CHARACTERIZATION OF AGROINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SUCRO-ENERGETIC SECTORS OF BRASIL AND COLOMBIA

Concern about the growing demand of food and fuel has focused the attention on countries with conditions to provide for global requirements. Also, the build-up of an environmental awareness has compelled several governments to implement programs for the addition of biofuels to oil derivatives. Considering their relevance as world and South American producers, this study makes a characterization of the sucro-energetic sectors of Brazil and Colombia, based on a view of agro-industrial systems, industrial organization and transaction cost economy. The approach followed considered of a secondary information survey and in-depth interviews. The main differences found are centered on institutional development level and production volumes. However, the use of the same raw material, sugarcane, trade opening policies, cultural approaches and regional integration, are factors that could generate links of commercial exchange and technological cooperation between the two countries.

A second known species of Eratomyia Amorim & Rindal (Diptera, Rangomaramidae, Chiletrichinae) from Colombia

A second species of the genus Eratomyia Amorim & Rindal-E. risaralda, sp. n.-is described from Risaralda, Colombia, based on one male and three females. The female of Eratomyia is described for the first time. A number of striking modifications in the female terminalia shared with Chiletricha Chandler support the hypothesis that they are sister genera within the Rangomaramidae. The position of Chiletricha and Eratomyia within the Chiletrichinae is discussed.

Molecular characterization of the Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Colombia: A Bayesian inference on the genotype F

Hepatitis B is a worldwide health problem affecting about 2 billion people and more than 350 million are chronic carriers of the virus. Nine HBV genotypes (A to I) have been described. The geographical distribution of HBV genotypes is not completely understood due to the limited number of samples from some parts of the world. One such example is Colombia, in which few studies have described the HBV genotypes. In this study, we characterized HBV genotypes in 143 HBsAg-positive volunteer blood donors from Colombia. A fragment of 1306 bp partially comprising HBsAg and the DNA polymerase coding regions (S/POL) was amplified and sequenced. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. Of all samples, 68 were positive and 52 were successfully sequenced. Genotype F was the most prevalent in this population (77%) - subgenotypes F3 (75%) and Fib (2%). Genotype G (7.7%) and subgenotype A2 (15.3%) were also found. Genotype G sequence analysis suggests distinct introductions of this genotype in the country. Furthermore, we estimated the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for each HBV/F subgenotype and also for Colombian F3 sequences using two different datasets: (i) 77 sequences comprising 1306 bp of S/POL region and (ii) 283 sequences comprising 681 bp of S/POL region. We also used two other previously estimated evolutionary rates: (i) 2.60 x 10(-4) s/s/y and (ii) 1.5 x 10(-5) s/s/y. Here we report the HBV genotypes circulating in Colombia and estimated the TMRCA for the four different subgenotypes of genotype F. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular Characterization, Distribution, and Dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Blood Donors in Colombia

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a frequent cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and a leading cause for cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is classified in six major genotypes and more than 70 subtypes. In Colombian blood banks, serum samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies using a third-generation ELISA. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral sequences in plasma of 184 volunteer blood donors who attended the ""Banco Nacional de Sangre de la Cruz Roja Colombiana,`` Bogota, Colombia. Three different HCV genomic regions were amplified by nested PCR. The first of these was a segment of 180 bp of the 5`UTR region to confirm the previous diagnosis by ELISA. From those that were positive to the 5`UTR region, two further segments were amplified for genotyping and subtyping by phylogenetic analysis: a segment of 380 bp from the NS5B region; and a segment of 391 bp from the E1 region. The distribution of HCV subtypes was: 1b (82.8%), 1a (5.7%), 2a (5.7%), 2b (2.8%), and 3a (2.8%). By applying Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, it was estimated that HCV-1b was introduced into Bogota around 1950. Also, this subtype spread at an exponential rate between about 1970 to about 1990, after which transmission of HCV was reduced by anti-HCV testing of this population. Among Colombian blood donors, HCV genotype 1b is the most frequent genotype, especially in large urban conglomerates such as Bogota, as is the case in other South American countries. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1889-1898, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Karyotype variability in KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains of Trypanosoma rangeli isolated in Brazil and Colombia

In the present study, the molecular karyotypes of 12 KP1(+) and KP1(-) Trypanosoma rangeli strains were determined and 10 different molecular markers were hybridized to the chromosomes of the parasite, including seven obtained from T. rangeli [ubiquitin hydrolase (UH), a predicted serine/threonine protein kinase (STK), hexose transporter, hypothetical protein, three anonymous sequences] and three from Trypanosoma cruzi [ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2), ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (rRNAmtr), proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 (PSMD6)]. Despite intraspecific variation, analysis of the karyotype profiles permitted the division of the T rangeli strains into two groups coinciding with the KP1(+) and KP1(-) genotypes. Southern blot hybridization showed that, except for the hexose transporter probe, all other probes produced distinct patterns able to differentiate the KP1(+) and KP1(-) genotypes. The UH, STK and An-1A04 probes exclusively hybridized to the chromosomes of KP1(+) strains and can be used as markers of this group. In addition, the UBE2, rRNAmtr and PSMD6 markers, which are present in a conserved region in all trypanosomatid species sequenced so far, co-hybridized to the same T. rangeli chromosomal bands, suggesting the occurrence of gene synteny in these species. The finding of distinct molecular karyotypes in KP1(+) and KP1 (-) strains of T rangeli is noteworthy and might be used as a new approach to the study of genetic variability in this parasite. Together with the Southern blot hybridization results, these findings demonstrate that differences at the kDNA level might be associated with variations in nuclear DNA. (c) 2009 Elsevier BY. All rights reserved.

Late Devonian acanthodians from Colombia

Acanthodian remains occur in micaceous siltstone lenses (presumed to have been deposited during a marine incursion) in the Cuche Formation (?Frasnian) of northeast Colombia. The acanthodians are represented by patches of scales from climatiidid Nostolepis sp. cf. N. gatijensis and a fin spine and scales from a new diplacanthid. Type material of N. gaujensis is from the Frasnian Sventoji regional stage in the Baltic, and Nostolepis sp. cf. N. gaujensis has been recorded in the Frasnian of Iran, as well as from Colombia. The new diplacanthid taxon shows affinity to Baltic and Antarctic diplacanthids. The fauna thus shows possible links to both Gondwanan and Euramerican acanthodian assemblages. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sistema de Gest??o de Conv??nios e Contratos de Repasse (Siconv). Um novo paradigma nas transfer??ncias volunt??rias da Uni??o

O Sistema de Gest??o de Conv??nios e Contratos de Repasse (Siconv) ?? a iniciativa do Governo Federal respons??vel por todo o ciclo de vida dos conv??nios, contratos de repasse e termos de parceria, no qual s??o registrados os atos, desde a formaliza????o da proposta at?? a presta????o de contas final. O Siconv inova no modelo de gest??o, proporciona celeridade aos procedimentos e desburocratiza as atividades fins, com foco na substitui????o do processo f??sico pelo eletr??nico e no registro de todos os procedimentos, o que permite maior transpar??ncia na execu????o das transfer??ncias volunt??rias da Uni??o. Destaca- se ainda que a disponibiliza????o do sistema aos usu??rios e tamb??m para a sociedade por meio do endere??o eletr??nico www.convenios.gov.br deve ser considerada como grande fator de inova????o, uma vez que, mesmo indiretamente, se apresenta como mais uma ferramenta de controle social.

A hist??ria de dois contratos: como minimizar o risco de se estabelecer um contrato com v??nculo empregat??cio no processo de adquirir bens, contratar servi??os ou implementar um projeto de constru????o

O caso trata da contrata????o de George, pesquisador que prestava servi??os a um ??rg??o p??blico canadense e que, ap??s sofrer um acidente de trabalho, foi informado de que n??o tinha direito ?? cobertura do plano de sa??de dispon??vel aos servidores. Devido ?? precariedade do contrato no qual eram estabelecidas as condi????es da rela????o de trabalho, e de ter sido comprovado que o pesquisador era tratado tal como funcion??rio do minist??rio, George teve direito aos benef??cios a que fazia jus e o ??rg??o foi multado por n??o ter recolhido os valores referentes ?? rela????o trabalhista. Essa situa????o ilustra um breve debate sobre como estabelecer bons contratos com prestadores de servi??o, em especial no que tange a contrata????es de servi??os t??cnicos especializados

Fiscaliza????o de contratos

O servidor p??blico encarregado de trabalhar com licita????es e contrata????es p??blicas deve observar os princ??pios da legalidade, da efici??ncia, da probidade administrativa, da economicidade e do desenvolvimento nacional sustent??vel. Na edi????o 36, dos Cadernos ENAP, o leitor encontrar?? orienta????es de como operar com a legisla????o pertinente ao tema e como aplicar san????es administrativas pelo descumprimento do contrato

Gest??o e fiscaliza????o de contratos administrativos

Dotar o aluno de referencial te??rico e pr??tica simulada que permita o controle, acompanhamento e fiscaliza????o do fiel cumprimento das obriga????es assumidas pelas partes do contrato administrativo, ao mesmo tempo em que opera as mudan??as permitidas ou determinadas pela lei para a manuten????o das condi????es iniciais do contrato e para a realiza????o eficaz do objeto

Disciplina 3.5: compras, contratos e licita????es

A disciplina teve como principais conte??dos: contrata????es no setor p??blico. Lei 8.666. Contrata????o por dispensa e inexigibilidade de licita????o. Preg??o Eletr??nico. Contrato Administrativo: regime jur??dico, gest??o, altera????es, fiscaliza????o, san????es. Riscos quanto ?? motiva????o do gasto, ?? compatibilidade do pre??o praticado, ao recebimento (liquida????o da despesa) e ?? destina????o para fins de interesse p??blico. Julgados do Tribunal de Contas da Uni??o sobre o tema

M??dulo 1 - gest??o de contratos de TI: curso Gest??o de Contratos de Tecnologia da Informa????o (GCTI)

Esse documento trata de:gest??o de contratos; legisla????o aplicada; elementos necess??rios para uma boa gest??o contratual; modelo de contrata????o; elementos do modelo (atores); elementos do modelo (artefatos;) elementos do modelo (processos e atividades); atividades do processo de inicia????o contratual; plano de inser????o

M??dulo 2 - monitoramento da execu????o contratual: curso Gest??o de Contratos de Tecnologia da Informa????o (GCTI)

Esse documento trata de: ordem de servi??o ou de fornecimento de bens; atividades e atores do monitoramento; recebimento provis??rio; recebimento definitivo; comando da SLTI/MP; responsabilidade por danos; responsabilidade por encargos; subcontrata????o; controle do material empregado; registro de ocorr??ncias; fiscaliza????o das obriga????es trabalhistas

M??dulo 3 - resultados, encerramento e transi????o contratual: curso Gest??o de Contratos de Tecnologia da Informa????o (GCTI)

Esse documento trata de: Hist??rico de Gerenciamento do Contrato; Avalia????o Qualitativa da Gest??o Contratual; Listas de Verifica????o; Metodologia Sugerida; O Processo; Avalia????o de Problemas e Ajustes Contratuais; Prazos Contratuais; Altera????es Contratuais; Inexecu????o e Rescis??o Contratual; Transi????o Contratual; Encerramento do Contrato; Procedimentos Necess??rios