Idänkaupan loppu - Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välinen erityinen kauppasuhde ja Suomen kauppapolitiikan odotushorisontti sen purkautuessa 1988–1991

Suomen kylmän sodan aikaisesta kaupankäynnistä sosialististen maiden kanssa poliittisesti ja taloudellisesti merkittävintä oli kahdenvälinen kauppasuhde Neuvostoliiton kanssa. Tässä tutkielmassa määrittelen idänkaupan Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton väliseksi erityissuhteeksi, jota luonnehti käsitys molempien toisilleen myöntämästä erityisasemasta, kaupan tason poliittinen merkitys, jatkuvuuden korostaminen sekä clearing-järjestelmä. Neuvostoliiton hajotessa vuonna 1991 myös idänkauppa loppui. Tässä tutkielmassa argumentoin kuitenkin, ettei idänkaupan loppuminen ollut suoranaisesti seurausta Neuvostoliiton hajoamisesta. Kehityskulut, jotka johtivat idänkaupan loppumiseen, olivat murtaneet perustan kahdenvälisen kaupan erityissuhteelta jo ennen kuin Neuvostoliitto lopetti olemassaolonsa. Tarkastelen kaupan erityissuhteen purkautumista vuosina 1988–1991. Keskeisiä tapahtumia idänkaupan loppuvaiheessa oli clearing-järjestelmän uudistaminen vuonna 1988, viimeisen clearingpohjaisen runkosopimuksen allekirjoittaminen 1989, clearing-järjestelmän lopettaminen vuonna 1990 sekä Neuvostoliiton hajoaminen 1991. Keskityn kauppapolitiikan valmistelutason toimintaan. Tärkeimmän lähdeaineiston muodostavat ulkoministeriön kauppapoliittisen osaston ja Suomen Pankin idänkaupan osaston arkistoaineisto. Tutkimuskysymys on kaksiosainen. Ensinnäkin tutkin Suomen kauppapolitiikan toimijoiden näkemyksiä idänkaupan tulevaisuudesta. Käsittelen sitä, miltä idänkaupan tulevaisuus näytti silloin, kun se oli loppumassa. Vaikka idänkaupan loppuminen näyttää jälkikäteen suoraviivaiselta, se ei ollut sitä tapahtumahetkellä. Käytän apunani Reinhart Koselleckin käsitteitä odotushorisontista (horizon of expectations) ja kokemusavaruudesta (space of experience). Toiseksi pyrin piirtämään kuvan siitä idänkaupasta, joka loppui. Tarkastelen idänkauppaa sille ominaisten piirteiden kautta selvittääkseni, mitkä idänkaupan ominaisuudet vaikuttivat sen loppumiseen. Tutkielman perusteella Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välinen kauppasuhteen erityisyyden purkaantuminen johtui ensisijaisesti muutoksista Neuvostoliitossa, mutta myös Suomen ja kansainvälisen ympäristön poliittisilla ja taloudellisilla muutoksilla oli merkitystä. Idänkaupan järjestelmä loppui, koska se ei sopeutunut muuttuvaan maailmaan. Idänkaupan ilmiöön liittyneiden vahvojen epämuodollisten instituutioiden ansiota oli, että erityissuhde jatkui niin pitkään.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of white-rot polypores : case studies in Hymenochaetales and Polyporales (Basidiomycota)

Tutkimus käsittelee kääpien sukulaisuussuhteita. Käävät ovat kantasienten (Basidiomycota) muotoryhmä, joiden itiöemien alapinta muodostuu yhteensulautuneista pilleistä. Muotoryhmänä kääpiä voi verrata vaikka puihin siinä mielessä, että käävät kuten puutkaan eivät ole samankaltaisuudestaan huolimatta kaikki sukua toisilleen. DNA:n käyttö sukulaisuussuhteiden selvittämisessä on aloittanut mullistuksen kääpien luokittelussa. Aiemmin käytetty, itiöemien ominaisuuksiin perustunut luokittelu on osoittautunut keinotekoiseksi sukulaisuussuhteiden kannalta. Tutkimuksessani syvennyttiin useamman kääpäsuvun polveutumishistoriaan hyödyntäen DNA:ta ja perinteisiä menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen keskeisimmät tulokset liittyvät sitkokääpien sukuun (Antrodiella). Tämä noin 70 lajia sisältävä suku osoittautui rikkonaiseksi - sitkokääpiin luetut lajit kuuluvat kahteen sienilahkoon ja oikesti vähintään 13 sukuun. Tutkimuksessa löytyi kaksi Suomelle uutta sitkokääpää, leppikääpä (A. ichnusana) ja nipukkakääpä (A. leucoxantha). Uudet suvut kuvattiin Suomessa esiintyville sirppikääville (Sidera) ja talikääville (Obba). Uusi kääpäsuku ja -laji kuvattiin myös Indonesiasta (Sebipora aquosa). Valtaosa sitkokääpiin luetuista lajeista kuuluu orakarakoiden heimoon (Steccherinaceae), joka rajattiin tässä tutkimuksessa uudelleen. Heimoon kuuluvat mm. karakäävät (Junghuhnia) ja orakasmaiset orakarakat (Steccherinum). Sen sisällä selvitettiin kääpien ja orakkaiden sukulaisuussuhteita. Perinteisesti käävät ja orakkaat on viety eri sukuihin riippumatta niiden mikroskooppisesta samankaltaisuudesta. Tulosten valossa orakarakoiden heimossa käävät ja orakkaat pysyvät pääosin erillisissä suvuissa, mutta tästä on myös poikkeuksia (Antrodiella, Metuloidea ja Steccherinum). Lähes kaikki DNA:n perusteella määriteltävissä olevat suvut ovat tunnistettavissa itiöemien ominaisuuksiensa perusteella. Tulokset antavat eväitä kääpien luokitteluun laajemminkin osoittamalla, mitkä ominaisuudet ovat luokittelun kannalta merkityksellisiä. Tarkentunut tieto lajimäärästä ja lajien sukulaisuussuhteista hyödyttää ekologista tutkimusta sekä arvioita lajien uhanalaisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aikana luotua DNA-kirjastoa käytetään lajien tunnistamiseen. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää myös etsittäessä bioteknologisia sovelluksia käävistä, sillä sovellusten kannalta kiinnostavat ominaisuudet seuraavat usein sienten sukupuuta.

Physical Properties of Deep Drill Cores : Implications for Meteorite Impact Effects and Crustal Structures

Physical properties provide valuable information about the nature and behavior of rocks and minerals. The changes in rock physical properties generate petrophysical contrasts between various lithologies, for example, between shocked and unshocked rocks in meteorite impact structures or between various lithologies in the crust. These contrasts may cause distinct geophysical anomalies, which are often diagnostic to their primary cause (impact, tectonism, etc). This information is vital to understand the fundamental Earth processes, such as impact cratering and associated crustal deformations. However, most of the present day knowledge of changes in rock physical properties is limited due to a lack of petrophysical data of subsurface samples, especially for meteorite impact structures, since they are often buried under post-impact lithologies or eroded. In order to explore the uppermost crust, deep drillings are required. This dissertation is based on the deep drill core data from three impact structures: (i) the Bosumtwi impact structure (diameter 10.5 km, 1.07 Ma age; Ghana), (ii) the Chesapeake Bay impact structure (85 km, 35 Ma; Virginia, U.S.A.), and (iii) the Chicxulub impact structure (180 km, 65 Ma; Mexico). These drill cores have yielded all basic lithologies associated with impact craters such as post-impact lithologies, impact rocks including suevites and breccias, as well as fractured and unfractured target rocks. The fourth study case of this dissertation deals with the data of the Paleoproterozoic Outokumpu area (Finland), as a non-impact crustal case, where a deep drilling through an economically important ophiolite complex was carried out. The focus in all four cases was to combine results of basic petrophysical studies of relevant rocks of these crustal structures in order to identify and characterize various lithologies by their physical properties and, in this way, to provide new input data for geophysical modellings. Furthermore, the rock magnetic and paleomagnetic properties of three impact structures, combined with basic petrophysics, were used to acquire insight into the impact generated changes in rocks and their magnetic minerals, in order to better understand the influence of impact. The obtained petrophysical data outline the various lithologies and divide rocks into four domains. Based on target lithology the physical properties of the unshocked target rocks are controlled by mineral composition or fabric, particularly porosity in sedimentary rocks, while sediments result from diverse sedimentation and diagenesis processes. The impact rocks, such as breccias and suevites, strongly reflect the impact formation mechanism and are distinguishable from the other lithologies by their density, porosity and magnetic properties. The numerous shock features resulting from melting, brecciation and fracturing of the target rocks, can be seen in the changes of physical properties. These features include an increase in porosity and subsequent decrease in density in impact derived units, either an increase or a decrease in magnetic properties (depending on a specific case), as well as large heterogeneity in physical properties. In few cases a slight gradual downward decrease in porosity, as a shock-induced fracturing, was observed. Coupled with rock magnetic studies, the impact generated changes in magnetic fraction the shock-induced magnetic grain size reduction, hydrothermal- or melting-related magnetic mineral alteration, shock demagnetization and shock- or temperature-related remagnetization can be seen. The Outokumpu drill core shows varying velocities throughout the drill core depending on the microcracking and sample conditions. This is similar to observations by Kern et al., (2009), who also reported the velocity dependence on anisotropy. The physical properties are also used to explain the distinct crustal reflectors as observed in seismic reflection studies in the Outokumpu area. According to the seismic velocity data, the interfaces between the diopside-tremolite skarn layer and either serpentinite, mica schist or black schist are causing the strong seismic reflectivities.

Associations of interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene variation and IL-1 receptor antagonist phenotypes with immunological responses, metabolic dysregulation and type 2 diabetes

The upstream proinflammatory interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokines, together with a naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), play a significant role in several diseases and physiologic conditions. The IL-1 proteins affect glucose homeostasis at multiple levels contributing to vascular injuries and metabolic dysregulations that precede diabetes. An association between IL-1 gene variations and IL-1Ra levels has been suggested, and genetic studies have reported associations with metabolic dysregulation and altered inflammatory responses. The principal aims of this study were to: 1) examine the associations of IL-1 gene variation and IL-1Ra expression in the development and persistence of thyroid antibodies in subacute thyroiditis; 2) investigate the associations of common variants in the IL-1 gene family with plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucose homeostasis measures and prevalent diabetes in a representative population sample; 3) investigate genetic and non-genetic determinants of IL-1Ra phenotypes in a cross-sectional setting in three independent study populations; 4) investigate in a prospective setting (a) whether variants of the IL-1 gene family are predictors for clinically incident diabetes in two population-based observational cohort studies; and (b) whether the IL-1Ra levels predict the progression of metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes during the median follow-up of 10.8 and 7.1 years. Results from on patients with subacte thyroiditis showed that the systemic IL-1Ra levels are elevated during a specific proinflammatory response and they correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Genetic variation in the IL-1 family seemed to have an association with the appearance of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and persisting local autoimmune responses during the follow-up. Analysis of patients suffering from diabetes and metabolic traits suggested that genetic IL-1 variation and IL-1Ra play a role in glucose homeostasis and in the development of type 2 diabetes. The coding IL-1 beta SNP rs1143634 was associated with traits related to insulin resistance in cross-sectional analyses. Two haplotype variants of the IL-1 beta gene were associated with prevalent diabetes or incident diabetes in a prospective setting and both of these haplotypes were tagged by rs1143634. Three variants of the IL-1Ra gene and one of the IL-1 beta gene were consistently identified as significant, independent determinants of the IL-1Ra phenotype in two or three populations. The proportion of the phenotypic variation explained by the genetic factors was modest however, while obesity and other metabolic traits explained a larger part. Body mass index was the strongest predictor of systemic IL-1Ra concentration overall. Furthermore, the age-adjusted IL-1Ra concentrations were elevated in individuals with metabolic syndrome or diabetes when compared to those free of metabolic dysregulation. In prospective analyses the systemic IL-1Ra levels were found as independent predictors for the development of diabetes in people with metabolic syndrome even after adjustment for multiple other factors, including plasma glucose and CRP levels. The predictive power of IL-1Ra was better than that of CRP. The prospective results also provided some evidence for a role of common IL-1 alpha promoter SNP rs1800587 in the development of type 2 diabetes among men and suggested that the role may be gender specific. Likewise, common variations in the IL-1 beta coding region may have a gender specific association with diabetes development. Further research on the potential benefits of IL-1Ra measurements in identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes, who then could be targeted for specific treatment interventions, is warranted. It has been reported in the recent literature that IL-1Ra secreted from adipose tissue has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant human IL-1Ra has been shown to have a substantial therapeutic potential. The genetic results from the prospective analyses performed in this study remain inconclusive, but together with the cross-sectional analyses they suggest gender-specific effects of the IL-1 variants on the risk of diabetes. Larger studies with more extensive genotyping and resequencing may help to pinpoint the exact variants responsible and to further elucidate the biological mechanisms for the observed associations. This would improve our understanding of the pathways linking inflammation and obesity with glucose and insulin metabolism.

Non-small cell lung cancer : studies on pathogenesis, tumour targeting and treatment outcomes

Lung cancer accounts for more cancer-related deaths than any other cancer. In Finland, five-year survival ranges from 8% to 13%. The main risk factor for lung cancer is long-term cigarette smoking, but its carcinogenesis requires several other factors. The aim of the present study was to 1) evaluate post-operative quality of life, 2) compare clinical outcomes between minimally invasive and conventional open surgery, 3) evaluate the role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), and 4) to identify and characterise targeted agents for therapeutic and diagnostic use in surgery. For study I, pneumonectomy patients replied to 15D quality of life and baseline dyspnea questionnaires. Study III involved a prospective quality of life assessment using the 15D questionnaire after lobectomy or bi-lobectomy. Study IV was a retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes between 212 patients treated with open thoracotomy and 116 patients who underwent a minimally invasive technique. Study II measured parameters of oxidative metabolism (myeloperoxidase activity, glutathione content and NADPH oxidase activity) and DNA adducts. Study V employed the phage display method and identified a core motif for homing peptides. This method served in cell-binding, cell-localisation, and biodistribution studies. Following both pneumonectomy and lobectomy, NSCLC patients showed significantly decreased long-term quality of life. No significant correlation was noted between post-operative quality of life and pre-operative pulmonary function tests. Women suffered more from increased dyspnea after pneumonectomy which was absent after lobectomy or bi-lobectomy. Patients treated with video-assisted thoracoscopy showed significantly decreased morbidity and shorter periods of hospitalization than did open surgery patients. This improvement was achieved even though the VATS patients were older and suffered more comorbid conditions and poorer pulmonary function. No significant differences in survival were noted between these two groups. An increase in NADPH oxidase activity was noted in tumour samples of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This increase was independent from myeloperoxidase activity. Elevated glutathione content was noted in tumour tissue, especially in adenocarcinoma. After panning the clinical tumour samples with the phage display method, an amino acid sequence of ARRPKLD, the Thx, was chosen for further analysis. This method proved selective of tumour tissue in both in vitro and in vivo cell-binding assay, and biodistribution showed tumour accumulation. Because of the significantly reduced quality of life following pneumonectomy, other operative strategies should be implemented as an alternative (e.g. sleeve-lobectomy). To treat this disease, implementation of a minimally invasive surgical technique is safe, and the results showed decreased morbidity and a shorter period of hospitalisation than with thoracotomy. This technique may facilitate operative treatment of elderly patients with comorbid conditions who might otherwise be considered inoperable. Simultaneous exposure to oxidative stress and altered redox states indicates the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and malignant transformation of NSCLC. The studies showed with great specificity and with favourable biodistribution that Thx peptide is specific to NSCLC tumours. Thx thus shows promise in imaging, targeted therapy, and monitoring of treatment response.

Irradiation effects in graphene and related materials

Nanomaterials with a hexagonally ordered atomic structure, e.g., graphene, carbon and boron nitride nanotubes, and white graphene (a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride) possess many impressive properties. For example, the mechanical stiffness and strength of these materials are unprecedented. Also, the extraordinary electronic properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes suggest that these materials may serve as building blocks of next generation electronics. However, the properties of pristine materials are not always what is needed in applications, but careful manipulation of their atomic structure, e.g., via particle irradiation can be used to tailor the properties. On the other hand, inadvertently introduced defects can deteriorate the useful properties of these materials in radiation hostile environments, such as outer space. In this thesis, defect production via energetic particle bombardment in the aforementioned materials is investigated. The effects of ion irradiation on multi-walled carbon and boron nitride nanotubes are studied experimentally by first conducting controlled irradiation treatments of the samples using an ion accelerator and subsequently characterizing the induced changes by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The usefulness of the characterization methods is critically evaluated and a damage grading scale is proposed, based on transmission electron microscopy images. Theoretical predictions are made on defect production in graphene and white graphene under particle bombardment. A stochastic model based on first-principles molecular dynamics simulations is used together with electron irradiation experiments for understanding the formation of peculiar triangular defect structures in white graphene. An extensive set of classical molecular dynamics simulations is conducted, in order to study defect production under ion irradiation in graphene and white graphene. In the experimental studies the response of carbon and boron nitride multi-walled nanotubes to irradiation with a wide range of ion types, energies and fluences is explored. The stabilities of these structures under ion irradiation are investigated, as well as the issue of how the mechanism of energy transfer affects the irradiation-induced damage. An irradiation fluence of 5.5x10^15 ions/cm^2 with 40 keV Ar+ ions is established to be sufficient to amorphize a multi-walled nanotube. In the case of 350 keV He+ ion irradiation, where most of the energy transfer happens through inelastic collisions between the ion and the target electrons, an irradiation fluence of 1.4x10^17 ions/cm^2 heavily damages carbon nanotubes, whereas a larger irradiation fluence of 1.2x10^18 ions/cm^2 leaves a boron nitride nanotube in much better condition, indicating that carbon nanotubes might be more susceptible to damage via electronic excitations than their boron nitride counterparts. An elevated temperature was discovered to considerably reduce the accumulated damage created by energetic ions in both carbon and boron nitride nanotubes, attributed to enhanced defect mobility and efficient recombination at high temperatures. Additionally, cobalt nanorods encapsulated inside multi-walled carbon nanotubes were observed to transform into spherical nanoparticles after ion irradiation at an elevated temperature, which can be explained by the inverse Ostwald ripening effect. The simulation studies on ion irradiation of the hexagonal monolayers yielded quantitative estimates on types and abundances of defects produced within a large range of irradiation parameters. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Ga ions were considered in the simulations with kinetic energies ranging from 35 eV to 10 MeV, and the role of the angle of incidence of the ions was studied in detail. A stochastic model was developed for utilizing the large amount of data produced by the molecular dynamics simulations. It was discovered that a high degree of selectivity over the types and abundances of defects can be achieved by carefully selecting the irradiation parameters, which can be of great use when precise pattering of graphene or white graphene using focused ion beams is planned.

Root system traits of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver birch in mixed boreal forests: an analysis of root architecture, morphology, and anatomy

The aim of this thesis was to unravel the functional-structural characteristics of root systems of Betula pendula Roth., Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Pinus sylvestris L. in mixed boreal forest stands differing in their developmental stage and site fertility. The root systems of these species had similar structural regularities: horizontally-oriented shallow roots defined the horizontal area of influence, and within this area, each species placed fine roots in the uppermost soil layers, while sinker roots defined the maximum rooting depth. Large radial spread and high ramification of coarse roots, and the high specific root length (SRL) and root length density (RLD) of fine roots indicated the high belowground competitiveness and root plasticity of B. pendula. Smaller radial root spread and sparser branching of coarse roots, and low SRL and RLD of fine roots of the conifers could indicate their more conservative resource use and high association with and dependence on ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi. The vertical fine root distributions of the species were mostly overlapping, implying the possibility for intense belowground competition for nutrients. In each species, conduits tapered and their frequency increased from distal roots to the stem, from the stem to the branches, and to leaf petioles in B. pendula. Conduit tapering was organ-specific in each species violating the assumptions of the general vascular scaling model (WBE). This reflects the hierarchical organization of a tree and differences between organs in the relative importance of transport, safety, and mechanical demands. The applied root model was capable of depicting the mass, length and spread of coarse roots of B. pendula and P. abies, and to the lesser extent in P. sylvestris. The roots did not follow self-similar fractal branching, because the parameter values varied within the root systems. Model parameters indicate differences in rooting behavior, and therefore different ecophysiological adaptations between species.

Methods and tools for mass spectrometric lipidome analysis

The analysis of lipid compositions from biological samples has become increasingly important. Lipids have a role in cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. They also participate in cellular processes such as signalling, inflammatory response, aging and apoptosis. Also, the mechanisms of regulation of cell membrane lipid compositions are poorly understood, partially because a lack of good analytical methods. Mass spectrometry has opened up new possibilities for lipid analysis due to its high resolving power, sensitivity and the possibility to do structural identification by fragment analysis. The introduction of Electrospray ionization (ESI) and the advances in instrumentation revolutionized the analysis of lipid compositions. ESI is a soft ionization method, i.e. it avoids unwanted fragmentation the lipids. Mass spectrometric analysis of lipid compositions is complicated by incomplete separation of the signals, the differences in the instrument response of different lipids and the large amount of data generated by the measurements. These factors necessitate the use of computer software for the analysis of the data. The topic of the thesis is the development of methods for mass spectrometric analysis of lipids. The work includes both computational and experimental aspects of lipid analysis. The first article explores the practical aspects of quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of complex lipid samples and describes how the properties of phospholipids and their concentration affect the response of the mass spectrometer. The second article describes a new algorithm for computing the theoretical mass spectrometric peak distribution, given the elemental isotope composition and the molecular formula of a compound. The third article introduces programs aimed specifically for the analysis of complex lipid samples and discusses different computational methods for separating the overlapping mass spectrometric peaks of closely related lipids. The fourth article applies the methods developed by simultaneously measuring the progress curve of enzymatic hydrolysis for a large number of phospholipids, which are used to determine the substrate specificity of various A-type phospholipases. The data provides evidence that the substrate efflux from bilayer is the key determining factor for the rate of hydrolysis.

Systems between information and knowledge : In a memory management model of an extended enterprise

The research question of this thesis was how knowledge can be managed with information systems. Information systems can support but not replace knowledge management. Systems can mainly store epistemic organisational knowledge included in content, and process data and information. Certain value can be achieved by adding communication technology to systems. All communication, however, can not be managed. A new layer between communication and manageable information was named as knowformation. Knowledge management literature was surveyed, together with information species from philosophy, physics, communication theory, and information system science. Positivism, post-positivism, and critical theory were studied, but knowformation in extended organisational memory seemed to be socially constructed. A memory management model of an extended enterprise (M3.exe) and knowformation concept were findings from iterative case studies, covering data, information and knowledge management systems. The cases varied from groups towards extended organisation. Systems were investigated, and administrators, users (knowledge workers) and managers interviewed. The model building required alternative sets of data, information and knowledge, instead of using the traditional pyramid. Also the explicit-tacit dichotomy was reconsidered. As human knowledge is the final aim of all data and information in the systems, the distinction between management of information vs. management of people was harmonised. Information systems were classified as the core of organisational memory. The content of the systems is in practice between communication and presentation. Firstly, the epistemic criterion of knowledge is not required neither in the knowledge management literature, nor from the content of the systems. Secondly, systems deal mostly with containers, and the knowledge management literature with applied knowledge. Also the construction of reality based on the system content and communication supports the knowformation concept. Knowformation belongs to memory management model of an extended enterprise (M3.exe) that is divided into horizontal and vertical key dimensions. Vertically, processes deal with content that can be managed, whereas communication can be supported, mainly by infrastructure. Horizontally, the right hand side of the model contains systems, and the left hand side content, which should be independent from each other. A strategy based on the model was defined.

New computational approaches for inelastic x-ray scattering

Inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy is a versatile experimental technique for probing the electronic structure of materials. It provides a wealth of information on the sample's atomic-scale structure, but extracting this information from the experimental data can be challenging because there is no direct relation between the structure and the measured spectrum. Theoretical calculations can bridge this gap by explaining the structural origins of the spectral features. Reliable methods for modeling inelastic x-ray scattering require accurate electronic structure calculations. This work presents the development and implementation of new schemes for modeling the inelastic scattering of x-rays from non-periodic systems. The methods are based on density functional theory and are applicable for a wide variety of molecular materials. Applications are presented in this work for amorphous silicon monoxide and several gas phase systems. Valuable new information on their structure and properties could be extracted with the combination of experimental and computational methods.

Välineestä vuorovaikutukseen: Teknologian käyttötapojen kytkökset tuottavuusparadoksiin

Tämän tutkielman alaotsikossa mainittu tuottavuusparadoksi viittaa Robert Solowin esittämään lausuntoon, jonka mukaan tietotekniikan yleistyminen on tuonut mukanaan suurista toiveista huolimatta jopa aikaisempaa hitaampaa tuottavuuden kasvua. Ilmiön mahdolliseksi syyksi on esitetty muun muassa sitä, että uudenlaisten prosessien, rakenteiden tai toimintatapojen syntymiseen vaadittavan sosiaalisen ja inhimillisen pääoman kehittyminen on hidasta. Tämänkaltaisen pääoman rakentumiseen on kulunut vuosia, ennen kuin tietotekniikkainvestoinneilla on alettu saavuttaa merkittävää positiivista tuottavuusvaikutusta. Aiemman kirjallisuuden pohjalta on osoitettavissa, että mikäli työntekijöiden koulutukseen, muutoksiin johtamisessa ja työn organisoinnissa ei panosteta, tietotekniikan käyttöönotto vaikuttaa negatiivisesti tuottavuuden kasvuun. Tutkielman pyrkimys on jäljittää tuottavuusparadoksin yhteyksiä teknologian ja ihmisen vuorovaikutukseen. Kiinnostuksen kohteena ovat erityisesti vanhojen rutiinien, tulkintojen ja normien seurauksena syntyvät, suunnitellusta poikkeavat käyttötavat. Vakiintuneet työtavat elävät sitkeästi myös uuden teknologian käyttöönoton jälkeisissä työprosesseissa ja voivat olla jopa tuhoisia tavoitellun hyödyn kannalta. Carlota Perezin pitkien aaltojen tutkimustraditioon pohjautuen voidaan väittää, että informaatiotekniikan ja televiestinnän aika on vasta saavuttamassa synergiavaihetta, jossa työn organisaatiomuodot ja taloudelliset instituutiot muotoutuvat vastaamaan ja tukemaan uuden tuotannon ja teknologian hyödyntämistä. Teoreettinen kehys rakentuu näiden oletusten mukaisesti, hyödyntäen Wanda Orlikowskin teknologian rakenteistumisteoriaa ja antaen tilaa toiminnan ja rakenteen väliselle vuorovaikutukselle. Työn aineisto koostuu kahdesta case-tutkimuksesta, joille yhteistä on pyrkimys ajanhallintaan teknologian avulla. Ensimmäinen aineistopaketti on peräisin viestintäalan yrityksessä toteutetusta, työvuorojen varausprosessia muuttaneesta tietojärjestelmäuudistuksesta. Toinen aineistoluku pohjautuu Pohjois-Karjalan keskussairaalassa Joensuussa toteutettuun kutsuviestipalvelun kehityshankkeeseen. Kahden käyttöönottotutkimuksen tavoitteena oli dokumentoida kehitysprojektien läpivienti eri näkökulmista ja tuoda näkyville niitä eri vaiheissa esiintyviä ristiriitoja ja jännitteitä, jotka omalta osaltaan vaikuttavat lopputulokseen. Haastatteluaineiston käsittelyllä pyritään havainnollistamaan projektien etenemisen aikana havaittuja ongelmia ja samalla tuomaan tiedon lähteet avoimesti esille. Koko tutkielman läpi kantava ydinajatus on, että normien, tapojen ja muiden sosiaalista elämää määrittävien säännönmukaisuuksien kokonaisuuden liikkeelle sysääminen on usein jopa tärkeämpää kuin varsinaiset teknologiset ominaisuudet. Tietotekniikan aiheuttamat vaikutukset suuntaan tai toiseen ovat suurimmillaan silloin, kun ne muokkaavat sosiaalista todellisuutta radikaalisti. Tähän mennessä tietotekniikkaa on käytetty pääasiassa helpottamaan vanhoja työskentelytapoja, mutta kun teknologiset apuvälineet alkavat olla yhä useamman saavutettavissa ja niiden vaatimat resurssit käyvät halvemmiksi, voivat tietotekniikan tuomat suurimmat muutokset olla vielä edessä. Tutkielman löydökset asettuvat tukemaan väitettä, jonka mukaan tuottavuuden kehityksessä ei-tekniset innovaatiot ovat edellytyksinä teknisten innovaatioiden menestykselle.

Sikainfluenssan epidemiologia Suomen näkökulmasta

Kirjallisuuskatsauksen aihe on ajankohtainen Suomessa ja muualla maailmassa. Sikainfluenssa on sikojen tarttuva hengitystiesairaus, jonka aiheuttaja on herkästi kärsäkontaktissa leviävä influenssa A – virus. Siat sairastuvat usein yllättäen ja samanaikaisesti. Sikainfluenssa voi olla oireeton tai vähäoireinen, mikä hankaloittaa taudin havaitsemista. Sikainfluenssa aiheuttaa sikatiloille tuotantotappioita ja sioille hyvinvointiongelmia. Sikainfluenssa on maailmalla yleinen sikojen hengitystiesairaus. Suomi oli sikainfluenssasta vapaa maa vuoteen 2007 saakka ja vuonna 2009 noin kolmasosa suomalaisista sikaloista oli seropositiivisia sikainfluenssan suhteen. Influenssa A – viruksia esiintyy yleisesti eläimillä ja ihmisillä. Influenssa A – virusten kantajia luonnossa ovat vesilinnut, jotka levittävät influenssaviruksia ulosteissaan. Influenssa A – virukset pystyvät muuntumaan uusiksi alatyypeiksi ja sikaa pidetään eläinlajina, jossa influenssa A – virukset muuntuvat lajista toiseen tarttuviksi. Sikainfluenssa on zoonoosi. Sikainfluenssaviruksia on useita eri alatyyppejä. Maailmalla esiintyvien sikainfluenssavirusten alkuperä ja ominaisuudet vaihtelevat maantieteellisen sijainnin mukaan. Euroopassa, Pohjois-Amerikassa ja Aasiassa nykyään esiintyvät sikainfluenssavirukset ovat kehittyessään eriytyneet geneettisesti ja antigeenisesti toisistaan. Sikapopulaatioissa kiertää yleensä useita eri sikainfluenssavirustyyppejä yhtä aikaa. Tärkeimpiä ja useimmiten eristettyjä sikainfluenssavirusten alatyyppejä ovat H1N1, H1N2 ja H3N2. Sikainfluenssan diagnosointi on tärkeää, jotta virusten leviämistä voidaan ehkäistä ja tautitilanne pysyy ajantasaisena. Sikainfluenssa diagnosoidaan osoittamalla sikainfluenssavirus 1-3 vuorokautta kliinisten oireiden alkamisen jälkeen otetuista virusnäytteistä tai virusvasta-aineet serologisin testein pariseeruminäytteistä. Viruksen osoitusmenetelmät (viruseristys ja RT-PCR) ovat luotettavia ja niillä sikainfluenssavirukset voidaan tyypittää. Serologisten testien (hemagglutinaation inhibitio ja ELISA) luotettavuudessa on puutteita ja etenkin ELISA-testien luotettavuus perustuu tietoon sikapopulaatiossa liikkuvien sikainfluenssavirusten alatyypeistä. Sikainfluenssan jatkuva ja tehokas tautiseuranta on oleellista, jotta serologiset testit saadaan optimoitua. Alueellisesti sikainfluenssan esiintyvyyttä lisäävät suuri sikatiheys, tilojen lyhyet välimatkat, eläinkuljetukset sekä sikojen kontaktit ulkopuolisiin henkilöihin ja tavaroihin. Sikalan bioturvallisuus on tärkein tekijä estettäessä sikainfluenssavirusten pääsy sikalaan. Sikainfluenssan vastustaminen on tärkeää, koska se on osa sikojen hengitystiesairauskompleksia sekä predisponoiva tekijä muiden sikapatogeenien aiheuttamille hengitystiesairauksille. Sikainfluenssan vastustuksessa voidaan suurilla sikatiloilla käyttää apuna kahta tai kolmea virustyyppiä sisältäviä rokotteita, jotka vähentävät sikainfluenssan kliinisiä oireita ja viruksen eritystä ympäristöön.

Wood and fiber properties of Norway spruce and its suitability for thermomechanical pulping.

In the first part of the study, the selected wood and fiber properties were investigated in terms of their occurrence and variation in wood, as well as their relevance from the perspective of thermomechanical pulping process and related end-products. It was concluded that the most important factors were the fiber dimensions, juvenile wood content, and in some cases, the content of heartwood being associated with extremely dry wood with low permeability in spruce. With respect to the above properties, the following three pulpwood assortments of which pulping potential was assumed to vary were formed: wood from regeneration cuttings, first-thinnings wood, and sawmill chips. In the experimental part of the study the average wood and fiber characteristics and their variation were determined for each raw material group prior to pulping. Subsequently, each assortment - equaling about 1500 m3 roundwood - was pulped separately for a 24 h period, at constant process conditions. The properties of obtained newsgrade thermomechanical pulps were then determined. Thermomechanical pulping (TMP) from sawmill chips had the highest proportion of long fibers, smallest proportion of fines, and had generally the coarsest and longest fibers. TMP from first-thinnings wood was just the opposite, whereas that from regeneration cuttings fell in between the above two extremes. High proportion of dry heartwood in wood originating from regeneration cuttings produced a slightly elevated shives content. However, no differences were found in pulp specific energy consumption. The obtained pulp tear index was clearly best in TMP made from sawmill chips and poorest in pulp from first-thinnings wood, which had generally inferior strength properties. No dramatical differences in any of the strength properties were found between pulp from sawmill residual wood and regeneration cuttings. Pulp optical properties were superior in TMP from first-thinnings. Unexpectedly, no noticeable differences, which could be explained with fiber morphology, were found in sheet density, bulk, air permeance or roughness between the three pulps. The most important wood quality factors in this study were the fiber length, fiber cross-sectional dimensions and percentage juvenile wood. Differences found in the quality of TMP manufactured from the above spruce assortments suggest that they could be segregated and pulped separately to obtain specific product characteristics, i.e., for instance tailor-made end-products, and to minimize unnecessary variation in the raw material quality, and hence, pulp quality.

Eläkejärjestelmät ja maahanmuutto : poliittisen taloustieteen lähestymistapa

Tässä työssä kysymystä kouluttamattoman maahanmuuton mahdollisesta vaikutuksesta eläkkeiden rahoitettavuuteen ja sitä kautta maahanmuuttopolitiikkaan lähestytään poliittisen taloustieteen näkökulmasta. Tarkastellaan siis sitä, mitkä ikä- ja tuloryhmät hyötyvät kouluttamattomasta maahanmuutosta sen mahdollisesti helpottaessa eläkkeiden maksua ja mitkä eivät ja millaiseen poliittiseen tasapainoon tämä johtaa. Äänestettäessä maahanmuuttopolitiikasta yksilö perustaisi mielipiteensä maahanmuuttopolitiikan liberalisoinnista tai tiukentamisesta siihen, miten maahanmuutto vaikuttaisi hänen omaan etuunsa. Maan väestö jaetaan eläkeläisiin sekä koulutettuihin ja kouluttamattomiin työntekijöihin ja tarkastellaan miten maahanmuutto vaikuttaa näiden ryhmien taloudelliseen hyötyyn. Aluksi tarkastellaan lyhyesti millaisia malleja maahanmuutosta ja eläkejärjestelmän olemassaolon vaikutuksista siihen suhtautumiseen on olemassa. Ensimmäisen johdantoluvun jälkeen käsitellään sitä, miten äänestystulos maahanmuuttopolitiikasta muuttuu mallin oletusten muuttuessa. Työssä tarkastellaan Razinin ja Sadkan (1999) hyvin yksinkertaista mallia, joka sisältää yksinkertaisuutensa takia joitain hyvin rajoittavia oletuksia. Sitten käydään läpi Kriegerin (2004) sekä Razinin ja Sadkan (2000) tekemiä laajennuksia, joissa osasta rajoittavia oletuksia luovutaan ja katsotaan millaisiin muutoksiin tämä johtaa. Työssä tarkastellaan myös Kriegerin (2003) mallia äänestystuloksesta neljässä erilaisessa eläkejärjestelmässä. Tamuran (2006) mallia tarkastellaan näkökulman laajentamiseksi edelleen. Tarkastelun kohteena ei enää ole vain eläkejärjestelmä, vaan myös tulonsiirrot matalapalkka-alojen työntekijöille. Työssä tarkasteltujen artikkeleiden pohjalta näyttää siltä, että erilaisissa eläkejärjestelmissä ja erilaisissa talouksissa elävät yksilöt suhtautuvat maahanmuuttoon eri tavoin sen mukaan, minkä verran he saavat hyötyä siitä. Hyödyn määrään vaikuttavat myös maahanmuuttajien ominaisuudet ja eläkejärjestelmän ominaisuudet, varsinkin se, onko eläkemaksu vai eläke-etuus vakio. Koska maahanmuutto vaikuttaa talouden eri ryhmiin eli kouluttamattomiin ja koulutettuihin työntekijöihin sekä eläkeläisiin eri tavoin, useimmiten yksimielisyyttä maahanmuuttopolitiikasta ei synny.

Effect of water vapour stabilization of raw materials on the quality of the inhalation product

Generation of raw materials for dry powder inhalers by different size reduction methods can be expected to influence physical and chemical properties of the powders. This can cause differences in particle size, size distribution, shape, crystalline properties, surface texture and energy. These physical properties of powders influence the behaviour of particles before and after inhalation. Materials with an amorphous surface have different surface energy compared to materials with crystalline surface. This can affect the adhesion and cohesion of particles. Changes in the surface nature of the drug particles results in a change in product performance. By stabilization of the raw materials the amorphous surfaces are converted into crystalline surfaces. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the surface properties of the inhalation particles on the quality of the product. The quality of the inhalation product is evaluated by measuring the fine particle dose (FPD). FDP is the total dose of particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 5,0 μm. The secondary aim of this study was to achieve the target level of the FPD and the stability of the FPD. This study was also used to evaluate the importance of the stabilization of the inhalation powders. The study included manufacturing and analysing drug substance 200 μg/dose inhalation powder batches using non-stabilized or stabilized raw materials. The inhaler formulation consisted of micronized drug substance, lactose <100μm and micronized lactose <10μm. The inhaler device was Easyhaler®. Stabilization of the raw materials was done in different relative humidity, temperature and time. Surface properties of the raw materials were studied by dynamic vapour sorption, scanning electron microscopy and three-point nitrogen adsorption technique. Particle size was studied by laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Aerodynamic particle size distribution from inhalers was measured by new generation impactor. Stabilization of all three raw materials was successful. A clear difference between nonstabilized and stabilized raw materials was achieved for drug substance and lactose <10μm. However for lactose <100μm the difference wasn’t as clear as wanted. The surface of the non-stabilized drug substance was more irregular and the particles had more roughness on the surface compared to the stabilized drug substances particles surface. The surface of the stabilized drug particles was more regular and smoother than non-stabilized. Even though a good difference between stabilized and non-stabilized raw materials was achieved, a clear evidence of the effect of the surface properties of the inhalation particles on the quality of the product was not observed. Stabilization of the raw materials didn’t lead to a higher FPD. Possible explanations for the unexpected result might be too rough conditions in the stabilization of the drug substance or smaller than wanted difference in the degree of stabilization of the main component of the product <100μm. Despite positive effects on the quality of the product were not seen there appears to be some evidence that stabilized drug substance results in smaller particle size of dry powder inhalers.