951 resultados para Petróleo - Comércio - Aspectos militares
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A resiliência é um construto que remete à habilidade do ser humano de ter êxito frente às adversidades da vida, superá-las e inclusive, ser fortalecido ou transformado por elas. Campos de investigações da psicologia, como Psicologia da Saúde, Psicologia Positiva e Comportamento Organizacional Positivo, têm considerado a resiliência como uma importante via para a compreensão dos aspectos positivos e saudáveis dos indivíduos. Este trabalho pretendeu ampliar o conhecimento acerca da resiliência e suas relações com outros construtos no contexto organizacional. Para isto, definiu-se como objetivo geral deste estudo verificar a capacidade preditiva do conflito intragrupal (tarefa e relacionamento), do suporte social no trabalho (emocional, informacional e instrumental) e do autoconceito profissional (saúde, realização, autoconfiança e competência) sobre a resiliência (adaptação ou aceitação positiva de mudanças, espiritualidade, resignação diante da vida, competência pessoal e persistência diante das dificuldades) de policiais militares. Participaram do estudo 133 policiais militares de um batalhão do interior do estado de São Paulo, prevalecendo indivíduos do sexo masculino (97,7%), com idade média de 30 anos (DP= 5,7). Para a medida das variáveis foram utilizadas as seguintes escalas validadas: Escala de Avaliação de Resiliência reduzida, Escala de Conflitos Intragrupais, Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social no Trabalho e a Escala de Autoconceito Profissional. Os dados foram submetidos a cálculos descritivos e a análises de regressão linear múltipla padrão. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo que reunia as variáveis antecedentes (conflito intragrupal, suporte social no trabalho e autoconceito profissional) explicou significativamente a variância das dimensões da resiliência: 30% da persistência diante das dificuldades, 29% da adaptação ou aceitação positiva de mudanças, 28% da competência pessoal e 11% da espiritualidade. As variáveis que tiveram impacto estatisticamente importante sobre a persistência diante das dificuldades foram o suporte emocional no trabalho, cuja direção da predição foi inversa, e autoconfiança, cuja direção da predição foi direta. A adaptação ou aceitação positiva de mudanças teve como preditor inverso a variável saúde e como preditor direto a autoconfiança. A competência pessoal teve impacto significativo da variável autoconfiança, que se mostrou um preditor direto. A espiritualidade, por sua vez, teve um único preditor significante, a variável realização, cuja direção da predição foi direta. Os resultados sugerem que dentre as variáveis antecedentes, o autoconceito profissional evidenciou maior poder de explicação da variância da resiliência. À luz da literatura da área foram discutidos estes achados. Por fim, foram apresentadas as limitações e a proposta de uma agenda de pesquisa que contribua para confirmação e ampliação dos resultados desta investigação.
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This dissertation deals with the constitutional limits on the exercise of patent rights and its effects on the oil, natural gas and biofuels. Held with the support of ANP / PETROBRAS, It seeks to show how the law will limit the exercise of industrial property, based on a reinterpretation of private law by the constitutional development perspective . Today it is a fact that Petrobras, a Brazilian joint venture, has the latest technology in various sectors of the oil industry, and is one of the highest investments in developing new technologies. The overall objective of this thesis is to establish the relationship between the public interest of the Petroleum Industry, Natural Gas and Biofuels and constitutional limits to the free exercise of patent rights, then confirm or refute our hypothesis that Article 71 on Industrial Property Law is contrary to the existing objectives in Article 3 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The research aims to examine the relevant aspects of the legal nature attributed to IPGN constitutionally confronting the constitutional limits on the free exercise of patent rights, with the purpose to outline the state of the performance limits in the regulation of the economy, in particular the application of feasibility limitations on the right of property in favor of national interest on the strategic energy industry. The aim is to confront the fundamental rights to property and economic development, against the public interest, limiting these first. As to the objectives, the research will be theoretical and descriptive and harvest of industrial property, respect the possible impact of regulatory standards and limiting the right of ownership in the oil industry. To establish how the state will mitigate the intellectual property right, we discuss, at first, a definition of public interest from the general theory of state and sovereign character in order to establish a new concept of national interest and popular interest, which will in turn the definition of our concept of public interest. In the second phase, will be addressed the issue of industrial property rights and how to will be free exercise thereof, in the constitutional sphere, infra, and demonstrating the use of industrial property rights with examples of market and IPGN . After situating the industrial property rights in the constitution and national legislation, establish their relationship with the national and regional development, will be addressed in this chapter in particular the patent law, as most usual form of intellectual property protection in IPGN. Used a study highlighting the number of patents in the area of the analyzed industry, demonstrating with hard data the importance of a sector for industrial development. The relationship between the social function of intellectual property and the constitutional objective of development was characterized to demonstrate the strategic nature of oil to Brazil in the national and international scene, and put into question the hypothesis of the research which provides that even with large investments the lack of legal certainty in the sector turns out not to have a considerable volume of investment as it could.
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Oil well cementing materials consist of slurries of Special class Portland cement dispersed in water. Admixtures can be used to provide the necessary fluidity, so the material can be efficiently pumped down as well as penetrate porous rocks with controlled filter loss. Construction admixtures can be used to modify the properties of oil well cements provided they can withstand and hold their properties at the higher than ambient temperatures usually encountered in oil fields. In civil construction, superplasticizer play the role of dispersants that reduce the facto r of water cement improve mechanical properties and fluidity of the cement, whereas anti-segregation agents improve the workability of the slurry. In the present study, oil well cement slurries were produced adding both a dispersant and an anti-segregation agent conventionally used in Portland CPII-Z-32 RS cement aiming at materials for primary cementing and squeeze operations. Three basic aspects were evaluated: fluidity, filter loss and the synergetic effect of the admixtures at two temperatures, i.e., 27°C and 56°C, following API RP 10B practical recommendations. The slurries were prepared using admixture concentrations varying from 2.60 Kgf/m3 (0.02 gallft3) to 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0.045 galJft3) BWOC. The density of the slurries was set to 1.89 g/cm3 (15.8 Ib/gal). 0.30 to 0.60% BWOC of a CMC-based anti-segregation agent was added to the cement to control the filter loss. The results showed that the addition of anti-segregation at concentrations above 0.55% by weight of cement resulted in the increased viscosity of the folders in temperatures evaluated. The increasing the temperature of the tests led to a reduction in the performance of anti-segregation. At concentrations of 5.20 kgf/m3 (0,040 gallft3) and 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0,045 gal/ft 3) observed a better performance of the properties evaluated in the proposed system. At low temperature was observed instability in the readings of rheology for all concentrations of anti-segregation. Contents that increasing the concentration of anti¬-segregation is limited concentrations greater than 0.55 % BWOC of the CMC in temperature analyzed. The use of the system with CMC promoted a good performance against the properties evaluated. The principal function of anti¬-segregation was optimized with increasing concentration of superplasticizer, at temperatures above the 2rC. The study of the behaviour of systemic additives, resulting in slurries of cement, which can be optimized face studies of other intrinsic properties in oil fields
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações
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Dissertação de mest. em Gestão Empresarial, Faculdade de Economia, Univ. do Algarve, 2001
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The oil production in mature areas can be improved by advanced recovery techniques. In special, steam injection reduces the viscosity of heavy oils, thus improving its flow to surrounding wells. On the other hand, the usually high temperatures and pressures involved in the process may lead to cement cracking, negatively affecting both the mechanical stability and zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath of the well. The addition of plastic materials to the cement is an alternative to prevent this scenario. Composite slurries consisting of Portland cement and a natural biopolymer were studied. Samples containing different contents of biopolymer dispersed in a Portland cement matrix were prepared and evaluated by mechanical and rheological tests in order to assess their behavior according to API (American Petroleum Institute) guidelines. FEM was also applied to map the stress distribution encountered by the cement at bottom bole. The slurries were prepared according to a factorial experiment plan by varying three parameters, i.e., cement age, contents of biopolymer and water-to-cement ratio. The results revealed that the addition of the biopolymer reduced the volume of free water and the setting time of the slurry. In addition, tensile strength, compressive strength and toughness improved by 30% comparing hardened composites to plain Portland slurries. FEM results suggested that the stresses developed at bottomhole may be 10 to 100 times higher than the strength of the cement as evaluated in the lab by unconfined mechanical testing. An alternative approach is proposed to adapt the testing methodology used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of oilwell cement slurries by simulating the confined conditions encountered at bottornhole
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Mestrado em Matemática Aplicada à Economia e à Gestão
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The new oil reservoirs discoveries in onshore and ultra deep water offshore fields and complex trajectories require the optimization of procedures to reduce the stops operation during the well drilling, especially because the platforms and equipment high cost, and risks which are inherent to the operation. Among the most important aspects stands out the drilling fluids project and their behavior against different situations that may occur during the process. By means of sedimentation experiments, a correlation has been validated to determe the sedimentation particles velocity in variable viscosity fluids over time, applying the correction due to effective viscosity that is a shear rate and time function. The viscosity evolution over time was obtained by carrying out rheologic tests using a fixed shear rate, small enough to not interfere in the fluid gelling process. With the sedimentation particles velocity and the fluid viscosity over time equations an iterative procedure was proposed to determine the particles displacement over time. These equations were implemented in a case study to simulate the cuttings sedimentation generated in the oil well drilling during stops operation, especially in the connections and tripping, allowing the drilling fluid project in order to maintain the cuttings in suspension, avoiding risks, such as stuck pipe and in more drastic conditions, the loss of the well
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Os poços HPHT atravessam zonas anormalmente pressurizadas e com altos gradientes de temperatura. Esses poços apresentam elevadas concentrações de tensões produzidas pelas operações de perfuração e fraturamento hidráulico, flutuações da pressão e temperatura, forças dinâmicas geradas durante a perfuração, formações inconsolidadas, entre outros aspectos, podendo resultar em falhas mecânicas na bainha de cimento. Tais falhas comprometem a estabilidade mecânica do poço e o isolamento das zonas produtoras de óleos e/ou gás. Para que operações corretivas não se façam necessárias, é preciso adequar as pastas às condições de cada poço. Sistemas de pastas de cimento para poços HPHT requerem um bom controle de suas propriedades termo-mecânicas. Visto que a temperaturas superiores a 110 oC (230 oF) o cimento, após alcançar um valor máximo de resistência, inicia um processo de perda de resistência (retrogressão). Para prevenir esse efeito substitui-se parcialmente o cimento Portland por sílica com objetivo de incrementar a reação pozolânica. Esta reação modifica a trajetória do processo natural de hidratação do cimento, o gel de silicato de cálcio hidratado (C-S-H) se converte em várias outras fases com maior resistência. Polímeros também são adicionados para proporcionar maior flexibilidade e agir como barreira à propagação de trincas desenvolvidas sob tensão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento do sistema cimento/sílica/polímero quando submetido às condições de alta temperatura e alta pressão. Foram formuladas pastas de cimento puro, pastas contendo 40 % BWOC de sílica flour e pastas com diferentes concentrações de poliuretana (5 % a 25 %) e 40 % BWOC de sílica flour. O peso específico das pastas foi fixado em 1,87 g/cm3 (15,6 lb/gal). Os resultados demonstram que as resistências da pasta contendo 40% de sílica e das com adição de polímero foram muito superiores a da pasta de cimento puro, não ocorrendo o efeito da retrogressão. As pastas com polímero apresentaram um crescente aumento da tenacidade com o aumento da concentração da mesma, sendo assim capaz de suportar as tensões. Além de se manterem estáveis termicamente acima de 180 ºC. O sistema também apresentou excelentes resultados de filtrado, reologia, água livre, estabilidade e permeabilidade. Sendo assim, o mesmo mostrou ser aplicável a poços HPHT
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A proposal for a global analysis of sustainability in projects related in oil facilities is presented. By considering economic, environmental and social aspects in the early stages of design, the suggested method is more comprehensive and can be used to complement the analysis commonly applied in the petroleum industry, such as: Study of Technical and Economic Feasibility; Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Analysis. Several authors, associations, certification bodies and oil companies suggest different approaches to study sustainability in some specific activities (or industries). In this study, a checklist of significant sustainability aspects for the oil industry (surface facilities) was assembled. In addition, a matrix was developed to assess the sustainability items relevant to these projects. In this work, the checklist interacts with the matrix to perform a "Preliminary Analysis of Sustainability of the Enterprise" (APSE). This method allows the identification of aspects that contribute significantly to global sustainability. From this analysis, which includes economic, social and environmental aspects, is built a report that is used to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the impact of the sustainability aspects of the project. In this analysis are identified items that strongly influence the economic, social or environmental aspects and evaluated alternatives that can increase the overall sustainability of the project. Finally, the alternatives that can be used to indicate the most sustainable option are identified. This method was applied in a project (design) of a small offshore platform. This case study shows how the APSE can contribute to the identification of sustainability initiatives for the enterprise. The results showed that relevant aspects can contribute decisively to global sustainability. Finally, it was observed that the proposed method can contribute to increased rates of sustainability, even after application of analysis commonly used in these projects
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Las empresas de transporte de carga terrestre del país son parte de uno de los sectores productivos más importantes, que contribuyen en la economía y en el producto interno bruto (PIB), a través de las operaciones requeridas para su actividad. Así mismo, influye en los costos de los bienes que se movilizan desde su lugar de embarque hacia su destino, mediante el cobro de la tarifa del servicio de transporte y/o logística. El origen de esta investigación radica en la incidencia del alza de los precios de los combustibles en los costos operativos de las empresas dedicadas al transporte de carga terrestre nacional, y la decisión de estas; entre incrementar el importe de la prestación, afectando el nivel de competitividad que se tiene en el mercado o absorber las variaciones provocando la disminución del margen de ganancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar información referente al uso del recurso energético alternativo llamado gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) para automotores, que disminuya significativamente los costos de operación del sector de transporte de carga terrestre en el país y contribuya de esta manera en la competitividad brindando precios rentables sin sacrificar sus utilidades. Además, dar a conocer la legislación, los aspectos técnicos de instalación, mantenimiento, el análisis del ahorro generado y el valor de la inversión. Con el propósito que los empresarios de dicho sector puedan tomar la decisión, de invertir en el proyecto del uso del recurso energético alternativo GLP. El desarrollo de la investigación se enfocó en las empresas dedicadas al transporte de carga terrestre ubicadas en el departamento de San Salvador, municipio de San Salvador. Formando un universo de 66 empresas y de las que se tomó una muestra de 32. La encuesta fue la herramienta de investigación utilizada para entrevistar a los empresarios y/o responsables del área contable financiera, por medio de preguntas relevantes para la comprobación de la problemática y la ampliación del estudio, las cuales se encuentran tabuladas y con su correspondiente análisis. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron elaborar un diagnóstico, el cual determina que las empresas han visto afectados sus costos de operación de una forma representativa, principalmente por el incremento de los precios de los combustibles, este dato lo reportan por medio del análisis financiero que de forma periódica llevan a cabo. También los empresarios poseen información significativa de algunas opciones para el ahorro en los carburantes, y además se evidencia la necesidad de un documento completo que les brinde el conocimiento de una alternativa para enfrentar la problemática mencionada. En conclusión, al ejecutar el estudio y al realizar el análisis financiero de los ahorros generados a partir de la instalación del sistema de conversión combustión Diesel – Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en los equipos de transporte de carga terrestre, se observa una disminución sustancial de los costos operativos de la empresa permitiendo mayores ganancias y una mejor competitividad del negocio. Por lo tanto, se recomienda sean tomados en cuenta los resultados de esta investigación por parte de los empresarios de dicho sector para que les sirva de apoyo en la evaluación y toma de mejores decisiones.
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The human activities responsible for the ambient degradation in the modern world are diverse. The industrial activities are preponderant in the question of the impact consequences for brazilian ecosystems. Amongst the human activities, the petroliferous industry in operation in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin (PPB) displays the constant risk of ambient impacts in the integrant cities, not only for the human populations and the environment, but also it reaches the native microorganisms of Caatinga ground and in the mangrove sediment. Not hindering, the elaboration of strategies of bioremediation for impacted areas pass through the knowledge of microbiota and its relations with the environment. Moreover, in the microorganism groups associated to oil, are emphasized the sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) that, in its anaerobic metabolism, these organisms participate of the sulfate reduction, discharging H2S, causing ambient risks and causing the corrosion of surfaces, as pipelines and tanks, resulting in damages for the industry. Some ancestries of PRS integrate the Archaea domain, group of microorganisms whose sequenced genomes present predominance of extremophilic adaptations, including surrounding with oil presence. This work has two correlated objectives: i) the detection and monitoring of the gene dsrB, gift in sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, through DGGE analysis in samples of mDNA of a mangrove sediment and semiarid soil, both in the BPP; ii) to relate genomic characteristics to the ecological aspects of Archaea through in silico studies, standing out the importance to the oil and gas industry. The results of the first work suggest that the petrodegraders communities of SRP persist after the contamination with oil in mangrove sediment and in semiarid soil. Comparing the populations of both sites, it reveals that there are variations in the size and composition during one year of experiments. In the second work, functional and structural factors are the probable cause to the pressure in maintenance of the conservation of the sequences in the multiple copies of the 16S rDNA gene. Is verified also the discrepancy established between total content GC and content GC of the same gene. Such results relating ribosomal genes and the ambient factors are important for metagenomic evaluations using PCR-DGGE. The knowledge of microbiota associated to the oil can contribute for a better destination of resources by the petroliferous industry and the development of bioremediation strategies. Likewise, search to lead to the best agreement of the performance of native microbiota in biogeochemical cycles in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin ecosystem
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El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es afectado por la enfermedad del achaparramiento del maíz. Esta enfermedad es causada por un complejo de patógenos transmitidos por el insecto vector Dalbulus maidis. Dalbulus maidis es controlado naturalmente por el hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae. Este hongo es afectado porcondiciones físicas tales como: humedad, temperatura, precipitación y viento. Para estudiar el de efecto estos factores se estableció un experimento en el Centro Nacional de Granos Básicos " Humberto Tapia Barquero” en la Región IIl Managua, Nicaragua. Sembrando quincenalmente cuatro variedades de maíz. Se determinó el número de Dalbulus maidis vivos y muertos por Metarhizium anisopliae. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de los factores físicos en conjunto con la población hospedera y el inóculo en el desarrollo de la epidemia del hongo. La temperatura, humedad y el viento no fueron factores relevantes dentro del estudio, por lo que no se incluyeron dentro del análisis. La variedad de maíz y la población hospedera no influyeron significativamente sobre el tamaño de la epizootia. Siendo la lluvia y el inoculo de la siembra anterior, los que influyeron significativamente en el tamaño de la epizootia. El microclima del cultivo es determinante en el desarrollo de la epizootia.
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Durante la época de postreras (Agosto - Noviembre) de 1989, se realizó un ensayo en la Estación Experimental "La Compañía", ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, Región IV., con el objetivo de determinar las asociaciones de malezas que compiten con los cultivos. Además determinar la influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas sobre la dinámica de las especies de malezas, la composición florística, crecimiento y la influencia de los métodos de laboreo sobre la variación en la germinación de diferentes especies de malezas. Para la determinación de las asociaciones de malezas se realizaron muestreos de campo, utilizando un área de 18 m2 como parcela de muestreo. Para determinar la influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas sobre la dinámica, la composición florística y biología de las especies de malezas se establecieron metros cuadrados estacionarios, Se distribuyeron en el campo 15 m2 , se utilizó tres diferentes sistemas de labranza: labranza convencional, labranza mínima labranza cero., a cada sistema de labranza le correspondieron 5 m2. Para evaluar la germinación escalonada de las principales especies de malezas, se realizó un procedimiento similar al descrito anteriormente, 5 m2 estacionarios fueron establecidos en cada uno de los tres sistemas de labranza. En el caso de labranza convencional la tierra era removida cada 15 días, simulando la práctica normal de preparación de suelo que incluía grada, arado, nivelación y surcado. En la labranza mínima, las malezas fueron cortadas a nivel del suelo, con intervalos de 15 días se preparaba el suelo usando un arado de mano, simulando la práctica de labranza realizada por pequeños productores agrícolas. En el caso de cero labranza la maleza era eliminada a nivel del suelo con intervalos de 15 días y posteriormente se evaluaban la variaciones en la flora de malezas en el tiempo. Los resultados obtenidos durante el ensayo son resumidos de la siguiente manera: La vegetación natural estuvo conformada por un alto número de especies 49 en total, se encontraron 42 géneros y 49 especies, pertenecientes a 20 familias. Las malezas encontradas fueron en su mayoría dicotiledóneas, representando el 60% del total de malezas y las especies restantes monocotiledóneas un 40%.Los mayores valores de cubrimientos fueron para las especies dicotiledóneas. Las especies que alcanzaron mayor área foliar fueron: Malampodium divaricatum (flor amarilla) Amaranthus spinosus (bledo) Melanstera aspera (totolquelite) Biden pilosa (aceitillo). Se encontró que en labranza convencional, el número de individuo/m2 aumentó en todo el periodo del ensayo, seguido por labranza mínima que también presentó una mayor proliferación de Sorghum halepense en relación a los otros sistemas. Las especie en estudio presentaron crecimiento superior en los sistema de labranza mínima y labranza convencional, lo contrario se observa en labranza cero donde se mantuvo por debajo de los otros sistemas. La especie Sorghum halepense tiene un crecimiento más rápido en Labranza mínima. En la germinación escalonada de las diferentes especies de malezas, el sistema de labranza convencional mantuvo un porcentaje mayor de especies dicotiledóneas (individuos /m2) en relación a otros sistemas de labranzas. Las especies monocotiledóneas se presentaron con un porcentaje mayor (individuos /m2) en el sistema de labranza cero. Se dio un comportamiento diferente de las especies de malezas en los tres sistemas de labranzas. Las especies Sorghun halepense, Panicum thichoides, Melanstera aspera, Melampodium divaricatum, estuvieron presentes con frecuencia superiores en relación a los otras especies en los tres sistemas de labranza.