Elämänlaatu ja iäkkäiden kaatumisten ehkäisy

Quality of life and fall prevention among the aged Improvement of quality of life is considered to be one of the most important goals of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation among the aged. The study aimed to describe and assess fall prevention interventions as a quality of life indicator, and to describe the social dimension of health-related quality of life among the aged. In addition, it aimed to assess the effects of fall prevention intervention on quality of life among the aged. The study was implemented by using a methodological triangulation. The data in the systematic review was retrieved from the databasis of medical and nursing sciences. Home-dwelling aged (n=19) participated in the qualitative study of a social dimension of quality of life. The data was gathered by the thematic interview method. The quantitative multifactorial fall prevention study comprised 591 participants, either the aged living at home or in sheltered housing, showing an increased risk of falling. Participants were randomized into an intervention or a control group. Follow-up measurements were carried out after a 12 month intervention. The data was collected by the 15D quality of life instrument and a structured questionnaire. Based on the systematic review, only in a few studies fall prevention produced positive effects on dimensions of quality of life (physical function, social function, vitality, mental health, environmental domain). Based on the thematic interview the social dimension of quality of life consisted of three themes: personal values, personal milieu and personal daily life. Based on the fall prevention program, depressive symptoms and distress decreased, managing in usual activities improved, sexual activity and phone contacts increased among men. In women, managing in usual activities improved, socializing increased and discomfort and symptoms decreased. Within the groups, self-perceived health improved among women in the intervention group and among men in the control groups. In addition, fear of falling and feelings of insecurity reduced among women in the intervention group. Personal daily life with its activities opened up new perspectives into the social dimension of good quality of life, which was emphasized especially in the interviews of the oldest participants. Multifactorial fall prevention can affect positively some physical and psychosocial dimensions of quality of life among the community-dwelling aged. Additional studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods and multiple outcome measures are needed. Fall prevention intervention may affect quality of life by different mechanisms, and the quantitative and qualitative assessment of its effects should also be included in the interventions of randomized controlled trials.

Organizational mechanisms and conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing in post-acquisition integration

The challenges of knowledge sharing after cross-border acquisitions are widely recognised. The study took a new view to the subject by applying a two-level framework provided by the knowledge governance approach. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of organizational mechanisms on the conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing in post-acquisition integration context. Qualitative research methods were used in this case study. Individual interviews were performed within an international firm after a recent cross-border acquisition. The results showed that integrators, the rotation of the personnel from the acquiring firm and visits and meetings enhance the conditions at the individual level for knowledge sharing after the acquisition. Respectively, strategic change, matrix structure and foreign HRM practices challenge the conditions at the individual level for knowledge sharing in the early post-acquisition integration phase. The findings are supported by the prior research on knowledge management in acquisitions. In particular, the study enlightens how organizational level actions influence the conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing. The study suggests that organizations should adjust organizational mechanisms to support the conditions of individuals, in order to promote knowledge sharing in the early phase of the integration.

Viimeisen klikin harha: attribuutiomallinnus verkkomainonnan tuloksellisuuden mittaamisessa verkkokaupassa

Verkkokaupat käyttävät lukuisia eri verkkomainonnan keinoja houkutellakseen potentiaalisia asiakkaita verkkosivuilleen. Verkkomainonnan tuloksellisuutta on perinteisesti mitattu yksittäisen mainoksen tuottaman myynnin perusteella. Yksittäisten mainosten klikkauksien tuoman myynnin mittaaminen ei kuitenkaan ota huomioon mahdollisia aiempia vierailuja muiden verkkomainosten kautta. Tämä aiheuttaa mainostajille viimeisen klikin harhan, jossa viimeinen myyntiin johtanut klikkaus on yliarvostettu ja aiemmat klikkaukset aliarvostettuja. Attribuutiomallinnuksella on mahdollista ottaa huomioon myös aiemmat vierailut verkkosivustolla muiden klikkausten kautta ja jakaa myynnin arvo eri kanavien kesken. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvailla verkkomainonnan kanavien tuloksellisuuden mittaamista verkkokaupassa eri attribuutiomallien avulla. Tutkimusongelmana on analysoida, miten verkkomainonnan kanavien tuloksellisuus vaihtelee verkkokaupassa eri attribuutiomalleilla mitattuna. Tutkimusongelmaa on käsitelty seuraavien osaongelmien kautta: Miten ja mistä kuluttajan ostopolku verkossa muodostuu? Mitä rooleja kanavilla on ostopolussa ja miten ne vaikuttavat kanavien tuloksellisuuteen? Tutkimusongelmiin vastataan teoriakirjallisuuden avulla sekä analyysilla, jossa havainnollistetaan kanavien tuloksellisuutta eri attribuutiomalleja käyttäen. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään Suomessa toimivan, kuluttajille lahjoja myyvän, verkkokaupan kävijäanalytiikkaa. Tutkimuksessa vertaillaan eri malleja sekä analysoidaan niiden sopivuutta verkkokaupalle kanavakohtaisesti. Analyysin perusteella pyritään saavuttamaan kokonaisvaltaisempi ymmärrys eri kanavien tuomasta myynnistä verkkokaupalle. Attribuutiomallinnuksessa on tärkeää ymmärtää kuluttajan ostopolku verkossa, joka muodostuu lukuisista vierailusta samassa verkkokaupassa eri kanavien kautta. Kanavat voidaan jakaa sekä yritysaloitteellisiin että asiakasaloitteellisiin kanaviin. Kanavien tuloksellisuutta tulee tarkastella suhteessa toisiinsa, sillä niiden rooli ostopolussa vaihtelee. Osa kanavista on avustavia kanavia ostopolun alussa ja osa ostopolun lopussa vaikuttavia viimeisen interaktion kanavia. Attribuutiomallinnuksen avulla mainostaja kykenee mittaamaan kanavien tuloksellisuutta todenmukaisemmin yksittäisten kanavien mittaamisen sijaan. Tutkimuksen kuusi erilaista attribuutiomallia antavat erilaisia tuloksia kanavien osuudesta kokonaismyynnistä. Attribuutiomalleja voidaan hyödyntää kanavavalintojen tekemisessä ja budjetin allokoinnin suunnittelussa.

Negotiating home and belonging. Young Kurds in Finland

This study looks at negotiation of belonging and understandings of home among a generation of young Kurdish adults who were born in Iraq, Iran, and Turkey and who reached adulthood in Finland. The young Kurds taking part in the study belong to the generation of migrants who moved to Finland in their childhood and early teenage years from the region of Kurdistan and elsewhere in the Middle East, then grew to adulthood in Finland. In theoretical terms, the study draws broadly from three approaches: transnationalism, intersectionality, and narrativity. Transnationalism refers to individuals’ cross-border ties and interaction extending beyond nationstates’ borders. Young people of migrant background, it has been suggested, are raised in a transnational space that entails cross-border contacts, ties, and visits to the societies of departure. How identities and feelings of belonging become formed in relation to the transnational space is approached with an intersectional frame, for examination of individuals’ positionings in terms of their intersecting attributes of gender, age/generation, and ethnicity, among others. Focus on the narrative approach allows untangling how individuals make sense of their place in the social world and how they narrate their belonging in terms of various mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, including institutional arrangements and discursive categorisation schemes. The empirical data for this qualitative study come from 25 semi-structured thematic interviews that were conducted with 23 young Kurdish adults living in Turku and Helsinki between 2009 and 2011. The interviewees were aged between 19 and 28 years at the time of interviewing. Interview themes involved topics such as school and working life, family relations and language-learning, political activism and citizenship, transnational ties and attachments, belonging and identification, and plans for the future and aspirations. Furthermore, data were collected from observations during political demonstrations and meetings, along with cultural get-togethers. The data were analysed via thematic analysis. The findings from the study suggest that young Kurds express a strong sense of ‘Kurdishness’ that is based partially on knowing the Kurdish language and is informed by a sense of cultural continuity in the diaspora setting. Collective Kurdish identity narratives, particularly related to the consciousness of being a marginalised ‘other’ in the context of the Middle East, are resonant in young interviewees’ narrations of ‘Kurdishness’. Thus, a sense of ‘Kurdishness’ is drawn from lived experiences indexed to a particular politico-historical context of the Kurdish diaspora movements but also from the current situation of Kurdish minorities in the Middle East. On the other hand, young Kurds construct a sense of belonging in terms of the discursive constructions of ‘Finnishness’ and ‘otherness’ in the Finnish context. The racialised boundaries of ‘Finnishness’ are echoed in young Kurds’ narrations and position them as the ‘other’ – namely, the ‘immigrant’, ‘refugee’, or ‘foreigner’ – on the basis of embodied signifiers (specifically, their darker complexions). This study also indicates that young Kurds navigate between gendered expectations and norms at home and outside the home environment. They negotiate their positionings through linguistic repertoires – for instance, through mastery of the Finnish language – and by adjusting their behaviour in light of the context. This suggests that young Kurds adopt various forms of agency to display and enact their belonging in a transnational diaspora space. Young Kurds’ narrations display both territorially-bounded and non-territorially-bounded elements with regard to the relationship between identity and locality. ‘Home’ is located in Finland, and the future and aspirations are planned in relation to it. In contrast, the region of Kurdistan is viewed as ‘homeland’ and as the place of origins and roots, where temporary stays and visits are a possibility. The emotional attachments are forged in relation to the country (Finland) and not so much relative to ‘Finnishness’, which the interviewees considered an exclusionary identity category. Furthermore, identification with one’s immediate place of residence (city) or, in some cases, with a religious identity as ‘Muslim’ provides a more flexible venue for identification than does identifying oneself with the (Finnish) nation.