Access Management Research and Awareness Program : Phase IV, 1999

Access management involves balancing the dual roles that roadways must play - through travel and access to property and economic activity. When these roles are not in proper balance, the result is a roadway system that functions sub-optimally. Arterial routes that have a too high driveway density and provide overly extensive access to property have high crash rates and begin to suffer in terms of traffic operations. Such routes become congested, delays increase, and mean travel speeds decline. The Iowa access management research and awareness project has had four distinct phases. Phase I involved a detailed review of the extensive national access management literature so lessons learned elsewhere could be applied in Iowa. In Phase II original case study research was conducted in Iowa. Phase III of the project concentrated on outreach and education about access management. Phase IV of the Iowa access management project extended the work conducted during Phases II and III. The main work products for Phase IV were as follows: 1) three additional before and after case studies, illustrating the impacts of various access management treatments on traffic safety, traffic operations, and business vitality; 2) an access management handbook aimed primarily at local governments in Iowa; 3) a modular access management toolkit with brief descriptions of various access management treatments and considerations; and 4) an extensive outreach plan aimed at getting the results of Phases I through IV of the project out to diverse audiences in Iowa and elsewhere.

Pk-yrityksen markkinoinnin ja myynnin kehittäminen

Pienillä, yrittäjävetoisilla yrityksillä markkinoinnin resurssit ovat vähäiset eivätkä markkinointiosaamisen taso ja tietämys ole välttämättä kovin korkeat.Markkinointi on kuitenkin tärkeä osa liiketoimintaa ja hyvällä markkinoinnilla voidaan saavuttaa kilpailuetua ja menestyä markkinoilla. Tutkimuksessa perehdytään pienen, tuotantohyödykemarkkinoilla toimivan yrityksen markkinointiviestintään ja myyntiin. Tutkimuksessa käytiin läpi pienelle yritykselle sopivia markkinointiviestinnän keinoja ja tavoitteita. Lisäksi työssä käytiin läpi markkinointiviestinnän suunnitteluprosessi, jonka avulla yritys voi toteuttaa suunnitelmallista markkinointiviestintää. Työssä selvitettiin myös mitä tarkoitetaan integroidulla markkinointiviestinnällä ja miten pieni yritys voi käyttää sitä hyödykseen. Lopuksi tutkimuksessa vastauksia kysymyksiin miten ja minkälainen uusi myyntimies kannattaa rekrytoida. Tutkimuksessa tavoitteena on antaa toimenpidesuosituksia ja työkaluja, joiden avulla kohdeyritys voi kehittäämarkkinointiviestintää. Keskeisimmät kehitystarpeet ovat markkinointiviestinnän kokonaisvaltaisen suunnittelun tehostaminen, verkkoviestinnän tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen, markkinointisanomien täsmällisempi kohdistaminen sekä markkinointimateriaalien ulkoasu ja sisältö paremmiksi.

Guideline adaptation: an approach to enhance efficiency in guideline development and improve utilisation.

BACKGROUND: Developing and updating high-quality guidelines requires substantial time and resources. To reduce duplication of effort and enhance efficiency, we developed a process for guideline adaptation and assessed initial perceptions of its feasibility and usefulness. METHODS: Based on preliminary developments and empirical studies, a series of meetings with guideline experts were organised to define a process for guideline adaptation (ADAPTE) and to develop a manual and a toolkit made available on a website (http://www.adapte.org). Potential users, guideline developers and implementers, were invited to register and to complete a questionnaire evaluating their perception about the proposed process. RESULTS: The ADAPTE process consists of three phases (set-up, adaptation, finalisation), 9 modules and 24 steps. The adaptation phase involves identifying specific clinical questions, searching for, retrieving and assessing available guidelines, and preparing the draft adapted guideline. Among 330 registered individuals (46 countries), 144 completed the questionnaire. A majority found the ADAPTE process clear (78%), comprehensive (69%) and feasible (60%), and the manual useful (79%). However, 21% found the ADAPTE process complex. 44% feared that they will not find appropriate and high-quality source guidelines. DISCUSSION: A comprehensive framework for guideline adaptation has been developed to meet the challenges of timely guideline development and implementation. The ADAPTE process generated important interest among guideline developers and implementers. The majority perceived the ADAPTE process to be feasible, useful and leading to improved methodological rigour and guideline quality. However, some de novo development might be needed if no high quality guideline exists for a given topic.

Palvelutoimittajan kyvykkyyden arviointimalli CAT- Palvelutoimittajan kehittäminen osana hankintamenetelmää

Suorituskyvyn mittaamista on tehty jo kauan yrityksissä. Nyt tämä suuntaus on löytämässä tiensä myös julkiselle sektorille, jossa palvelutoimittajien kyvykkyyden ja suorituskyvyn mittaamista on alettu suunnittelemaan ja laajamittaisemminkin. Toistaiseksi julkisella sektorilla ei ole tutkittu palvelutoimittajankyvykkyyden mittaamista. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli antaa Tiehallinnolletoimittajavalinnan ja toimittajan kehittämisen työkalu, kyvykkyyden arviointimalli. Tavoitteena oli antaa myös kattava teoriakatsaus toimittajavalinnasta ja - kehittämisestä. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osa keskittyy toimittajavalintaan infra-alalla, julkiseen hankintalainsäädäntöön ja toimittajan kehittämiseen. Empiirisessä osassa keskityttiin palvelutoimittajan kyvykkyyden arviointimalliin, CAT:iin, sen kykytekijöihin ja indikaattoreihin sekä mallin modifiointiin. Tiehallinnon malli on pitkälti samansisältöinen kuin Highways Agencyn malli, joskin selkeämpi ja lyhempi. Yksi kykytekijä, toiminnan laatu, lisättiin tässä työssä olevaan arviointimalliin.

Automatic target validation based on neuroscientific literature mining for tractography.

Target identification for tractography studies requires solid anatomical knowledge validated by an extensive literature review across species for each seed structure to be studied. Manual literature review to identify targets for a given seed region is tedious and potentially subjective. Therefore, complementary approaches would be useful. We propose to use text-mining models to automatically suggest potential targets from the neuroscientific literature, full-text articles and abstracts, so that they can be used for anatomical connection studies and more specifically for tractography. We applied text-mining models to three structures: two well-studied structures, since validated deep brain stimulation targets, the internal globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus and, the nucleus accumbens, an exploratory target for treating psychiatric disorders. We performed a systematic review of the literature to document the projections of the three selected structures and compared it with the targets proposed by text-mining models, both in rat and primate (including human). We ran probabilistic tractography on the nucleus accumbens and compared the output with the results of the text-mining models and literature review. Overall, text-mining the literature could find three times as many targets as two man-weeks of curation could. The overall efficiency of the text-mining against literature review in our study was 98% recall (at 36% precision), meaning that over all the targets for the three selected seeds, only one target has been missed by text-mining. We demonstrate that connectivity for a structure of interest can be extracted from a very large amount of publications and abstracts. We believe this tool will be useful in helping the neuroscience community to facilitate connectivity studies of particular brain regions. The text mining tools used for the study are part of the HBP Neuroinformatics Platform, publicly available at http://connectivity-brainer.rhcloud.com/.

Vahva todennus julkisen avaimen järjestelmässä

Arvokasta tai luottamuksellista tietoa käsittelevien palveluiden, kuten pankki- ja kauppa-palveluiden, tarjoaminen julkisessa Internet-verkossa on synnyttänyt tarpeen vahvalle todennukselle, eli käyttäjien tunnistuksen varmistamiselle. Vahvassa todennuksessa käytetään salaus-menetelmien tarjoamia keinoja todennus-tapahtuman tieto-turvan parantamiseen heikkoihin todennusmenetelmiin nähden. Todennusta käyttäjätunnus-salasana-yhdistelmällä voidaan pitää heikkona menetelmänä. Julkisen avaimen järjestelmän varmenteita voidaan käyttää WWW-ympäristössä toimivissa palveluissa yhteyden osapuolten todentamiseen. Tässä työssä suunniteltiin vahva käyttäjän todennus julkisen avaimen järjestelmällä WWW-ympäristössä tarjottavalle palvelulle ja toteutettiin palvelun tarjoavan sovelluksen komponentiksi soveltuva yksinkertainen varmentaja OpenSSL-salaustyökalupaketin avulla. Työssä käydään läpi myös salauksen perusteet, julkisen avaimen järjestelmä ja esitellään olemassaolevia varmentajatoteutuksia ja mahdollisia tieto-turva-uhkia Vahva todennus tulee suunnitella siten, että palvelun käyttäjä ymmärtää, mikä tarkoitus hänen toimillaan on ja miten ne edistävät tietoturvaa. Internet-palveluissa käyttäjän vahva todennus ei ole yleistynyt huonon käytettävyyden vuoksi.

A multi-contrast MRI study of microstructural brain damage in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate pathological mechanisms underlying brain tissue alterations in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using multi-contrast 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Forty-two MCI patients and 77 healthy controls (HC) underwent T1/T2* relaxometry as well as Magnetization Transfer (MT) MRI. Between-groups comparisons in MRI metrics were performed using permutation-based tests. Using MRI data, a generalized linear model (GLM) was computed to predict clinical performance and a support-vector machine (SVM) classification was used to classify MCI and HC subjects. RESULTS: Multi-parametric MRI data showed microstructural brain alterations in MCI patients vs HC that might be interpreted as: (i) a broad loss of myelin/cellular proteins and tissue microstructure in the hippocampus (p ≤ 0.01) and global white matter (p < 0.05); and (ii) iron accumulation in the pallidus nucleus (p ≤ 0.05). MRI metrics accurately predicted memory and executive performances in patients (p ≤ 0.005). SVM classification reached an accuracy of 75% to separate MCI and HC, and performed best using both volumes and T1/T2*/MT metrics. CONCLUSION: Multi-contrast MRI appears to be a promising approach to infer pathophysiological mechanisms leading to brain tissue alterations in MCI. Likewise, parametric MRI data provide powerful correlates of cognitive deficits and improve automatic disease classification based on morphometric features.

Kuluja vai katetta ? Konstruktiivinen tutkielma tavaratoimittajan lisäarvon arvioinnista ja mittaamisesta. Case: Suomalainen Kirjakauppa Oy

Tavaratoimittajien valintamenettely ja heidän toimintansa seuraaminen, arvioiminen ja mittaaminen on viime vuosina kasvanut nopeasti. Mutta moniko yritys tietää omien tavaratoimittajien tuottaman lisäarvon ? Ja miten tavaratoimittajien lisä-arvoa yrityksessä voidaan arvioida ja mitata, ja missä laajuudessa se on relevanttia ? Näihin ja eräisiin muihin asiaan liittyviin ongelmiin antaa tämä tutkielma työ-kalun ja vastauksen. Tutkielman teoreettisessa osassa esitellään sekä tavaratoimittajien lisäarvon syntyä että eräitä mahdollisia lisäarvon arviointi ja mittaamismenetelmiä tavara-toimittajien arvioimisen ja mittaamisen näkökulmasta. Empiirisessä osassa tutkimusongelmaan esitettään eräs vaihtoehtoinen ratkaisutapa case yrityksen kautta. Tutkielman perusteella voitaneen sanoa, että tavaratoimittajien lisäarvon arvioiminen ja mittaaminen, erityisesti tilanteessa, missä mietitään tavaratoimittajien kokonaismäärää ja heistä koituvien kustannusten leikkaamista, on panostamisen arvoinen työ.

Guideline adaptation: a methodology to enhance efficiency in guideline development and improve utilization.

BACKGROUND: Developing and updating high-quality guidelines requires substantial time and resources. To reduce duplication of effort and enhance efficiency, we developed a process for guideline adaptation and assessed initial perceptions of its feasibility and usefulness. METHODS: Based on preliminary developments and empirical studies, a series of meetings with guideline experts were organised to define a process for guideline adaptation (ADAPTE) and to develop a manual and a toolkit made available on a website (http://www.adapte.org). Potential users, guideline developers and implementers, were invited to register and to complete a questionnaire evaluating their perception about the proposed process.

Sistema de visualización SIG del Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya

El sistema de visualización SIG del Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya (SMC) consiste en un sistema que visualiza la información meteorológica del SMC mediante un visor SIG. La herramienta permitirá a los técnicos del SMC poder consultar productos meteorológicos, como modelos numéricos, productos de Meteosat, radar, descargas eléctricas, etc. El sistema se compone de un servidor MapServer, utilizando MapCache como sistema de caché, y de un visor SIG web implementado en JavaScript, utilizando las librerías Dojo Toolkit y OpenLayers.

Análise da distribuição espacial de dose absorvida em próton terapia ocular

OBJETIVO: Propõe-se avaliar os perfis de dose em profundidade e as distribuições espaciais de dose para protocolos de radioterapia ocular por prótons, a partir de simulações computacionais em código nuclear e modelo de olho discretizado em voxels. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As ferramentas computacionais empregadas foram o código Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) Toolkit e o SISCODES (Sistema Computacional para Dosimetria em Radioterapia). O Geant4 é um pacote de software livre, utilizado para simular a passagem de partículas nucleares com carga elétrica através da matéria, pelo método de Monte Carlo. Foram executadas simulações computacionais reprodutivas de radioterapia por próton baseada em instalações pré-existentes. RESULTADOS: Os dados das simulações foram integrados ao modelo de olho através do código SISCODES, para geração das distribuições espaciais de doses. Perfis de dose em profundidade reproduzindo o pico de Bragg puro e modulado são apresentados. Importantes aspectos do planejamento radioterápico com prótons são abordados, como material absorvedor, modulação, dimensões do colimador, energia incidente do próton e produção de isodoses. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a terapia por prótons, quando adequadamente modulada e direcionada, pode reproduzir condições ideais de deposição de dose em neoplasias oculares.

Contribution of subcortical structures to cognition assessed with invasive electrophysiology in humans

Implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes via stereotactic neurosurgery has become a standard procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. More recently, the range of neuropsychiatric conditions and the possible target structures suitable for DBS have greatly increased. The former include obsessive compulsive disease, depression, obesity, tremor, dystonia, Tourette's syndrome and cluster-headache. In this article we argue that several of the target structures for DBS (nucleus accumbens, posterior inferior hypothalamus, nucleus subthalamicus, nuclei in the thalamus, globus pallidus internus, nucleus pedunculopontinus) are located at strategic positions within brain circuits related to motivational behaviors, learning, and motor regulation. Recording from DBS electrodes either during the operation or post-operatively from externalized leads while the patient is performing cognitive tasks tapping the functions of the respective circuits provides a new window on the brain mechanisms underlying these functions. This is exemplified by a study of a patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disease from whom we recorded in a flanker task designed to assess action monitoring processes while he received a DBS electrode in the right nucleus accumbens. Clear error-related modulations were obtained from the target structure, demonstrating a role of the nucleus accumbens in action monitoring. Based on recent conceptualizations of several different functional loops and on neuroimaging results we suggest further lines of research using this new window on brain functions.

Morphometric Study of Cerebral Arterioles in CADASIL

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy(CADASIL) is the most common hereditary small vessel disease (SVD) leading to vascular dementia. The cause of the disease is mutations in NOTCH3 gene located at chromosome 19p13.1. The gene defect results in accumulation of granular osmiophilic material and extracellular domain of NOTCH3 at vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with subsequent degeneration of VSMCs. This arteriopathy leads to white matter (WM) rarefaction and multiple lacunar infarctions in both WM and deep grey matter (GM) visible in magnetic resonance imaging. This thesis is focused on the quantitative morphometric analysis of the stenosis and fibrosis in arterioles of the frontal cerebral WM, cortical GM and deep GM (lenticular nucleus (LN), i.e. putamen and globus pallidus). It was performed by assessing four indicators of arteriolar stenosis and fibrosis: (1) diameter of arteriolar lumen, (2) thickness of arteriolar wall, (3) external diameter of arterioles and (4) sclerotic index. These parameters were assessed (a) in 5 elderly CADASIL patients with the mean age of onset 47 years and of death 63 years, (b) in a 32-year-old young CADASIL patient with the first ischemic episode at the age of 29 years and (c) a very old CADASIL patient aged 95 years, who suffered the first stroke at the age of 71 years. These measurements were compared with age-matched controls without stroke, dementia, hypertension, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Morphometric analyses disclosed that in all age groups of CADASIL patients compared to corresponding controls there was significant narrowing of arteriolar lumen (stenosis) and fibrotic thickening of the walls (fibrosis) in the WM arterioles, although the significance of stenosis in the very old patient was marginal. In the LN arterioles there was only significant fibrosis without stenosis. These results suggest that the ischemic lesions and lacunar infarcts in the cerebral WM are mainly attributable to the stenosis of arterioles, whereas those in the LN are probably mainly due to hemodynamic changes of the cerebral blood flow. In conclusion: The SVD of CADASIL is characterized by narrowing of lumina and fibrotic thickening of walls predominantly in the cerebral WM arterioles. On the other hand, in the LN the ischemic lesions and lacunar infarcts are most probably hemodynamic due to impaired autoregulation caused by the rigidity of fibrotic arterioles. The pathological cerebral arteriolar alterations begin to develop already at a relatively young age but the onset may be delayed to a remarkably old age. This underlines the well known great variability in the clinical picture of CADASIL. The very late onset of CADASIL may cause its underdiagnosis, because the strokes are common in the elderly and are attributed to common risk factors.

Task Force on Librarians’ Competencies in Support of E-Research and Scholarly Communication

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014