Predictors of violent reconvictions and mortality among impulsive alcoholic violent offenders: A prospective study

Acts of violence lays a great burden on humankind. The negative effects of violence could be relieved by accurate prediction of violent recidivism. However, prediction of violence has been considered an inexact science hampered by scare knowledge of its causes. The study at hand examines risk factors of violent reconvictions and mortality among 242 Finnish male violent offenders exhibiting severe alcoholism and severe externalizing personality disorders. The violent offenders were recruited during a court-ordered 2-month inpatient mental status examination between 1990—1998. Controls were 1210 individuals matched by sex-, age-, and place of birth. After a 9-year non-incarcerated follow-up criminal register and mortality data were obtained from national registers. Risk analyses were applied to estimate odds and relative risk for recidivism and mortality. Risk variables that were included in the analyses were antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), a comorbidity of ASPD and BPD, childhood adversities, alcohol consumption, age, and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype. In addition to risk analyses, temperament dimensions (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire [TPQ]) were assessed. The prevalence of recidivistic acts of violence (32%) and mortality (16%) was high among the offenders. Severe personality disorders and childhood adversities increased the risk for recidivism and mortality both among offenders (OR 2.0–10.4) and in comparison between offenders and controls (RR 4.3–53.0). Offenders having BPD and a history of childhood maltreatment emerged as a group with a particularly poor prognosis. MAOA altered the effects of alcohol consumption and ageing. Alcohol consumption (+2.3%) and age (–7.3%) showed significant effects on the risk for violent reconvictions among the high activity MAOA (MAOA-H) offenders, but not among the low activity MAOA (MAOA-L) offenders. The offenders featured temperament dimensions of high novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, and low reward dependence matching Cloninger’s definition of explosive personality. The fact that the risk for recidivistic acts of violence and mortality accumulated into clearly defined subgroups supports future efforts to provide for evidence based violence prevention and risk assessments among violent offenders.

Detection of renal dysfunction during and after anaesthesia and surgery - evaluation of the influence of inorganic fluoride, ketorolac and clonidine

Drugs and surgical techniques may have harmful renal effects during the perioperative period. Traditional biomarkers are often insensitive to minor renal changes, but novel biomarkers may more accurately detect disturbances in glomerular and tubular function and integrity. The purpose of this study was first, to evaluate the renal effects of ketorolac and clonidine during inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane, and secondly, to evaluate the effect of tobacco smoking on the production of inorganic fluoride (F-) following enflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia as well as to determine the effect of F- on renal function and cellular integrity in surgical patients. A total of 143 patients undergoing either conventional (n = 75) or endoscopic (n = 68) inpatient surgery were enrolled in four studies. The ketorolac and clonidine studies were prospective, randomized, placebo controlled and double-blinded, while the cigarette smoking studies were prospective cohort studies with two parallel groups. As a sign of proximal tubular deterioration, a similar transient increase in urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase/creatinine (U-NAG/crea) was noted in both the ketorolac group and in the controls (baseline vs. at two hours of anesthesia, p = 0.015) with a 3.3 minimum alveolar concentration hour sevoflurane anesthesia. Uncorrelated U-NAG increased above the maximum concentration measured from healthy volunteers (6.1 units/l) in 5/15 patients with ketorolac and in none of the controls (p = 0.042). As a sign of proximal tubular deterioration, U-glutathione transferase-alpha/crea (U-GST-alpha/crea) increased in both groups at two hours after anesthesia but a more significant increase was noted in the patients with ketorolac. U-GST-alpha/crea increased above the maximum ratio measured from healthy volunteers in 7/15 patients with ketorolac and in 3/15 controls. Clonidine diminished the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system during pneumoperitoneum; urine output was better preserved in the patients treated with clonidine (1/15 patients developed oliguria) than in the controls (8/15 developed oliguria (p=0.005)). Most patients with pneumoperitoneum and isoflurane anesthesia developed a transient proximal tubular deterioration, as U-NAG increased above 6.1 units/L in 11/15 patients with clonidine and in 7/15 controls. In the patients receiving clonidine treatment, the median of U-NAG/crea was higher than in the controls at 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum (p = 0.01), suggesting that clonidine seems to worsen proximal tubular deterioration. Smoking induced the metabolism of enflurane, but the renal function remained intact in both the smokers and the non-smokers with enflurane anesthesia. On the contrary, smoking did not induce sevoflurane metabolism, but glomerular function decreased in 4/25 non-smokers and in 7/25 smokers with sevoflurane anesthesia. All five patients with S-F- ≥ 40 micromol/L, but only 6/45 with S-F- less than 40 micromol/L (p = 0.001), developed a S-tumor associated trypsin inhibitor concentration above 3 nmol/L as a sign of glomerular dysfunction. As a sign of proximal tubulus deterioration, U-beta 2-microglobulin increased in 2/5 patients with S-F- over 40 micromol/L compared to 2/45 patients with the highest S-F- less than 40 micromol/L (p = 0.005). To conclude, sevoflurane anesthesia may cause a transient proximal tubular deterioration which may be worsened by a co-administration of ketorolac. Clonidine premedication prevents the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and preserves normal urine output, but may be harmful for proximal tubules during pneumoperitoneum. Smoking induces the metabolism of enflurane but not that of sevoflurane. Serum F- of 40 micromol/L or higher may induce glomerular dysfunction and proximal tubulus deterioration in patients with sevoflurane anesthesia. The novel renal biomarkers warrant further studies in order to establish reference values for surgical patients having inhalation anesthesia.

HIV outbreak among injecting drug users in Finland

An HIV outbreak among Finnish injecting drug users (IDUs) occurred in 1998. By the end of 2005, 282 IDUs were in-fected, most of them by recombinant virus CRF01_AE of HIV. After a rapid spread, the outbreak subsided, and the prevalence of HIV among IDUs remained low (<2%). The purpose of the study was to describe the outbreak in order to recognise factors that have influenced the spread and restriction of the outbreak, and thus to find tools for HIV preven-tion. Data on Finnish IDUs newly diagnosed HIV-positive between 1998 and 2005 was collected through interviews and patient documents. Study I compared markers of disease progression between 93 Finnish IDUs and 63 Dutch IDUs. In study II, geographical spread of the HIV outbreak was examined and compared with the spatial distribution of employed males. In study III, risk behaviour data from interviews of 89 HIV-positive and 207 HIV-negative IDUs was linked, and prevalence and risk factors for unprotected sex were evaluated. In study IV, data on 238 newly diagnosed IDUs was combined with data on 675 sexually transmitted HIV cases, and risk factors for late HIV diagnosis (CD4 cell count <200/µL, or AIDS at HIV diagnosis) were analysed. Finnish IDUs infected with CRF01_AE exhibited higher viral loads than did Amsterdam IDUs infected with subtype B, but there was no difference in CD4 development. The Finnish IDU outbreak spread and was restricted socially in a marginalised IDU population and geographically in areas characterised by low proportions of employed males. Up to 40% of the cases in the two clusters outside the city centre had no contact with the centre, where needle exchange services were available since 1997. Up to 63% of HIV-positive and 80% of HIV-negative sexually active IDUs reported inconsistent condom use, which was associated with steady relationships and recent inpatient addiction care. Com-pared to other transmission groups, HIV-positive IDUs were diagnosed earlier in their infection. The proportion of late diagnosed HIV cases in all transmission groups was 23%, but was only 6% among IDUs diagnosed during the first four years of the epidemic. The high viral load in early HIV infection may have contributed to the rapid spread of recombinant virus in the Finnish outbreak. The outbreak was restricted to a marginalised IDU population, and limited spatially to local pockets of pov-erty. To prevent HIV among IDUs, these pockets should be recognised and reached early through outreach work and the distribution of needle exchange and other prevention activities. To prevent the sexual transmission of HIV among IDUs, prevention programmes should be combined with addiction care services and targeted at every IDU. The early detection of the outbreak and early implementation of needle exchange programmes likely played a crucial role in re-versing the IDU outbreak.

Vapaaehtoiset vuodeosastolla : Etnografinen tutkimus vanhusten ja vapaaehtoisten kohtaamisesta

This ethnographic study investigates encounters between volunteers and older people at the Kerava Municipal Health Centre inpatient ward for chronic care. Volunteer activities have been under development, in cooperation with the Voluntary Work Center (Talkoorengas), since the start of the 1990s. When my research began in 2003, nine of the volunteers came to the ward on set days per week or visited the ward according to their own timetables. The volunteers ranged in age from 54 to 78 years. With one exception, all of them were on pension. Nearly all of them had been volunteers for more than ten years. My study is research on ageing, the focal point being older people, whether volunteers or those receiving assistance. The research questions are: How is volunteer work implemented in daily routines at the ward? How is interaction created in encounters between the older people and the volunteers? What meanings does volunteer work create for the older people and the volunteers? The core material of my research is observation material, which is supplemented by interviews, documentation and photographs. The materials have been analysed by using theme analysis and ethnomethodological discussion analysis. In the presentation of the research findings, I have structured the materials into three main chapters: space and time; hands and touch; and words and tones. The chapter on space and time examines time and space paths, privacy and publicness, and celebrations as part of daily life. The volunteers open and create social arenas for the older people through chatting and singing together, celebrations in the dayroom or poetry readings at the bedside. The supporting theme of the chapter on hands and touch is bodily closeness in care and the associated concrete physical presence. The chapter highlights the importance of everyday routines, such as meals and rituals, as elements that bring security. Stimuli in daily life, such as handicrafts in groups, pass time but also give older people the experience of meaningful activity and bring back positive memories of their own life. The chapter on words and tones focuses on the social interaction and identity. The volunteers’ identity is built up into the identity of a helper and caregiver. The older people’s identity is built up into a care recipient’s identity, which in different situations is shaped into, among others, the identity of one who listens, remembers, does not remember, defends, composes poetry or is dying. The cornerstones of voluntary social care are participation, activity, trust and presence. Successful volunteer work calls for mutual trust between the older people, volunteers and the health care personnel, and for clear agreements on questions of responsibility, the status of volunteers and their role alongside professional personnel. This study indicates that volunteer work is a meaningful resource in work with older people.

The relationships between work stressors and organizational performance in long-term care for elderly residents

This study investigates the relationships between work stressors and organizational performance in terms of the quality of care provided by the long-term care facilities. Work stressors are first examined in relation to the unit's structural factors, resident characteristics, and to the unit specialization. The study is completed by an investigation into the associations of work stressors such as job demands or time pressure, role ambiguity, resident-related stress, and procedural injustice to organizational performance. Also the moderating effect of job control in the job demands organizational performance relationship is examined. The study was carried out in the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES). Survey data were drawn from 1194 nursing employees in 107 residential-home and health-center inpatient units in 1999 and from 977 employees in 91 units in 2002. Information on the unit resident characteristics and the quality of care was provided by the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI). The results showed that large unit size or lower staffing levels were not consistently related to work stressors, whereas the impairments in residents' physical functioning in particular initiated stressful working conditions for employees. However, unit specialization into dementia and psychiatric residents was found to buffer the effects that the resident characteristics had on employee appraisals of work stressors, in that a high proportion of behavioral problems was related to less time pressure and role conflicts for employees in specialized units. Unit specialization was also related to improved team climates and the organizational commitment of employees. Work stressors associated with problems in care quality. Time pressure explained most of the differences between units in how the employees perceived the quality of physical and psychosocial care they provide for the residents. A high level of job demands in the unit was also found to be related to some increases in all clinical quality problems. High job control buffered the effects of job demands on the quality of care in terms of the use of restraints on elderly residents. Physical restraint and especially antipsychotic drug use were less prevalent in units that combined both high job demands and high control for employees. In contrast, in high strain units where heavy job demands coincided with a lack of control for employees, quality was poor in terms of the frequent use of physical restraints. In addition, procedural injustice was related to the frequent use of antianxiety of hypnotic drugs for elderly residents. The results suggest that both job control and procedural justice may have improved employees' abilities to cope when caring for the elderly residents, resulting in better organizational performance.

Information Technology Development Needs in Community Pharmacies : A Strategic Approach

In the context of health care, information technology (IT) has an important role in the operational infrastructure, ranging from business management to patient care. An essential part of the system is medication management in inpatient and outpatient care. Community pharmacists strategy has been to extend practice responsibilities beyond dispensing towards patient care services. Few studies have evaluated the strategic development of IT systems to support this vision. The objectives of this study were to assess and compare independent Finnish community pharmacy owners and staff pharmacists priorities concerning the content and structure of the next generation of community pharmacy IT systems, to explore international experts visions and strategic views on IT development needs in relation to services provided in community pharmacies, to identify IT innovations facilitating patient care services and to evaluate their development and implementation processes, and to assess community pharmacists readiness to adopt innovations. This study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative personal interview of 14 experts in community pharmacy services and related IT from eight countries and a national survey of Finnish community pharmacy owners (mail survey, response rate 53%, n=308), and of a representative sample of staff pharmacists (online survey, response rate 22%, n=373) were conducted. Finnish independent community pharmacy owners gave priority to logistical functions but also to those related to medication information and patient care. The managers and staff pharmacists have different views of the importance of IT features, reflecting their different professional duties in the community pharmacy. This indicates the need for involving different occupation groups in planning the new IT systems for community pharmacies. A majority of the international experts shared the vision of community pharmacy adopting a patient care orientation; supported by IT-based documentation, new technological solutions, access to information, and shared patient data. Community pharmacy IT innovations were rare, which is paradoxical because owners and staff pharmacists perception of their innovativeness was seen as being high. Community pharmacy IT systems development processes usually had not undergone systematic needs assessment research beforehand or evaluation after the implementation and were most often coordinated by national governments without subsequent commercialization. Specifically, community pharmacy IT developments lack research, organization, leadership and user involvement in the process. Those responsible for IT development in the community pharmacy sector should create long-term IT development strategies that are in line with community pharmacy service development strategies. This could provide systematic guidance for future projects to ensure that potential innovations are based on a sufficient understanding of pharmacy practice problems that they are intended to solve, and to encourage strong leadership in research, development of innovations so that community pharmacists potential innovativeness is used, and that professional needs and strategic priorities will be considered even if the development process is led by those outside the profession.

Características clínicas e frequência de diarreia por norovírus em crianças hospitalizadas, vacinadas e não vacinadas contra rotavírus Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2004-2009

Os norovírus (NV) são uma importante causa de hospitalização infantil. Crianças internadas por gastroenterite por NV (GENV) são consideradas portadoras de diarreia grave. O objetivo desse estudo, realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, é descrever as características clínicas e a frequência da diarreia por NV em crianças hospitalizadas, comparando as taxas de detecção de NV em crianças vacinadas e não vacinadas contra rotavírus (Rotarix). Foram coletadas 659 amostras de fezes de igual número de crianças e encaminhadas para análise pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase, precedida de transcrição reversa no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2009. O percentual de amostras positivas para os NV foi de 27,3% nesse período. Das 180 amostras positivas para NV, 55% tiveram origem na comunidade (aqCo) e 45% foram de aquisição nosocomial (aqNo). O percentual de GENV nos dois anos anteriores (2004 e 2005) à introdução da vacina Rotarix foi de 28,3%, sendo 11,3% o percentual de amostras aqCo. Nos dois anos posteriores (2008 e 2009), a GENV significou 24,4%, e as amostras aqCo foram 14,9% (p<0,05). Em 647 crianças, 494 não receberam a vacina Rotarix, enquanto 151 crianças receberam, pelo menos, uma dose. O percentual de GENV foi de 23,8% e 39,7%, respectivamente (p<0,05). Apesar do comportamento sazonal dos casos de GENV aqCo, esse fato não teve significância estatística. Das 180 crianças, 61,6% tinham peso ≤ p10 do NCHS, 82,2% tinham idade ≤ 5anos. As crianças com idade ≤ 2 anos foram mais acometidas nos casos de aqCo do que àquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). Foram observados em 82 crianças: vômitos (73,2%), febre (54,9%), tosse (20,7%), coriza (2,2%), sangue nas fezes (8,5%), erupção cutânea (4,9%) e broncoespasmo (7,3%). Houve significância estatística com relação à frequência maior de febre, coriza, tosse e broncoespasmo nas crianças com GENV de aqCo do que naquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). De 69 crianças, 73,9% apresentaram desidratação e, dessas, 76,5% necessitaram de hidratação venosa. Esses dados tiveram significância estatística, representada por maiores percentuais nas crianças com GENV de aqCo do que naquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). Esse estudo demonstra que os NV foram um importante agente etiológico nos casos de gastroenterites em crianças hospitalizadas e responsável por altas taxas de infecções nosocomiais. Estatisticamente, não foi comprovada uma tendência de aumento dos casos de GENV no período do estudo, como também do aumento da frequência de GENV nos anos posteriores em relação aos anos anteriores à introdução da vacina Rotarix no Brasil em 2006. No entanto, houve significância estatística quando foi avaliado o percentual de GENV em crianças hospitalizadas vacinadas e não vacinadas contra RV. Um aumento dos casos de GENV em crianças poderá vir a acontecer nos próximos anos, quando é esperado que um número maior de crianças será vacinado contra RV. Tosse, coriza e broncoespasmo são sintomas que devem ser mais detalhadamente investigados. Estratégias de prevenção contra a disseminação dos NV são condutas importantes em unidades de internação. Uma vacina eficaz contra norovírus pode ser um benefício significativo para reduzir o percentual de crianças hospitalizadas por diarreia.

Presenteísmo na enfermagem: repercussões para a saúde do trabalhador e a organização hospitalar

O presente estudo tem como objeto o presenteísmo em trabalhadores de enfermagem e as repercussões para a saúde do trabalhador e para a organização do trabalho. Considerando a natureza do objeto e as questões norteadoras, elaboraram-se os seguintes objetivos: Identificar a visão dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital geral sobre o presenteísmo na enfermagem; descrever os fatores que contribuem para o presenteísmo em trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital geral; e analisar as repercussões do presenteísmo para a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem e para o processo de trabalho hospitalar. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e protocolado com o número 419.673. Optou-se pelo método qualitativo do tipo exploratório e descritivo. O campo foi um hospital universitário situado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 39 trabalhadores de enfermagem (vinte e cinco técnicos de enfermagem e quatorze enfermeiros) lotados nas unidades de internação clínica. Na coleta dos dados, trabalhou-se com a técnica de entrevista do tipo semiestruturada mediante um roteiro, sendo os dados obtidos no mês de dezembro de 2013. Na caracterização dos entrevistados, utilizou-se um instrumento autoaplicado. No tratamento dos depoimentos recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo do tipo temática, que apontou os seguintes resultados: os participantes do estudo identificaram o presenteísmo no ambiente laboral, pelo fato de terem vários trabalhadores que comparecem ao serviço com problemas de saúde crônicos e agudos, que afetam a dinâmica e a qualidade do serviço ofertado. Diante desta realidade laboral, os trabalhadores se posicionam no sentido de manter a coesão grupal e acolher o trabalhador. No entanto, existe insatisfação por parte do grupo por se sentir sobrecarregado diante das demandas dos pacientes e demais atividades, sendo a qualidade do serviço afetada. Sobre os fatores que contribuem para o presenteísmo, identificou-se a precarização da força de trabalho, o comprometimento profissional com a instituição e os aspectos psicossociais; ou seja, fatores externos ao trabalho. Quanto às repercussões do presenteísmo para a saúde do trabalhador e o processo de trabalho, evidenciou-se que o presenteísmo é um fator que piora o estado de saúde do trabalhador, com necessidade de afastamento temporário do posto de trabalho e procura por atendimento médico durante o expediente. Como não há substituição de pessoal, a equipe tem de se reorganizar para atender as demandas de cunho técnico e assistencial, gerando conflitos no grupo. Conclui-se que, na visão dos trabalhadores o presenteísmo além de contribuir para a piora do estado de saúde do trabalhador, afeta negativamente o relacionamento interpessoal e a qualidade do serviço ofertado. Há necessidade de se diagnosticar e monitorar as condições de saúde dos trabalhadores por parte do Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional, através de exames admissionais e periódicos, de modo que sejam garantidos tratamento e acompanhamento adequados ao estado de saúde. Ratifica-se a relevância de condições de trabalho adequadas e que não exponham ainda mais os trabalhadores aos riscos presentes no ambiente laboral. Recomenda-se a continuidade de estudos sobre o presenteísmo tendo em vista o atual modelo neoliberal e o processo de precarização da força de trabalho no setor saúde.

Convivendo com a insuficiência cardíaca: uma análise do conhecimento como fator relevante para a qualidade de vida

Dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) houve em 2013 o registro de aproximadamente 252.560 mil internações por insuficiência cardíaca com o total de 24.580 mil óbitos (BRASIL, 2013). É uma doença crônica de grande impacto social, levando a incapacidade de realizar atividades mesmo comuns da vida diária e não se restringe a uma classe social. O objetivo geral é avaliar o impacto do conhecimento do paciente portador sobre a insuficiência cardíaca como fator importante para a manutenção da sua qualidade de vida. Os objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar a clientela atendida na Instituição Pública Universitária do Rio de Janeiro escolhida para a pesquisa; b) identificar o conhecimento por parte do portador sobre a síndrome insuficiência cardíaca; c) avaliar qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de Insuficiência Cardíaca atendidos na Unidade Hospitalar proposta. Projeto de acordo com a Resolução 466/2012, autorizado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do cenário, via Plataforma Brasil. Sendo um estudo descritivo transversal com abordagem quantitativa dos dados, sendo o cenário uma Instituição Estadual Universitária do Rio de Janeiro e como sujeitos os pacientes em Unidades de Internação clínica e ambulatórios. Após os critérios para inclusão e exclusão, obteve-se a amostra totalizou 66, sendo 33 sujeitos Grupo A atendidos em Clínica de IC e 33 sujeitos atendidos nas demais unidades do hospital cenário. Os instrumentos de utilizados para a coleta o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire e o segundo instrumento. O que os pacientes sabem sobre a sua Insuficiência Cardíaca? Concluímos que a clientela analisada é idosa, apresentando idade média de 59,5 12,4 anos, há a predominância do sexo masculino com média de 62,1%, o nível de Instrução de 63,6% nível fundamental completo, ocupação 57,6% da amostra encontra-se aposentada e Índice de massa corporal 28,4%( 6,2) da amostra encontra-se na faixa de pré-obesos e suscetíveis a risco para comorbidades associadas. Quanto à análise de que conhecimento influencia na qualidade de vida, no entanto, não houve uma relação linear e verifica-se que o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre o conhecimento e a dimensão emocional se mostrou significativo, porém cabe ressaltar que os coeficientes de correlação não determinam a causa desta correlação.

Inovação tecnológica: análise comparativa entre dois métodos de coleta de dados sobre riscos e danos em enfermagem

Estudo de comparação entre dois métodos de coleta de dados, através da aplicação de um software, para avaliação dos fatores de risco e danos no trabalho de enfermagem em hospital. Objetiva analisar o uso do software (eletrônico) em comparação com o uso do instrumento impresso. Trata-se de um estudo estatístico, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido nas enfermarias dos Serviços de Internações Clínicas e Serviços de Internações Cirúrgicas de um Hospital Universitário, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A população do estudo foram os trabalhadores de enfermagem das unidades. A amostra foi definida por meio de amostragem não-probabilística e alocação da amostra ocorreu de forma aleatória em dois grupos, denominados grupo impresso e grupo eletrônico, com 52 participantes cada. Previamente a coleta de dados foram implementadas estratégias de pesquisa denominada teaser, através da comunicação digital aos trabalhadores. Posteriormente, foi ofertado aos participantes do formato impresso o questionário impresso, e os participantes do formato eletrônico receberam um link de acesso a home page. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva simples. Após a aplicação do questionário nos dois formatos, obteve-se resposta de 47 trabalhadores do grupo impresso (90,3%), e 17 trabalhadores do grupo eletrônico (32,7%). A aplicação do questionário impresso revelou algumas vantagens como o número de pessoas atingidas pela pesquisa, maior interação pesquisador e participante, taxa de retorno mais alta, e quanto às desvantagens a demanda maior de tempo, erros de transcrição, formulação de banco de dados, possibilidades de resposta em branco e erros de preenchimento. No formato eletrônico as vantagens incluem a facilidade de tabulação e análise dos dados, impossibilidade de não resposta, metodologia limpa e rápida, e como desvantagens, o acesso à internet no período de coleta de dados, saber usar o computador e menor taxa de resposta. Ambos os grupos observaram que o questionário possui boas instruções e fácil compreensão, além de curto tempo para resposta. Os trabalhadores perceberam a existência dos riscos ocupacionais, principalmente os ergonômicos, biológicos e de acidentes. Os principais danos à saúde provocados ou agravos pelo trabalho percebidos pelos trabalhadores foram os problemas osteomusculares, estresse, transtornos do sono, mudanças de humor e alterações de comportamento e varizes. Pode-se afirmar que não ocorreram diferenças acentuadas de percentual ao comparar a percepção dos trabalhadores do grupo impresso e do grupo eletrônico frente aos riscos e danos à saúde. Conclui-se que os dois processos de coleta de dados tiveram boa aceitação, no entanto, deve ser indicada a aplicação do questionário eletrônico junto com a ferramenta de acesso, no caso o computador, tablet.

Evidências do cuidado de enfermagem para o conforto/bem-estar dos clientes com dermatoses imunobolhosas: ensaio clínico

O contato com pessoas acometidas por dermatoses imunobolhosas (DI) é impactante devido ao visível sofrimento causado pelo desconforto/mal-estar e comprometimento da autoimagem. Trata-se de um grupo de doenças de evolução crônica cuja manifestação primária e fundamental consiste no desenvolvimento de bolhas e menos frequentemente de vesículas na pele e/ou mucosas. O desafio de cuidar desta clientela justifica-se pelo caráter desfigurante e desconfortante, complexidade e vulnerabilidade a complicações, dentre as quais infecções e infestações, principalmente no ambiente hospitalar, fato agravado pelas drogas imunossupressoras utilizadas para o tratamento. Neste contexto, sobreleva-se a necessidade de ampliação do cuidado de enfermagem, sem limitar-se ao cumprimento das prescrições dos demais profissionais de saúde, objetivando atender às necessidades desta clientela e contemplá-la em todas as suas dimensões. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo geral: propor uma Tecnologia de Cuidados de Enfermagem ao Cliente com Dermatoses Imunobolhosas (TCECDI) que reconheça padrões de conforto/bem-estar do cliente hospitalizado, antes e após a sua aplicação. A necessidade de trabalhar com dados imprecisos como a subjetividade do conforto/bem-estar, e com um grupo de doenças de incomum acometimento às pessoas, despertou o interesse pela lógica fuzzy, uma teoria que auxilia na compreensão dos conceitos que extrapolam as barreiras da lógica formal, permitindo estabelecer diferentes graus de pertinência dos atributos julgados relevantes, representando uma ferramenta que pode capturar informações subjetivas convertendo-as em valores de pertinência. Os atributos estabelecidos para avaliação do conforto nos três momentos foram: dor, mobilidade, padrão de sono, exposição do corpo e das lesões, conhecimento sobre a doença e autocuidado. Trata-se de um estudo quase experimental, interinstitucional, realizado no período de junho de 2012 a abril de 2013, em unidades de internação especializadas em dermatologia localizadas no Rio de Janeiro e no Mato Grosso do Sul. O delineamento alternativo para o ensaio clínico utilizado foi destinado a um único grupo não randomizado do tipo série temporal. As aferições foram realizadas antes (T0), 24 horas após (T1) e uma semana após (T2) o recebimento da intervenção. Como inexiste grupo controle, em cada sujeito considerou-se o seu próprio controle. Baseando-se nas classificações advindas da lógica fuzzy, na definição de conforto e nos três sentidos técnicos preconizados por Kolcaba: alívio, calma e transcendência,constatou-se a redução significativa no padrão de desconforto. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a implementação da TCECDI interferiu de forma expressiva e positiva nas necessidades de conforto dos sujeitos do estudo. Ao privilegiar a autonomia do enfermeiro e o seu saber específico, esta pesquisa contribuiu para a enfermagem como profissão, preenchendo lacunas nesta área do conhecimento, possibilitando o ensino qualificado, além de estimular entre os profissionais de saúde a reflexão, compreensão e desenvolvimento de outras pesquisas sobre a prática do cuidado em saúde, principalmente em dermatologia.

Recovery of linear and nonlinear heart rate dynamics after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

Background: Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (C-CABG) and off-pump CABG (OPCAB) surgery may produce different patients' outcomes, including the extent of cardiac autonomic (CA) imbalance. the beneficial effects of an exercise-based inpatient programme on heart rate variability (HRV) for C-CABG patients have already been demonstrated by our group. However, there are no studies about the impact of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on HRV behaviour after OPCAB. the aim of this study is to compare the influence of both operative techniques on HRV pattern following CR in the postoperative (PO) period.Methods: Cardiac autonomic function was evaluated by HRV indices pre- and post-CR in patients undergoing C-CABG (n = 15) and OPCAB (n = 13). All patients participated in a short-term(approximately 5 days) supervised CR programme of early mobilization, consisting of progressive exercises, from active-assistive movements at PO day 1 to climbing flights of stairs at PO day 5.Results: Both groups demonstrated a reduction in HRV following surgery. the CR programme promoted improvements in HRV indices at discharge for both groups. the OPCAB group presented with higher HRV values at discharge, compared to the C-CABG group, indicating a better recovery of CA function.Conclusion: Our data suggest that patients submitted to OPCAB and an inpatient CR programme present with greater improvement in CA function compared to C-CABG.

How Much Does It Cost to Provide Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in Africa?

Background: Many African countries are rapidly expanding HIV/AIDS treatment programs. Empirical information on the cost of delivering antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS is needed for program planning and budgeting. Methods: We searched published and gray sources for estimates of the cost of providing ART in service delivery (non-research) settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates were included if they were based on primary local data for input prices. Results: 17 eligible cost estimates were found. Of these, 10 were from South Africa. The cost per patient per year ranged from $396 to $2,761. It averaged approximately $850/patient/year in countries outside South Africa and $1,700/patient/year in South Africa. The most recent estimates for South Africa averaged $1,200/patient/year. Specific cost items included in the average cost per patient per year varied, making comparison across studies problematic. All estimates included the cost of antiretroviral drugs and laboratory tests, but many excluded the cost of inpatient care, treatment of opportunistic infections, and/or clinic infrastructure. Antiretroviral drugs comprised an average of one third of the cost of treatment in South Africa and one half to three quarters of the cost in other countries. Conclusions: There is very little empirical information available about the cost of providing antiretroviral therapy in non-research settings in Africa. Methods for estimating costs are inconsistent, and many estimates combine data drawn from disparate sources. Cost analysis should become a routine part of operational research on the treatment rollout in Africa.

Systematic Review of Supported Housing Literature 1993 – 2008

Supported housing for individuals with severe mental illness strives to provide the services necessary to place and keep individuals in independent housing that is integrated into the community and in which the consumer has choice and control over his or her services and supports. Supported housing can be contrasted to an earlier model called the “linear residential approach” in which individuals are moved from the most restrictive settings (e.g., inpatient settings) through a series of more independent settings (e.g., group homes, supervised apartments) and then finally to independent housing. This approach has been criticized as punishing the client due to frequent moves, and as being less likely to result in independent housing. In the supported housing model (Anthony & Blanch, 1988) consumers have choice and control over their living environment, their treatment, and supports (e.g., case management, mental health and substance abuse services). Supports are flexible and faded in and out depending on needs. Results of this systematic review of supported housing suggest that there are several well-controlled studies of supported housing and several studies conducted with less rigorous designs. Overall, our synthesis suggests that supported housing can improve the living situation of individuals who are psychiatrically disabled, homeless and with substance abuse problems. Results show that supported housing can help people stay in apartments or homes up to about 80% of the time over an extended period. These results are contrary to concerns expressed by proponents of the linear residential model and housing models that espoused more restrictive environments. Results also show that housing subsidies or vouchers are helpful in getting and keeping individuals housed. Housing services appear to be cost effective and to reduce the costs of other social and clinical services. In order to be most effective, intensive case management services (rather than traditional case management) are needed and will generally lead to better housing outcomes. Having access to affordable housing and having a service system that is well-integrated is also important. Providing a person with supported housing reduces the likelihood that they will be re-hospitalized, although supported housing does not always lead to reduced psychiatric symptoms. Supported housing can improve clients’ quality of life and satisfaction with their living situation. Providing supported housing options that are of decent quality is important in order to keep people housed and satisfied with their housing. In addition, rapid entry into housing, with the provision of choices is critical. Program and clinical supports may be able to mitigate the social isolation that has sometimes been associated with supported housing.

Anti-cholinergic load, health care utilization, and survival in people with advanced cancer: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-cholinergic medications have been associated with increased risks of cognitive impairment, premature mortality and increased risk of hospitalisation. Anti-cholinergic load associated with medication increases as death approaches in those with advanced cancer, yet little is known about associated adverse outcomes in this setting. METHODS: A substudy of 112 participants in a randomised control trial who had cancer and an Australia modified Karnofsky Performance Scale (AKPS) score (AKPS) of 60 or above, explored survival and health service utilisation; with anti-cholinergic load calculated using the Clinician Rated Anti-cholinergic Scale (modified version) longitudinally to death. A standardised starting point for prospectively calculating survival was an AKPS of 60 or above. RESULTS: Baseline entry to the sub-study was a mean 62 +/- 81 days (median 37, range 1-588) days before death (survival), with mean of 4.8 (median 3, SD 4.18, range 1 - 24) study assessments in this time period. Participants spent 22% of time as an inpatient. There was no significant association between anti-cholinergic score and time spent as an inpatient (adjusted for survival time) (p = 0.94); or survival time. DISCUSSION: No association between anti-cholinergic load and survival or time spent as an inpatient was seen. Future studies need to include cognitively impaired populations where the risks of symptomatic deterioration may be more substantial.