Las negociaciones agropecuarias en el ALCA

Introducción Los problemas de la agricultura se han constituido en algunos de los problemas centrales en las negociaciones del ALCA (Alianza de Libre Comercio para las Américas). Son evidentes posiciones enfrentadas, a veces con mucha energía, no sólo por Estados Unidos y Canadá, sino también dentro de América Latina. Es comprensible la importancia que se otorga al sector agropecuario  (incluyendo la producción agrícola, ganadera y forestal). Si bien es cierto el comercio agropecuario alcanzó apenas el 9% del comercio mundial en mercancías en 2001, para exportadores de productos primarios, como es el caso de América Latina, la proporción es mucho más alta: 16% del total de mercancías y casi la mitad de las exportaciones de productos primarios. El sector agropecuario representa una proporción muy baja de las economías de los países desarrollados (por ejemplo, el 2% del PIB en Estados Unidos), pero es mucho más importante en Latinoamérica.

Methodology for evaluating the landscape character of Malaysian heritage urban river corridors

The effects of rapid development have increased pressures on these places exacerbated by the competition between two key industry sectors, commercial base and tourism development. This, in supplement with urbanisation and industrialisation, has posted a high demand for the uses of these spaces. The political scenario and lack of adaptation on ecological principles and public participations in its design approach have sparked stiff environmental, historical and cultural constraint towards its landscape character as well as the ecological system. Therefore, a holistic approach towards improving the landscape design process is extremely necessary to protect human well being, cultural, environmental and historical values of these places. Limited research also has been carried out to overcome this situation. This further has created an urgent need to explore better ways to improve the landscape design process of Malaysian heritage urban river corridor developments that encompass the needs and aspirations of the Malaysian multi-ethnic society without making any drastic changes to the landscape character of the rivers. This paper presents a methodology to develop an advanced Landscape Character Assessment (aLCA) framework for evaluating the landscape character of the places, derived from the perception of two keys yet oppositional stakeholders: urban design team and special interest public. The triangulation of subjectivist paradigm methodologies: the psychophysical approach; the psychological approach; and, the phenomenological approach will be employed. The outcome will be used to improve the present landscape design process for future development of these places. Unless a range of perspectives can be brought to bear on enhancing the form and function of their future development and management, urban river corridors in the Malaysian context will continue to decline.

Development of a high-level gene expression system for the production of bioplastics in sugarcane

Despite various approaches, the production of biodegradable plastics such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in transgenic plants has met with limited success due largely to low expression levels. Even in the few instances where high levels of protein expression have been reported, the transgenic plants have been stunted indicating PHB is phytotoxic (Poirier 2002). This PhD describes the application of a novel virus-based gene expression technology, termed InPAct („In Plant Activation.), for the production of PHB in tobacco and sugarcane. InPAct is based on the rolling circle replication mechanism by which circular ssDNA viruses replicate and provides a system for controlled, high-level gene expression. Based on these features, InPAct was thought to represent an ideal system to enable the controlled, high-level expression of the three phb genes (phbA, phbB and phbC) required for PHB production in sugarcane at a preferred stage of plant growth. A Tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TbYDV)-based InPAct-phbA vector, as well as linear vectors constitutively expressing phbB and phbC were constructed and different combinations were used to transform tobacco leaf discs. A total of four, eight, three and three phenotypically normal tobacco lines were generated from discs transformed with InPAct-phbA, InPAct-phbA + p1300-TaBV P-phbB/phbC- 35S T, p1300-35S P-phbA-NOS T + p1300-TaBV P-phbB/phbC-35S T and InPAct-GUS, respectively. To determine whether the InPAct cassette could be activated in the presence of the TbYDV Rep, leaf samples from the eight InPActphbA + p1300-TaBV P-phbB/phbC-35S T plants were agroinfiltrated with p1300- TbYDV-Rep/RepA. Three days later, successful activation was indicated by the detection of episomes using both PCR and Southern analysis. Leaf discs from the eight InPAct-phbA + p1300-TaBV P-phbB/phbC-35S T transgenic plant lines were agroinfiltrated with p1300-TbYDV-Rep/RepA and leaf tissue was collected ten days post-infiltration and examined for the presence of PHB granules. Confocal microscopy and TEM revealed the presence of typical PHB granules in five of the eight lines, thus demonstrating the functionality of InPActbased PHB production in tobacco. However, analysis of leaf extracts by HPLC failed to detect the presence of PHB suggesting only very low level expression levels. Subsequent molecular analysis of three lines revealed low levels of correctly processed mRNA from the catalase intron contained within the InPAct cassette and also the presence of cryptic splice sites within the intron. In an attempt to increase expression levels, new InPAct-phb cassettes were generated in which the castorbean catalase intron was replaced with a synthetic intron (syntron). Further, in an attempt to both increase and better control Rep/RepA-mediated activation of InPAct cassettes, Rep/RepA expression was placed under the control of a stably integrated alc switch. Leaf discs from a transgenic tobacco line (Alc ML) containing 35S P-AlcR-AlcA P-Rep/RepA were supertransformed with InPAct-phbAsyn or InPAct-GUSsyn using Agrobacterium and three plants (lines) were regenerated for each construct. Analysis of the RNA processing of the InPAct-phbAsyn cassette revealed highly efficient and correct splicing of the syntron, thus supporting its inclusion within the InPAct system. To determine the efficiency of the alc switch to activate InPAct, leaf material from the three Alc ML + InPAct-phbAsyn lines was either agroinfiltrated with 35S P-Rep/RepA or treated with ethanol. Unexpectedly, episomes were detected not only in the infiltrated and ethanol treated samples, but also in non-treated samples. Subsequent analysis of transgenic Alc ML + InPAct-GUS lines, confirmed that the alc switch was leaky in tissue culture. Although this was shown to be reversible once plants were removed from the tissue culture environment, it made the regeneration of Alc ML + InPAct-phbsyn plant lines extremely difficult, due to unintentional Rep expression and therefore high levels of phb expression and phytotoxic PHB production. Two Alc ML + InPAct-phbAsyn + p1300-TaBV P-phbB/phbC-35S T transgenic lines were able to be regenerated, and these were acclimatised, alcohol-treated and analysed. Although episome formation was detected as late as 21 days post activation, no PHB was detected in the leaves of any plants using either microscopy or HPLC, suggesting the presence of a corrupt InPAct-phbA cassette in both lines. The final component of this thesis involved the application of both the alc switch and the InPAct systems to sugarcane in an attempt to produce PHB. Initial experiments using transgenic Alc ML + InPAct-GUS lines indicated that the alc system was not functional in sugarcane under the conditions tested. The functionality of the InPAct system, independent of the alc gene switch, was subsequently examined by bombarding the 35S Rep/RepA cassette into leaf and immature leaf whorl cells derived from InPAct-GUS transgenic sugarcane plants. No GUS expression was observed in leaf tissue, whereas weak and irregular GUS expression was observed in immature leaf whorl tissue derived from two InPAct- GUS lines and two InPAct-GUS + 35S P-AlcR-AlcA P-GUS lines. The most plausible reason to explain the inconsistent and low levels of GUS expression in leaf whorls is a combination of low numbers of sugarcane cells in the DNA replication-conducive S-phase and the irregular and random nature of sugarcane cells bombarded with Rep/RepA. This study details the first report to develop a TbYDV-based InPAct system under control of the alc switch to produce PHB in tobacco and sugarcane. Despite the inability to detect quantifiable levels of PHB levels in either tobacco or sugarcane, the findings of this study should nevertheless assist in the further development of both the InPAct system and the alc system, particularly for sugarcane and ultimately lead to an ethanol-inducible InPAct gene expression system for the production of bioplastics and other proteins of commercial value in plants.

In Plant Activation: An inducible, hyperexpression platform for recombinant protein production in plants

In this study, we describe a novel protein production platform that provides both activation and amplification of transgene expression in planta. The In Plant Activation (INPACT) system is based on the replication machinery of tobacco yellow dwarf mastrevirus (TYDV) and is essentially transient gene expression from a stably transformed plant, thus combining the advantages of both means of expression. The INPACT cassette is uniquely arranged such that the gene of interest is split and only reconstituted in the presence of the TYDV-encoded Rep/RepA proteins. Rep/RepA expression is placed under the control of the AlcA:AlcR gene switch, which is responsive to trace levels of ethanol. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun) plants containing an INPACT cassette encoding the b-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter had negligible background expression but accumulated very high GUS levels (up to 10% total soluble protein) throughout the plant, within 3 d of a 1% ethanol application. The GUS reporter was replaced with a gene encoding a lethal ribonuclease, barnase, demonstrating that the INPACT system provides exquisite control of transgene expression and can be adapted to potentially toxic or inhibitory compounds. The INPACT gene expression platform is scalable, not host-limited, and has been used to express both a therapeutic and an industrial protein.

O papel dos grupos de interesse no "trade policy making" brasileiro: o caso das negociações Brasil-Argentina para o setor automotivo

Desde a redemocratização do país em 1985 o MRE já vinha se posicionando à favor do diálogo com os mais diversos grupos e entidades sociais. Neste sentido, observou-se ao longo dos últimos anos um aprofundamento da interação com parlamentares, governos estaduais e municipais, empresários, sindicalistas, ONGs e imprensa. A construção de vínculos entre as organizações da sociedade civil críticas das negociações comerciais ao longo da década de 1990 permite falar na criação de um novo campo de ação coletiva transnacional, definido como um espaço de ação política formado por indivíduos e organizações da sociedade civil que participam do processo de elaboração de um conjunto comum de práticas, objetivos e crenças. O que se pode concluir é que diante de um contexto mais competitivo e globalizado, após processo de abertura comercial e intensificação da participação brasileira nas negociações internacionais, a representação dos interesses da classe empresarial teve que se adaptar criando uma nova forma de organização. Desse modo, o presente trabalho visa analisar a crescente interferência de grupos de interesse no processo de tomada de decisão, no que tange aos assuntos de política externa comercial brasileira, tais como as negociações comerciais internacionais por se tratar de um ambiente cujos interesses da classe empresarial mais podem ser afetados. As negociações comerciais internacionais é o ambiente em que a atuação empresarial mais pode ser percebida. As negociações do Mercosul e da ALCA possibilitam observar a participação ativa destes novos atores. Sendo assim, o trabalho apresenta a nova dinâmica de relacionamento entre Estado e grupos da sociedade civil (classe empresarial) para temas ligados a comércio exterior.

Democracia, política externa e integração regional: um estudo comparativo das trejetórias de Argentina e Brasil

Este trabalho focaliza os fenômenos da politização da política externa e da luta pela democratização do seu processo decisório no que se refere às políticas deintegração regional de Argentina e Brasil, nos âmbitos do MERCOSUL e da ALCA. O objetivo principal é analisar, por um lado, os processos de liberalização política edemocratização do regime ocorridos nestes dois países entre os anos 1970 e 1980,e, por outro, as relações entre a incorporação do regionalismo às respectivas estratégias de inserção internacional e a politização da política externa, desde o finalda Guerra Fria. Considerando as controvérsias em torno do conceito de democracia,são discutidas as principais estratégias de análise encontradas na políticacomparada e as três principais perspectivas teóricas contemporâneas (realismo,pluralismo e deliberativismo). A análise empírica concentra-se em dois processos: a criação do MERCOSUL, desde suas origens até o final da fase de transição (1991-1994), e as negociações para a criação da ALCA, desde o seu lançamento até a suspensão (1994 2005). Argumenta-se que apesar da incorporação do regionalismo haver gerado um aumento da politização doméstica em torno da política externa, isto não significou, no entanto, qualquer avanço no sentido da democratização das decisões nestes âmbitos específicos

Internacionalização econômica e coalizões políticas

A tese analisa a relação entre liberalização do comércio exterior, formação de coalizões políticas e restrições a políticas econômicas redistributivas. Na primeira parte, são analisados três momentos do processo de liberalização do Brasil: (i) a implementação do cronograma de liberalização formulado em 1990 pelo governo de Fernando Collor; (ii) as negociações para a criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas lançadas em 1994; e (iii) as negociações da Rodada Doha da Organização Mundial do Comércio lançadas em 2001. Na segunda parte, se comparam as restrições enfrentadas pela coalizão de esquerda eleita no Brasil em 2002 com as enfrentadas por outros governos de esquerda na América do Sul. As hipóteses são que as (i) coalizões políticas, na liberalização do comércio exterior, dependem da etapa do processo de abertura, que altera os efeitos do comércio sobre a renda e as políticas à disposição dos grupos para defenderem-se, e (ii) da estrutura do setor produtivo. Na segunda etapa, a hipótese é que (iii) abertura restringe políticas redistributivas mais profundas, mas não qualquer política heterodoxa.

Stable breeding despite variable feeding in two sympatric auk species

Capsule Despite substantial inter-annual and inter-specific variance in the composition of chick diet, the breeding success of Guillemots (Common Murres) Uria aalge and Razorbills Alca torda remained constant from 2008 to 2010.
Aims To examine inter-specific and inter-annual differences in breeding success, chick provisioning behaviour and predation between two sympatric auk species.
Methods Focal observations of breeding auks at Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland, during 2008, 2009 and 2010 recorded reproductive success, reasons for breeding failure, prey composition and quality and chick provisioning rates.
Results Breeding success of both species was stable over the three years, despite significant variance in the composition and quality of the diet provided to chicks. Razorbills experienced greater rates of failure than Guillemots owing to chick loss and had lower overall breeding success.
Conclusion Guillemot and Razorbill breeding success was independent of the composition and quality of prey items delivered to chicks. Inter-specific differences in reproductive success may have been attributed to greater rates of predation at Razorbill rather than Guillemot nests.

Programa alumno ayudante

Participante en la convocatoria: Premios de buenas pr??cticas en materia de convivencia, Gobierno de Arag??n 2011-2012

Convivenvia entre g??neros

Participante en la convocatoria: Premios de buenas pr??cticas en materia de convivencia, Gobierno de Arag??n 2011-2012

Abre los ojos, mira a tu lado

Participante en la convocatoria: Premios de buenas pr??cticas en materia de convivencia, Gobierno de Arag??n 2011-2012

Modelo integrado de convivencia

Seleccionado en la convocatoria: Ayudas a la innovaci??n e investigaci??n educativa en centros docentes de niveles no universitarios, Gobierno de Arag??n 2008-09

Resposta a la globalització educativa a Amèrica : estratègies per defensar l'educació pública. 'Respuesta a la globalización educativa en América : estrategias para defender la educación pública'.

En diversas cumbres de líderes de los países de las Américas, excluyendo a Cuba, se ha ambicionado crear un Área de Libre Comercio en las Américas (ALCA). El proceso comenzó en 1994, con el objetivo de cumplir la negociación en el año 2005. Los gobiernos de los países cubiertos por el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLC) han aspirado a ampliar a todo el hemisferio la misma política. El gobierno canadiense describe lo anterior como la creación de unas reglas comunes a través del hemisferio para promover el comercio y disminuir la corrupción, haciendo el proceso más fácil y menos burocrático. Un elemento diferenciador en el ALCA respeto a otros tratados comerciales es que la educación se coloca completamente en un contexto económico, dentro del Acuerdo General de la Industria de Servicios (AGIS), iniciado en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), y del APEC (Cooperación Económica Asia- Pacífico). Pero contempla igualmente los objetivos sociales de la educación. La agenda de actividades se llama Programa Interamericano de Educación.

La gestión de la OEA en los procesos de liberalización comercial de las américas

La implementación de medidas de liberalización comercial y el desarrollo de iniciativas de integración económica han sido dos de los principales rasgos de la política económica de los países del continente americano desde mediados de los noventa. Frente a esta dinámica, la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) asumió una serie de funciones encaminadas a apoyar las negociaciones comerciales adelantadas por los Estados, especialmente la negociación del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA), proceso determinante en la vinculación de la Organización con los temas comerciales. El presente comentario OPEC explica el contexto general en el que se produce la conexión de la OEA con el proyecto ALCA y la evolución de esta iniciativa, y explica las razones por la cuales se encuentra congelada en este momento. Adicionalmente, el documento analiza la labor que la Organización ha realizado en la promoción del libre comercio y vislumbra cuál podría ser su misión en el futuro en las iniciativas comerciales que se desarrollan en el continente.

Análisis de las barreras no arancelarias ante la disminución de aranceles. Una aproximación a las relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Estados Unidos (1990 - 2011).

Estados Unidos junto a Japón y algunos Estados europeos han incentivado e impulsado al resto de los Estados a que abran sus fronteras y se inserten en el modelo de liberalización comercial. Estos países, en particular Estados Unidos promueven este modelo por medio de las relaciones comerciales que establece con otros Estados. Al establecer esta clase de relaciones, especialmente con Estados menos desarrollados, el país norteamericano busca mejorar su posición y obtener beneficios en detrimento de la otra parte por medio de la imposición de condiciones para maximizar sus beneficios y ganancias. La necesidad del gobierno estadounidense de mantener e incrementar su credibilidad ante sus ciudadanos y al mismo tiempo incentivar a los demás países para que abran sus fronteras se expresa en una incongruencia entre el discurso defensor del libre comercio y las estrategias proteccionistas como las barreras no arancelarias que pone en marcha y cuyo propósito es no perder espacio en el sistema internacional ni ver menoscabada su influencia sobre los demás Estados. Sin embargo, el establecimiento de medidas proteccionistas afecta las posiciones comerciales de países como Colombia en tanto que estas medidas ponen en desventaja a sus productos.