La noción de lo esencial en la enseñanza de lenguas modernas según los profesores. : Entrevistas con cinco profesores sobre la norma "Todo lo esencial de la enseñanza debe realizarse en la lengua meta" de Gy11.

La tesina investiga cómo cinco profesores interpretan la norma de Gy11 que indica que todo lo esencial de la enseñanza de lenguas modernas debe realizarse en la lengua meta. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas indican que los profesores interpretan la norma de maneras parecidas, es decir, que los profesores deben usar la lengua meta lo máximo posible en la enseñanza. La mayoría de los profesores están de acuerdo con la norma, sin embargo, tienen varias críticas contra Skolverket y la formulación de la norma. Ninguno de los profesores ha cambiado su uso de la lengua meta en el aula debido a la norma.

Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests : insights from longterm ecological and social research on the Pacific coast of Mexico

In the search for an integrated understanding of the relationships among productive activities, human well-being, and ecosystem functioning, we evaluated the services delivered by a tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem in the Chamela Region, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. We synthesized information gathered for the past two decades as part of a long-term ecosystem research study and included social data collected in the past four years using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) conceptual framework as a guide. Here we identify the four nested spatial scales at which information has been obtained and emphasize one of them through a basin conceptual model. We then articulate the biophysical and socio-economic constraints and drivers determining the delivery of ecosystem services in the Region. We describe the nine most important services, the stakeholders who benefit from those services, and their degree of awareness of such services. We characterize spatial and temporal patterns of the services’ delivery as well as trade-offs among services and stakeholders. Finally, we contrast three alternative future scenarios on the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being. Biophysical and socioeconomic features of the study site strongly influence human−ecosystem interactions, the ecosystem services delivered, the possible future trajectories of the ecosystem, and the effect on human well-being. We discuss future research approaches that will set the basis for an integrated understanding of human−ecosystem interactions and for constructing sustainable management strategies for the TDF.

The international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar diosrders

Objective:
The risk-benefit profile of antidepressant medications in bipolar disorder is controversial. When conclusive evidence is lacking, expert consensus can guide treatment decisions. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) convened a task force to seek consensus recommendations on the use of antidepressants in bipolar disorders.

Method:  
An expert task force iteratively developed consensus through serial consensus-based revisions using the Delphi method. Initial survey items were based on systematic review of the literature. Subsequent surveys included new or reworded items and items that needed to be rerated. This process resulted in the final ISBD Task Force clinical recommendations on antidepressant use in bipolar disorder.

Results:  
There is striking incongruity between the wide use of and the weak evidence base for the efficacy and safety of antidepressant drugs in bipolar disorder. Few well-designed, long-term trials of prophylactic benefits have been conducted, and there is insufficient evidence for treatment benefits with antidepressants combined with mood stabilizers. A major concern is the risk for mood switch to hypomania, mania, and mixed states. Integrating the evidence and the experience of the task force members, a consensus was reached on 12 statements on the use of antidepressants in bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:
Because of limited data, the task force could not make broad statements endorsing antidepressant use but acknowledged that individual bipolar patients may benefit from antidepressants. Regarding safety, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bupropion may have lower rates of manic switch than tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants and norepinephrine-serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The frequency and severity of antidepressant-associated mood elevations appear to be greater in bipolar I than bipolar II disorder. Hence, in bipolar I patients antidepressants should be prescribed only as an adjunct to mood-stabilizing medications.

Influence of light exposure during early life on the age of onset of bipolar disorder

BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions early in life may imprint the circadian system and influence response to environmental signals later in life. We previously determined that a large springtime increase in solar insolation at the onset location was associated with a younger age of onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood disorders. This study investigated whether the hours of daylight at the birth location affected this association. METHODS: Data collected previously at 36 collection sites from 23 countries were available for 3896 patients with bipolar I disorder, born between latitudes of 1.4 N and 70.7 N, and 1.2 S and 41.3 S. Hours of daylight variables for the birth location were added to a base model to assess the relation between the age of onset and solar insolation. RESULTS: More hours of daylight at the birth location during early life was associated with an older age of onset, suggesting reduced vulnerability to the future circadian challenge of the springtime increase in solar insolation at the onset location. Addition of the minimum of the average monthly hours of daylight during the first 3 months of life improved the base model, with a significant positive relationship to age of onset. Coefficients for all other variables remained stable, significant and consistent with the base model. CONCLUSIONS: Light exposure during early life may have important consequences for those who are susceptible to bipolar disorder, especially at latitudes with little natural light in winter. This study indirectly supports the concept that early life exposure to light may affect the long term adaptability to respond to a circadian challenge later in life.

O uso das histórias de Mauricio de Sousa na prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde

publicado na revista Comunicação e Sociedade

Produtividade da mão-de-obra e do capital investido na petrobrás : sua relação com o dimensionamento da força de trabalho

Esta obra pretende demonstrar como evoluem os índices de produtividade da mão-de-obra e do capital investido na PETROBRAS, investigando a relação mantida com o dimensionamento quantitativo e qualitativo da força de trabalho da estatal. índice de produtividade é o resultado da divisão das quantidades produzidas por um trabalho pelos insumos utilizados na consecução desse trabalho, em relação a um determinado período de tempo. A produtividade expressa, portanto, a razão output / input. O aumento da produtividade pode ser causado pela substituição da mão-de-obra por tecnologia aplicada via capital investido, afetando por conseguinte o dimensionamento da força de trabalho. No caso da Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - PETROBRAS, o autor identificou cinco períodos evolutivos correlatos às curvas de produtividade da estatal: de 1958 a 1964, de 1964 a 1973, de 1973 a 1979, de 1979 a 1991, e após 1991. De 1980 a 1995, a área de Exploração & Produção da companhia triplicou suas produtividades relativas - tanto da mão-de-obra quando do capital investido-, o mesmo não acontecendo nem com a área de Refinação nem com a PETROBRAS holding, que não viram crescer substancialmente suas produtividades relativas da mão-de-obra entre 1980 e 1995, enquanto caíam suas produtividades relativas do capital investido. Quanto às possibilidades futuras de dimensionamento quantitativo e qualitativo do contingente de pessoal, entrevistas realizadas com doze gerentes da empresa revelaram a tendência que aponta para a redução do número de empregados e mudança de seus perfis profissionais, e para a instituição de políticas de concentração e manutenção de pessoal qualificado por treinamento nas atividades-fim da companhia.

A justiça distributiva como critério fundamental nas políticas públicas: o caso dos jogos panamericanos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

This dissertation is a project of evaluation of the proposals of the Panamerican Games of 2007, that they will be carried through in the city of Rio De Janeiro. Great events present the possibility of improvement of the urban space and economic development, amongst other chances seen by politics and urban planners well. For this work we search to argue the city as field of specific study, understanding it in the current world-wide scene of globalization and computerization, the relations politics, economic and social existing interns. We search in material literature to study and to evaluate what it would be a ¿good city¿ and studies that had understood the development of the urban space. We also look for to understand the city of Rio de Janeiro as a singular urban space, since the origin of the city as a urban space, passing for the proposals gifts of modification of the carioca space. We dedicate part of the work, inside of the chapter where we understand the city of Rio de Janeiro, the presentation of the project of the Panamerican of 2007, comparing it with great previous events. The vision of technique and politics during the interviews was essential for the best understanding of the proposals of the Games. Finally we evaluate the proposals of modification of the Pan2007 for the city of Rio de Janeiro with the methodology of Kevin Lynch to evaluate the good form of the city" in communion with the proposal of distributive justice of Rawls. The result of this evaluation was that the current proposals of modification of the city for the Pan2007 will be able to generate resulted not deliberate for a considerable parcel of the population and to modify the economic relations harmfully, social and politics inside of the territory of the city. For such we consider measured compensatory satisfactory that they can reach the objectives of an equal citizenship and an equitable equality of chances, starting for the offering of the social minimums of just form. "

A vocação totalizante da história oral e o exemplo da formação do acervo de entrevistas do CPDOC

This paper discusses the oral history vocation to totality taking as example the formation of the CPDOC’s (Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil da Fundação Getulio Vargas) oral history archive. As “vocation to totality” we consider specially the construction of senses and syntheses of the past and the hermeneutical perspective in which oral history is inserted.

Além das versões: possibilidades da narrativa em entrevistas de história oral

The work with oral history consists of recording interviews which have historical and documental proprieties, with actors/actresses or witnesses of events, conjunctures, movements, institutions and ways of living along the contemporary history. One of its basic foundations is the narrative. An event or a situation lived by the interviewee can not be transmitted to any other person without being narrated. That means that it frames itself (meaning that it does become something) at the very moment of the interview. By telling his/her life experiences, the interviewee transforms what has been lived into language, selecting and organizing facts according to some determined meanings. This work of language in crystallising images (images which refer to, and mean again, life experience) is common in all narratives - and we do know that sometimes it is much more successful than others (just the way some oral history interviews are certainly more successful than others). However, perhaps we have not given yet all the attention needed to this work of language in the oral sources.

Movimento negro e "democracia racial" no Brasil: entrevistas com lideranças do movimento negro

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade examinar essa questão à luz das entrevistas com lideranças do movimento negro no Brasil realizadas no contexto do projeto “História do movimento negro no Brasil: constituição de acervo de entrevistas de história oral”, desenvolvido a partir de setembro de 2003 pelo Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC) da Fundação Getulio Vargas, com apoio do South-South Exchange Programme for Research on the History of Development (Sephis), sediado na Holanda, e do Programa de Apoio aos Núcleos de Excelência (Pronex) do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. O acervo constituído conta atualmente com 70 horas de entrevistas gravadas com 25 lideranças de diferentes estados do país, as quais serão objeto da análise. O objetivo é verificar, à luz das entrevistas gravadas até o momento, como se constituiu o que hoje se chama o “movimento negro contemporâneo”, quais foram suas estratégias e suas formas de atuação, na década de 1970 e no começo dos anos 80. Que influências e acontecimentos são considerados, hoje, decisivos pelas lideranças? Para isso, estaremos nos voltando principalmente para a análise das entrevistas daqueles(as) que tiveram atuação nesse período inicial – poderíamos dizer, daqueles(as) que “fundaram” propriamente o movimento negro contemporâneo. Como nossa pesquisa está em andamento, o resultado desta análise é preliminar, principalmente porque ainda não conseguimos ouvir todas as lideranças que atuavam na virada dos anos 70 e 80, no Brasil. Apesar dessas limitações, o escopo que serve de base para o presente texto é bastante representativo, pois inclui pessoas de diferentes regiões, como Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Maranhão e Sergipe, por exemplo.

História do movimento negro no Brasil: constituição de acervo de entrevistas de história oral

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar os primeiros resultados do projeto de formação de um banco de entrevistas de história oral sobre a história do movimento negro no Brasil. Este projeto objetiva acrescentar ao universo do estudo sobre as relações raciais no Brasil um banco de entrevistas com lideranças negras; de um lado, para constituir um registro da trajetória e do desempenho destas lideranças em diferentes momentos de nossa história e, de outro, para trazer ao próprio debate sobre a questão racial no Brasil (ao longo da história e com vistas ao presente e ao futuro) a contribuição daqueles que optaram por atuar primordialmente nessa esfera.