Conceptual knowledge discovery and data analysis

In this paper, we discuss Conceptual Knowledge Discovery in Databases (CKDD) in its connection with Data Analysis. Our approach is based on Formal Concept Analysis, a mathematical theory which has been developed and proven useful during the last 20 years. Formal Concept Analysis has led to a theory of conceptual information systems which has been applied by using the management system TOSCANA in a wide range of domains. In this paper, we use such an application in database marketing to demonstrate how methods and procedures of CKDD can be applied in Data Analysis. In particular, we show the interplay and integration of data mining and data analysis techniques based on Formal Concept Analysis. The main concern of this paper is to explain how the transition from data to knowledge can be supported by a TOSCANA system. To clarify the transition steps we discuss their correspondence to the five levels of knowledge representation established by R. Brachman and to the steps of empirically grounded theory building proposed by A. Strauss and J. Corbin.

Elterliche Geschlechtsstereotype und deren Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Grundschulkindern

Ausgangspunkt dieser Dissertation ist die Überlegung, warum Mädchen und Frauen in mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern und Berufen unterrepräsentiert sind. Irrtümlicherweise werden als Erklärung hierfür häufig Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Mathematikleistung herangezogen. Diese bieten jedoch aufgrund nicht einheitlicher Forschungsbefunde keinen zufriedenstellenden Erklärungsansatz. Naheliegender ist es, das mangelnde Selbstvertrauen von Mädchen in Mathematik (als mathematisches Selbstkonzept bezeichnet) als Ursache heranzuziehen, denn verschiedene Studien kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Mädchen, auch bei vergleichbarer Leistung, ein geringeres mathematisches Selbstkonzept aufweisen als Jungen (Dickhäuser & Stiensmeier-Pelster, 2003; Frome & Eccles, 1998; Rustemeyer & Jubel, 1996; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2004). Die Rolle der Eltern als primäre Sozialisationsinstanz wird als bedeutsamer Einflussfaktor auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Kindern beschrieben. Besonders für den Bereich Mathematik besteht die Gefahr, dass Eltern durch geschlechtsstereotype Einstellungen und Erwartungen ihre Tochter ungünstig beeinflussen (Jacobs, 1991; Tiedemann, 2000). In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwiefern Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern und inwiefern sich diese – schon zur Grundschulzeit – in den elterlichen Einschätzungen (elterliche Leistungs- und Fähigkeitseinschätzungen sowie elterliche Ursachenerklärungen) des eigenen Kindes widerspiegeln. Es wird angenommen, dass Mädchen entsprechend dem klassischen Geschlechtsstereotyp weniger talentiert und weniger leistungsstark in Mathematik eingeschätzt werden als Jungen. Für die Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes wird erwartet, dass diese geschlechtsspezifische Verzerrungen zuungunsten der Mädchen aufweisen. Anhand von Pfadmodellen wird in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss elterlicher Geschlechtsstereotype und Einschätzungen, unter Kontrolle der vorangegangenen Mathematikleistung und des vorangegangenen mathematischen Selbstkonzeptes des Kindes, auf das aktuelle mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes am Ende des dritten Schuljahres analysiert. Als Grundlage dienen Daten von circa 900 Schülern und 400 Eltern aus dem Projekt Persönlichkeits- und Lernentwicklung von Grundschulkindern (PERLE). Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit können bisherige Forschungsbefunde aus dem Sekundarbereich für den Grundschulbereich replizieren und weitere erstmalige Befunde ergänzen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass knapp zwei Drittel der Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern. Die Pfadanalysen ergeben, dass nicht das Geschlecht des Kindes, sondern Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geschlecht und elterlichen Geschlechtsstereotypen die elterlichen Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes beeinflussen. Wenn Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype vertreten, schätzen sie eine Tochter ungünstiger ein als einen Sohn (unabhängig von der tatsächlichen Mathematikleistung des Kindes). Die elterlichen Einschätzungen haben wiederum einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden abschließend diskutiert und Ansätze für Interventionen aufgezeigt.

Calidad de vida en personas con hemofilia: una revisión de la literatura

Introducción: La hemofilia es una enfermedad poco frecuente; no obstante, los avances en los tratamientos de pacientes hemofílicos en las últimas décadas han generado cambios en su calidad de vida. Esto ha motivado el desarrollo de múltiples investigaciones al respecto. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura sobre la calidad de vida en el paciente hemofílico, producida en el periodo 2008-2012. Método: Se consultaron algunas bases de datos científicas utilizando como palabras clave “hemofilia” y “calidad de vida”. Se recopiló la información encontrada y se organizó según los objetivos propuestos en “factores negativos” y “factores protectores” de la calidad de vida a nivel fisiológico, psicosocial y cultural; “instrumentos para la evaluación de la calidad de vida” a nivel específico y general; y antecedentes empíricos de los últimos cinco años en los que se evaluara la calidad de vida o se realizara alguna intervención en la misma. Resultados: En general la información disponible sobre el comportamiento epidemiológico de la hemofilia es limitada. El interés por factores protectores y negativos es principalmente de tipo fisiológico, aunque se encontraron factores de tipo psicosocial y cultural, lo que indica la importancia de profundizar en esta temática. Existen pocos instrumentos especializados para la evaluación de la calidad de vida en hemofílicos. La evidencia empírica se centra en la evaluación. Conclusión: El estudio de la calidad de vida en pacientes hemofílicos amerita ser abordado de manera interdisciplinaria.

Factores psicológicos asociados al desempeño académico en los cursos universitarios de estadística: diferencias por sexo y área de titulación

Se examinaron factores auto-perceptivos (autoconcepto,autoeficacia) y actitudinales referentes a la estadísticapara determinar si las interacciones entre el perfil autoperceptivo/actitudinal del estudiante, el sexo y el área detitulación se asocian con el rendimiento académico y laansiedad estadística. En una muestra de estudiantes universitarioscolombianos (178 mujeres, 154 hombres), losanálisis de conglomerados revelaron dos perfiles autoperceptivos/actitudinales significativamente distintos,según los niveles bajos (perfil-1) o altos (perfil-2) en lasvariables de agrupación (autoconcepto, autoeficacia yactitudes hacia la estadística). Los análisis de varianzay de covarianza mostraron que el perfil auto-perceptivo/actitudinal de los estudiantes tiene un efecto significativoen el rendimiento y la ansiedad estadística, que varía porsexo y área de titulación. Los hallazgos contrastan conlos de otros estudios que examinan los mismos constructosseparadamente.

Poder e influencia en el liderazgo transformacional

Como proyecto de grado, el presente trabajo consiste en una revisión teórica de los conceptos de liderazgo, poder e influencia, junto con las posibles relaciones que entre ellos se pueden presentar. Para ello, cada concepto es definido de manera individual, y con base en ello, se identifica la dependencia que tienen estos conceptos entre sí y la importancia dentro del desarrollo del liderazgo transformacional actual. Para lograr lo propuesto, se llevó a cabo la revisión de una parte de la literatura académica presente en libros, revistas académicas, bases de datos y documentos relacionados con los temas y conceptos tratados. A partir de ello, se entendió la evolución del concepto del liderazgo y los enfoques presentados desde la década de los 1920´s hasta la actualidad, junto con el modelo de rango total y el tipo transaccional y transformacional del liderazgo, para luego definir el papel y la importancia de los conceptos de poder, los tipos de poder, la influencia y las tácticas de influencia, y así, identificar las posibles relaciones que se presentan entre los conceptos y la importancia de estos en el entorno organizacional actual.

Long-term positive effects of repeating a year in school: Six-year longitudinal study of self-beliefs, anxiety, social relations, school grades, and test scores

Consistently with a priori predictions, school retention (repeating a year in school) had largely positive effects for a diverse range of 10 outcomes (e.g., math self-concept, self-efficacy, anxiety, relations with teachers, parents and peers, school grades, and standardized achievement test scores). The design, based on a large, representative sample of German students (N = 1,325, M age = 11.75 years) measured each year during the first five years of secondary school, was particularly strong. It featured four independent retention groups (different groups of students, each repeating one of the four first years of secondary school, total N = 103), with multiple post-test waves to evaluate short- and long-term effects, controlling for covariates (gender, age, SES, primary school grades, IQ) and one or more sets of 10 outcomes realised prior to retention. Tests of developmental invariance demonstrated that the effects of retention (controlling for covariates and pre-retention outcomes) were highly consistent across this potentially volatile early-to-middle adolescent period; largely positive effects in the first year following retention were maintained in subsequent school years following retention. Particularly considering that these results are contrary to at least some of the accepted wisdom about school retention, the findings have important implications for educational researchers, policymakers and parents.

O efeito do exercício sobre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão e autoconceito dos pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

A reabilitação pulmonar interdisciplinar, tem sido a melhor alternativa de tratamento para os pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica, DPOC. Este ensaio clínico estudou o efeito do exercício sobre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão e autoconceito de 30 pacientes com DPOC ( média de idade 63,66+11,62 ; 80% sexo masculino) Os pacientes participaram do estudo por 12 semanas e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o grupo experimental (G1) e o grupo controle (G2). Os pacientes de G1 (n=14) tiveram: 24 sessões de fisioterapia respiratória; 12 sessões de acompanhamento psicológico; 3 sessões de educação e 24 sessões de exercício. Os pacientes de G2 (n=16) tiveram: 24 sessões de fisioterapia respiratória; 12 sessões de acompanhamento psicológico e 3 sessões de educação. Este grupo não realizou as sessões de exercício. Antes e após a intervenção, os pacientes passaram por uma avaliação que incluía os seguintes instrumentos: BAI (Inventário de Beck de ansiedade); BDI (Inventário de Beck de depressão), ERA (Escala Reduzida de Autoconceito); Teste de 6 minutos de caminhada e '’The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire”. Ambos os grupos demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05), incluindo diminuição da ansiedade e depressão, aumento do autoconceito, melhora no desempenho do teste de 6 minutos de caminhada e melhora na qualidade de vida. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t de student e do teste do Qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no tratamento entre os grupos.

Identidade, espaço e tempo: negociações de sentido sobre a "gente de rua"

This research examines the street children s identity construction processes. Recently, the research about this population has focused on the socialization processes that organize their everyday, their situations of interaction, the meanings of their social practices, their street experience. The concept of identitary forms gives coherence to the set of these phenomena, articulating them theoretically, in order to describe their life conditions and details of their trajectories. This research utilized an ethnographic approach with a group of 11 street people, 9 of them boys and girls 16-18 years old, during 3 months. It included participant observation, informal and formal interviews, that resulted in young s narratives of lifestory. These narratives were interpreted according to the principles of positioning analysis and the Labovian Analysis model of oral narratives of personal experience. The observation of interaction among the studied group and other groups has showed that their social practices, supported on many particular bodily technologies, recreate space and time of these interactions semantically, as mediation of meaning negotiations among groups. Such meanings transform again the environment of these interactions, disclosing interpretative systems by means of which the groups apprehend this interaction in a particular way. These street children s bodily technologies imply identitary forms based on scarcity and abandonment, paradoxicalally related to their self-concept. The analysis of narratives revealed diversity and complexity in the meanings assembly for their street experience; it showed that the semantic arrangements reconstruct the temporal experience, creating a moral climate for each lifestory, and determining more or less aperture of identitary forms to change. The study concludes that space and time, builders of interaction regimes, produce identitary forms; that the narratives and the social practices of the studied group are sustained upon a master discourse that opposes the meanings of the home and the life in the streets

A auto-estima da criança que sofre violência física pela família

This research investigates the self-esteem of children who suffered physical violence by family members. Seven children took part in the research: three boys and four girls, aged between six and twelve years old. The analysis were done from the constructed data obtained from: semi-structured interview, activities about human feelings, activities that included facial expressions, unfinished phrases, Pinocchio s story, a drawing of a family and a drawing of their own family. Data were analyzed from the Content Analysis. The Thematic Units were: violence, intrafamily violence, and self-esteem. The synthesis of the categories studied evidenced that the physical violence and the psychological violence present in the lives of children affect the positive development of their self-concept and, consequently, of their self-esteem. Among the results, we emphasize some negative feelings that are present in children s lives such as fear, a sense of guilt, and sadness, arising out of the situations of violence they have experienced

Autopercepção das condições de saúde bucal por idosos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a autopercepção das condições de saúde bucal por idosos e analisar os fatores clínicos, subjetivos e sociodemográficos que interferem nessa percepção. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 201 pessoas, dentadas, com 60 anos ou mais, funcionalmente independentes, que freqüentavam um centro de saúde localizado em Araraquara, SP, Brasil. Foi aplicado questionário com questões sobre as características sociodemográficas da amostra, a autopercepção da condição bucal e o índice Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Realizou-se exame clínico para determinar a prevalência das principais doenças bucais. Foram usados testes estatísticos para determinar a associação das variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e do índice GOHAI com a autopercepção da condição bucal e a identificação dos preditores da auto-avaliação. RESULTADOS: O exame clínico revelou grande prevalência das principais doenças bucais, apesar de 42,7% das pessoas avaliarem sua condição bucal como regular. As variáveis associadas à auto-avaliação foram: classe social, índice de GOHAI, dentes cariados e indicados para extração. A análise multivariada mostrou que os preditores da auto-avaliação foram o GOHAI, os dentes com extração indicada e o índice Community Periodontal Index and Treatment Needs. Esses preditores explicaram 30% da variabilidade da auto-avaliação. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que a percepção da saúde bucal teve pouca influência nas condições clínicas, mostrando ser necessário desenvolver ações preventivas e educativas para a população.

O limiar de esforço percebido (LEP) corresponde à potência crítica e a um indicador de máximo estado estável de consumo de oxigěnio

The perceived exertion has been a target of several investigations, many times with association with objective physiological indicators in exercise. Recently, the identification of the perceived exertion threshold (PET) was proposed in the water running, which presented no difference in relation to the critical velocity. Theoretically, both parameters would be indicators of the maximum steady state of variables such as V̇O2 and blood lactate. The objective of this work was to verify the coincidence between PET, critical power (PCrit) and an indicator of maximum V̇O2 steady state (PCrit') in cycle ergometer. Eight male participants were submitted to progressive effort test in order to determine V̇O2peak (46.7 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min) and to four rectangular tests until exhaustion for the estimation of the critical power model parameters, PET and PCrit'. The hyperbolic relation between mechanical power and time spent for the V̇O2peak to be reached in each test was used for the PCrit' estimation, considered as the asymptote in the power axis, and the portion of the anaerobic work capacity (CTAnaer) depleted up to the establishment of the V̇O2peak (CTAnaer'). In order to identify PET, the straight lines angular coefficients of the perceived exertion in time (ordinate) and the powers used (abscissa) were adjusted to a linear function that provided a point in the power axis in which the perceived exertion would be kept indefinitely stable. The parameters PCrit and CTAnaer were estimated by means of the power-time non-linear equation. In order to compare the estimations of PET, PCrit and PCrit', the analysis of variance ANOVA for repeated measurements was employed, and the associations were established through the Pearson correlation. CTAnaer and CTAnaer' were compared through the t test. PET (180 W ± 61 W), PCrit (174 W ± 43 W) and PCrit' (176 W ± 48 W) were not significantly different and the correlations were of 0.92-0.98. CTAnaer' (14,080 ± 5,219 J) was lower than CTAnaer (22,093 ± 9,042 J). One concludes that the PET predicts the intensity of PCrit and PCrit' with accuracy.

Construction and validation of the brazilian questionário de respostas socialmente habilidosas segundo relato de professores (QRSH-PR)

Behavioral problems in preschool children are one of the most frequent motives for seeking psychological care by parents and caregivers. Instruments are considered necessary, created from a Social Skills Training theoretical-practical perspective, which may systematically assist the identification of social skills and behavioral deficits, helping professionals in the prevention and/or reduction of behavioral problems. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric validity and reliability of an instrument for evaluation of Socially Skilled Responses, from a teacher's perspective (QRSH-PR For this purpose, 260 preschool children were evaluated, differentiated in subgroups without and without behavioral difficulties, based on the Child Behavior Scale (Escala de Comportamento Infantil/ECI-Professor Studies were conducted for construct, discrimination, concurrent and predictive validity. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to evaluate internal consistency. The obtained results pointed to positive indicators in reference to construct, discrimination, and predictive validity, and even for good internal consistency, indicating that the items consistently measure the construct of social skills, and differentiated children with and without behavioral problems. The questionnaire is considered to be gauged for evaluation of socially skilled responses from preschool children, and applicable in educational and clinical environments. Copyright 2009 by The Spanish Journal of Psychology.

Correlation between oral health perception and clinical factors in a Brazilian community

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse associations between self-perception of oral health and relevant clinical, personal and socio-demographic factors in a Brazilian community. Material And Methods: Urban adults living in a city in southern Brazil were interviewerd and examined. Individuals with acute pain and who needed multiple extractions of teeth were excluded. Self-perception and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) were applied to measure the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life. Socio-demographic and clinical indicators were also analysed. Results: The clinical examination revealed a high dental caries experience (DMFT = 18.9) and a high prevalence of periodontal disease. Oral condition was considered normal by 42% of respondents. The variables associated with the OHIP-14 were: education, age, self-assessment, dental caries and the DMFT index. Conclusions: Self-perception of oral health was associated with OHIP-14 and the clinical indicators had low influence in the self-perception. Therefore, the development of educational initiatives and preventive strategies for the adult population is recommended. © BASCD 2011.

Ion beam analysis of a-C:H films on alloy steel substrate

An a-C:H thin film deposited by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition on alloy steel (16MnCr5) was analyzed using a self-consistent ion beam analysis technique.In the self-consistent analysis, the results of each individual technique are combined in a unique model, increasing confidence and reducing simulation errors.Self-consistent analysis, then, is able to improve the regular ion beam analysis since several analyses commonly used to process ion beam data still rely on handling each spectrum independently.The sample was analyzed by particle-induced x-ray emission (for trace elements), elastic backscattering spectrometry (for carbon), forward recoil spectrometry (for hydrogen) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (for film morphology).The self-consistent analysis provided reliable chemical information about the film, despite its heavy substrate.As a result, we could determine precisely the H/C ratio, contaminant concentration and some morphological characteristics of the film, such as roughness and discontinuities.© 2013 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Perspectivas de adolescentes e cuidadores sobre saúde mental e serviços

Objetivo: analisar os conceitos e percepções que adolescentes e seus cuidadores possuem sobre saúde mental e serviços de saúde em seu contexto ecológico e investigar as barreiras de acesso à assistência à saúde mental vivenciadas. Método: trata-se de estudo exploratório e analítico em amostra de conveniência obtida no período de outubro de 2009 a junho de 2010, com 100 adolescentes e 100 cuidadores, no município de Belém-PA, em dois contextos clínicos públicos, sendo um ambulatório especializado em saúde mental e um geral e dois contextos escolares, sendo um público e um privado. Utilizou-se questionários estruturados, para investigar diferentes dimensões envolvidas nas temáticas saúde, família, bem-estar e condições de vida, seguidos de análise estatística, com técnicas de análise da variância e correlacional. Resultados: a média das idades dos adolescentes foi de 14,47 (DP 1,90) anos, sendo 58% feminino; o tipo de problema de saúde mental relatado pela maioria foram problemas na escola (21,9%); o profissional mais frequentemente procurado foi o psicólogo (59,4%). No que tange as concepções de saúde mental, adolescentes e cuidadores deram importância ao comportamento de abster-se de drogas; quanto às concepções de doença mental, ambos, conceberam como algo a ser considerado com seriedade; ambos concordaram que a religião contribui para a saúde/doença mental e revelaram a primazia da mãe na busca de ajuda; no que tange as estratégias de coping os adolescentes lidavam de forma semelhante com os problemas de saúde mental em suas vidas; adolescentes e cuidadores possuíam uma visão estigmatizada do profissional de saúde e temores de discriminação principalmente pelos pares; quanto ao tratamento real ou imaginado ambos revelaram concepções favoráveis das terapias como fonte de ajuda e espaço privilegiado para expressar a própria opinião e em qualquer dos casos, a mãe revelou-se como a principal pessoa a contribuir na busca de ajuda especializada. As variáveis que revelaram a procedência das concepções sobre saúde/doença mental e as estratégias empregadas na manutenção da saúde mental da família mostraram diferenças entre os contextos investigados; no que tange ao auto conceito, os adolescentes da escola privada mostraram maior auto-congruência entre o self real e o ideal comparativamente os demais contextos; os cuidadores revelaram auto-congruência maior na escola pública. Quanto às perspectivas que o adolescente tem sobre a família revelaram identificações reais mais frequentes nos quatro contextos com a mãe, seguidas da avó/avô; quanto aos modelos de identificação familiar nos contextos clínicos e escola privada é maior com a mãe; na escola pública é maior com o pai; foi observado discrepância da perspectiva do cuidador acerca do conceito sobre o adolescente. Para a maioria dos adolescentes e cuidadores as condições de saúde foram classificadas de "boas" a "excelentes". A auto-avaliação do bem-estar dos adolescentes na amostra geral mostrou que, em sua maioria, sentiam-se muito satisfeitos, totalmente cheios de energia, divertiam-se e tiveram boa relação com os professores; na visão dos cuidadores, a maioria de seus adolescentes sentiam-se muito satisfeitos com a vida, utilizavam seu tempo livre divertindo-se com amigos e deram maior importância aos sentimentos de bem-estar com relação ao desempenho físico. Conclusões: são evidenciadas as semelhanças e diferenças entre adolescentes e cuidadores nas amostras clínicos e escolares que podem subsidiar ações preventivas de saúde contextualizadas para a cidade de Belém.