B-hordeins以及普通小麦的LMW-GS聚类成另外一个亚家族,表明这两个亚家族的成员存在显著差异。此外,我们发现B-hordein基因推测的C-末端序列具有一些有规律的特征:即具有相同C-末端序列的B-hordein基因在系统发生树中聚类为同一个亚组(除BXQ053,BZ09-1,BZ26-5分别单独聚为一类外)。这个特征将有助于我们对所有B组醇溶蛋白基因家族成员进行分类,避免了在SDS-PAGE电泳图谱上仅依靠大小分类的局限性。 2. 根据上述克隆的青稞B-hordein基因的5’端序列设计三条基因特异的反向引物,以青稞Z09和Z26的基因组DNA为模板,采用SON-PCR和TAIL-PCR技术分离克隆出8个B-hordein基因的上游调控序列(命名为Z09P和Z26P)。序列分析表明,推测的TATA box位于–80 bp,CAAT–like box位于–140 bp处。此外,Z09P和Z26P中有六个序列在–300 bp处均存在一个由高度保守的EM基序和类GCN4基序构成的胚乳盒(Endosperm Box,EB),在约–560 bp处存在一个胚乳盒类似结构。而Z09P-2和Z26P-3不存在保守的胚乳盒或其类似结构,预示着这两个启动子所调控的基因表达可能受不同类型反式作用因子的调节,推测该启动子对基因的表达调控具有多样性。 3. 将B-hordein基因的开放阅读框定向克隆到表达载体pET-30a中,将其导入大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21中进行外源基因的诱导表达以验证所克隆基因的功能。结果表明仅含重组子pET-BZ07-2和pET-BZ26-5的BL21细菌有目的表达蛋白产生。在诱导3 h时的蛋白表达量最高;3 mM IPTG诱导的蛋白表达量要高于1 mM IPTG诱导的表达量。这为分离纯化B-hordein蛋白以及进一步研究其对大麦籽粒品质的影响奠定基础。 4. 根据从青稞Z09和Z26中分离克隆的B-hordein基因序列设计一对基因特异的引物,同时,选择大麦α-微管蛋白基因(GenBank no. U40042)为看家基因并设计特异引物,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测了青稞籽粒4个胚乳发育时间段的B-hordein基因表达,荧光定量结果显示:两份材料中B-hordein基因的表达量均随发育过程的进行而逐渐升高。Z09中B-hordein基因在开花后7天开始转录,而Z26开花4天后就有低水平B-hordein的表达,这表明Z26中B-hordein基因可能比Z09表达的较早或者Z09中B-hordein基因表达水平较低以致于不能被检测到。此外,在4个不同的胚乳发育时期中,Z26中B-hordein基因的表达量均高于Z09材料。在开花12天到18天的过程中,Z09和Z26中B-hordein基因的表达水平有一个急剧性的升高。这说明在不同胚乳发育时期,Hor2位点的B-hordein等位基因变异体存在mRNA的差异表达。 Seed endosperm storage proteins in higher plants are the main resources of nitrogen for germinating and plant proteins for human and animals. Barley prolamins (also called hordeins) are the major storage proteins in the endosperm and account for 50–60% of total proteins. Hordeins are classically divided into three groups: sulphur-rich (B, γ-hordeins), sulphur-poor (C-hordeins) and high molecular weight (HMW, D-hordeins) hordeins based on the size and composition. B-hordeins and C-hordeins are two major groups and each respectively account for about 70-80% and 10-12% of the total hordein fraction in barley endosperm. Genetic analysis showed that B-, C-, C-, γ-hordeins are encoded by Hor2, Hor1, Hor3 and Hor5 locus on the chromosome 1H (5). Hor2 locus is rich in alleles that encode numerous heterogeneous B-hordein polypeptides. It is reported that B-hordein species, quantity and distribution are significant factors affecting malting, food and feed quality of barley. To understand comprehensively the structure and organization of B-hordein gene family in hull-less barley and explore the developmental control mechanisms of Hor2 locus gene expression and eventually to better exploitation in crop grain quality improvement, we isolated and cloned B-hordein genes and promotors of hull-less barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by PCR, and testified their expression founction in bacteria expression system and explore their spatial and temporal expression pattern by quantitative real time PCR. Our results are as followed, 1. Twenty-three copies of B-hordein gene were cloned from nine hull-less barley cultivars of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with special B-hordein subunits and molecularly characterized by PCR, based on three B-hordein genes published previously (GenBank No. X03103, X53690 and X53691). DNA sequences analyses confirmed that the six clones all contained a full-length coding region of the barley B-hordein genes. Eleven clones all contain an in-frame stop codon and they are probably pseudogenes. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the genes shows that they have similar structures including signal peptide domain, central repetitive domain, and C-terminal domain. The number of the repeats was largerly variable and resulted in polypeptides in different sizes or structures among the genes. Twelve such repeated motifs were found in Z07–2 and Z26, and they are close to those of the wild barleys, and it is most probably caused by unequal crossing-over and/or slippage during replication as suggested for the evolution of other prolamins. The relatedness of prolamin genes of barley and wheat was assessed in the phylogenetic tree based on their polypeptides comparison. Our phylogenetic analysis suggested that the predicted B-hordeins of cultivated barley formed a subfamily, while the B-hordeins of wild barleys and the two most similar sequences of LMW-GS of T. aestivum formed another subfamily. This result indicated that the members of the two subfamilys have a distinctive difference. In addition, we found the B-hordeins with identical C-terminal end sequences were clustered into a same subgroup (except BXQ053,BZ09-1 and BZ26-5 as a sole group, respectively), so we believe that B-hordein gene subfamilies possibly can be classified on the basis of the conserved C-terminal end sequences of predicted polypeptide and without the limit of SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns. 2. The specific primers were designed according to the published sequences of barley B-hordein genes from Z09 and Z26. Using total DNA isolated from them as the templates, eight clones (designated Z09Pand Z26P) of upstream sequences of the known B-hordein genes was obtained by TAIL-PCR and SON-PCR. Sequences analysis shows that the putative TATA box was present at position –80 bp and CAAT-like box at position –140 bp. Besides, a putative Endosperm Box including an Endosperm Motif (EM) and a GCN4-Like Motif was found at position –300 bp in six clones, and another Endosperm-like box was found at positon –560 bp. While the Endosperm Box or Endosperm-like box was not found in Z09P-2 and Z26P-3. This may indicate that gene expression drived by the two promtors was probably controlled by different trans-acting factors and the genetic control mechanism of corresponding gene expression may be diverse. 3. The B-hordein genic region coding for the mature peptide was cloned into expression vector pET-30a and transformed into bacterial strain BL21 for identifying gene expression fountion. Protein SDS–PAGE analysis showed that only the transformed lysate with the pET-BZ07-2 and pET-BZ26-5 constructs produced proteins related to B-group hordeins of barley, and the mounts of proteins induced by 3 mM IPTG and 3 h were higher than other conditions. This established a base for isolating and putifying B-hordein and further exploring their effects on barley grain quality. 4. The gene-specific primers of B-hordein genes from Z09 and Z26 were used for the quantification of B-hordein gene expression. The α-tubulin gene from Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (GenBank accession number U40042) was used as a control gene. The result shows the transcription of the B-hordein genes in Z09 was found 7 days after flowering, while the transcription of the B-hordein genes in Z26 was found 4 days after flowering, but at a very low level, and it suggested that the B-hordein genes in Z26 probably expressed earlier than those in Z09, or the B-hordein genes in Z09 expressed at so a lower level than Z26 that it can not detected. In addition, B-hordein genes in Z26 accession showed higher expression levels than those in Z09 in four developing stages. Furthermore, a progressive increase in the expression levels of the B-hordein genes between 12 and 18 days after anthesis was observed in both Z09 and Z26. It implies that the B-hordein allelic variants encoded by Hor2 locus exist the differential expression in mRNA levels of during barley endosperm development.
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糯小麦在食品加工业、淀粉加工业及其它工业上有着重要用途,是近年来许多国家小麦研究的重要课题。国外糯小麦选育尚未突破高产与糯性相结合的难点,国内目前还没有培育出高蛋白强筋型的糯小麦品种,这在一定程度上与缺乏合适的育种方法和高效、实用的糯小麦分子标记辅助育种技术有关。国内外对Wx基因效应的研究主要利用缺体-四体系、重组自交系或近等基因系,还未见有利用遗传背景相同的BC5F2代回交改良群体的报道。 糯性位点近等基因系是小麦淀粉品质育种的重要材料,而我国目前还没有一套中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系。为了选育部分糯小麦、全糯小麦和中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系,我们利用Wx蛋白电泳和高效实用的分子标记技术体系来鉴定糯小麦杂交后代的基因型,结果证明该体系能有效地用于糯小麦的分子标记辅助育种。以中国春糯性位点全套近等基因系为研究材料,对小麦Wx基因的6个STS标记和1个CAPS标记进行了筛选,改良PCR扩增条件以及产物检测方式后,从这些标记中筛选出3个标记,包括鉴定Wx-A1、Wx-D1位点的2个共显性STS标记和Wx-B1位点的1个显性STS标记。利用上述3个分子标记从BC5F2 代回交改良群体中筛选出了8种Wx基因型,经卡方检验,其分离比符合3对基因的分离比例,其中基因型为aabbdd的植株有2株,直链淀粉含量分别为1.81%和0.82%,为全糯小麦;基因型为AAbbdd,aabbDD的部分糯性植株各有1株,直链淀粉含量分别为15.24%和17.57%。以上4株植株的农艺性状和品质性状接近回交亲本“川育12”,并明显优于全糯材料“98Y1441”,表明采用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择相结合,有助于培育高产、优质的全糯和部分糯小麦。同时,本研究中建立的分子标记技术体系,也为选育具有中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系奠定了基础。 在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。缺失不同Wx基因的8种基因型,直链淀粉含量差异显著。研究单缺失基因型发现,减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b基因,Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b基因没有显著差异,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b基因。研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力,Wx-B1a基因最高,Wx-A1a基因最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a基因差异很小;直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合;直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质,这一结果至今未见有文献报道;全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其他粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932)。以上结论可为糯小麦品种选育和淀粉品质改良提供理论依据。 Waxy wheat is very important in food processing industry, starch processing industry and the other industries, so it is a focus of wheat research in many countries these years. Foreign wheat breeders have not conquered the difficulty of high yield combined with waxy character, and there is no waxy wheat variety with high protein and strong gluten in China at present,all of which were caused by lacking proper breeding methods and effective, applied molecular markers-assisted selection technique at a certain extent. Until now, research about the effect of waxy genes mainly depended on nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, recombinant lines or near-isogenic lines, and it is lacking the reports of using improved BC5F2 backcross progenies under the common genetic background. Near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci are important materials for wheat starch quality breeding. However, there are no such lines under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. To develop partial waxy wheats, waxy wheats and near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background, we use SDS-PAGE of waxy proteins and effective, applied molecular marker-assisted selection technical system to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. The results indicated that such a system is applicable in waxy wheat’s molecular marker-assisted selection effectively. A series of Chinese Spring Wx loci near-isogenic lines were used to identify the specific bands of six STS markers and one CAPS marker of Wx genes. After optimizing PCR amplification and separating of PCR products, three co-dominant and dominant STS-markers were identified at the Wx-A1, Wx-D1 and Wx-B1 loci, respectively, which were used to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. Eight Wx genotypes were developed from the improved BC5F2 backcross progenies, which follows Mendelian segregation. Among them, there were two aabbdd waxy plants whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 1.81% and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, there were partial waxy plants (AAbbdd and aabbDD) whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 15.24 % and 17.57%, respectively. Most agronomic and quality traits of these four plants resembled those of the recurrent parent “Chuanyu 12”, and superior to waxy wheat parent “98Y1441”. This shows that backcross approach in combination with molecular marker-assisted selection of waxy genes is helpful to develop partial and full waxy wheat with good traits in the waxy wheat breeding program. At the same time, molecular marker-assisted selection technical system in this paper, also establish the base for breeding the near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. According to the results of genotype identification, we use waxy wheat’s improved BC5F2 backcross progenies to verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently, and investigate the relativity among amylose content with agonomic traits, quality traits, starch pasting properties respectively. There was significant difference in amylose content of the eight genotypes carrying different null Wx alleles. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the most significant in Wx-B1b, followed by Wx-D1b and Wx-A1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a was the highest, followed by Wx-D1a and Wx-A1a, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1a and Wx-D1a. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were not significantly correlated with plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, which showed that starch quality breeding could integrate with high yield breeding. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were negatively significantly correlated with SDS-sedimentation value(r=-0.726), which suggested that reduction in amylose content is propitious to improve quality at a certain extent. Starch pasting properties of the full waxy type was significantly different from the other seven types, with the highest peak viscosity and breakdown, and lowest valley viscosity, final viscosity, setback, peak time, pasting temperature and starting pasting temperature. It indicated that waxy wheat starch has special use in food and industry. Breakdown was negatively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=-0.969), and the other parameters were positively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=0.797 for final viscosity, r=0.910 for trough viscosity, r =0.954 for setback, r =0.970 for peak time, r=0.962 for pasting temperature and r=0.932 for starting pasting temperature ). The results of the study are very useful for waxy wheat variety breeding and starch quality improvement.