O estrangeiro que não estava lá

Leitura da narrativa O estrangeiro, de Albert Camus, e da narrativa fílmica O homem que não estava lá, dos irmãos Ethan Coen e Joel Coen, com vistas a propor uma reflexão literária sobre o desconcerto do sujeito num mundo de solidão, indiferença e nonsense existencial. Oriundas do esmaecimento de qualquer sentimento diante da inexorabilidade da consciência da finitude, pelo comparatismo e com apoio no conceito de intertextualidade, são passadas em revista as trajetórias contingentes de Ed Crane − protagonista da obra cinematográfica − e Meursault, personagem central do romance camusiano. Luz e sombra potencializam a aterradora atmosfera de absurdo na qual se desequilibra Ed Crane, em sua existência obscura, em contraponto com a claridade reinante no percurso de Meursault. Ambos os personagens são condenados pela sociedade, de maneira insólita e definitiva, por intermédio de textos que denunciam, outrossim, a engrenagem trágica do sistema judiciário, permitindo-nos conectar os citados personagens, Plume Um certo Plume, de Henri Michaux e Joseph K. angústia errante engendrada por Franz Kafka em O processo

Cinema para paisagens: o espaço-tempo da exibição audiovisual como dimensão estética e criativa

A busca do homem pela reprodução do movimento através das imagens é antiga. Tão antiga que é difícil fixar uma data para marcar a invenção do cinema. Para a indústria cinematográfica comercial, no entanto, esse marco costuma ser definitivo: o dia 28 de dezembro de 1895, por ocasião da primeira exibição pública paga de filmes dos Irmãos Lumiére com seu cinematógrafo. Mas o que parece ser inaugurado aí não é simplesmente uma técnica ilusória de reprodução do movimento, e sim um conceito de espetáculo que se sedimentou durante os dez ou vinte anos seguintes. Graças a interesses econômicos e ideológicos, o cinema passou de um exercício de escrita do movimento com a luz, para uma gramática muito bem sedimentada e padronizada. Junto com esse modelo de narrativa, determinou-se também a situação-cinema. Nela, o público é submetido a uma arquitetura de espectação estanque, que favorece a inatividade motora e a concentração na obra em detrimento da interação social e de uma postura participativa do espectador. Desde o surgimento da televisão e da videografia, porém, essa situação-cinema vem sendo contestada. Com essas novas tecnologias, seguidas pelo advento dos aparatos digitais, o audiovisual deixou de estar confinado às salas escuras, poltronas confortáveis e telas brancas. Todo e qualquer ambiente passou a ser uma paisagem de exibição audiovisual em potencial. Essa ruptura, por suas características estéticas, sociais, culturais, acabou encontrando na arte um campo de expansão. Ao longo dos últimos sessenta anos, a quantidade de aparelhos audiovisuais em circulação, portáteis, interativos só cresce. O resultado é que o audiovisual se tornou nosso principal meio para trocas de informações de toda ordem textual, visual, sonora etc. No seu dia-a-dia, o ser humano transita velozmente entre espaço físico e ciberespaço sem qualquer constrangimento. A materialidade é sempre um estímulo para acessar a virtualidade e vice-versa. Diante desse contexto cultural contemporâneo, de onipresença do audiovisual e de permanente troca entre essas duas janelas, é que este trabalho se posiciona. A busca aqui é por desvendar o ponto em que as duas dimensões de espaço e tempo se tangenciam e se mesclam. Deixam de ser ou para se tornar e. O pano de fundo para esse mergulho é justamente um exercício de exploração da potencialidade estética e criativa da exibição audiovisual entre todos os seus elementos constitutivos, incluindo aí o espectador participador. Assim se criam os cinemas para paisagens

Os deveres do pequeno cidadão em Alma Infantil: versos para uso das escolas (1912)

Nesta pesquisa, elegemos Alma Infantil (1912) como fonte e objeto de estudo: obra escrita pela poetisa Francisca Júlia da Silva em parceria com seu irmão, o também poeta Júlio César da Silva. A pesquisa busca evocar o cenário literário escolar do entresséculos (XIX-XX) e do início do século XX, em suas particularidades, coordenando o projeto político e pedagógico que conformava as escolas no período com os temas, autores e textos que circulavam nas salas de aula, sobretudo no estado de São Paulo, onde se verifica, no período, a maior incidência de planos e ações pedagógicas. Temos por finalidade exprimir as relações entre Alma Infantil e alguns projetos de nação propostos pelo governo na Primeira República (1889-1930). Alma Infantil, publicado pela Livraria Editora Magalhães no início do século XX é livro para uso escolar, mais especificamente, livro de leitura suplementar. Este material, assim como muitos outros, estava comprometido com a moral e a ordem cívica dos primeiros anos do novo regime, com a exaltação à natureza, aos animais e às riquezas naturais do país, conforme a análise dos poemas indica. O livro dos irmãos Silva, em seus 48 poemas e quatro hinos, apresenta linguagem acessível e adaptada à leitura da criança, de fácil compreensão, conformados por um conceito de moral notoriamente verificado. Em grande parcela dos poemas, encontramos referências a uma linguagem leve, descompromissada com a rigidez e culto à forma diferentemente da que o exaltava. Outrossim, a presença dos hinos em Alma Infantil demarca ainda mais esta unidade patriótica a que o Brasil se propunha compor no entresséculos. Os temas dos hinos estudo, escola, trabalho, pátria - alinham os ideais republicanos de ordem, trabalho e progresso que vigorava no Brasil naquele momento. Sendo assim, através da pesquisa histórica que resultou neste texto, podemos afirmar por meio de análise textual e documental que Alma Infantil é obra confeccionada para uso escolar, como sua própria capa o diz, e mais, é uma legítima amostra do maquinário político educacional dos primeiros anos do regime republicano neste país.

Report on Archaeological Investigations Conducted at the St. Mary's Site (18AP45), 107 Duke of Gloucester Street, Annapolis, Maryland, 1987-1990

In celebration of the 250th anniversary of the birth of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Archaeology in Annapolis was invited to excavate the Carroll House and garden on 107 Duke of Gloucester Street in Annapolis, Maryland. The site, named the St. Mary's Site (18AP45) for the Catholic church on the property, is currently owned by the Redemptorists, a Roman Catholic congregation of priests and brothers who have occupied the site since 1852. Prior to the Redemptorists' tenure, the site was owned by the Carroll family from 1701-1852 and is perhaps best known as the home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737-1832), signer of the Declaration of Independence. Excavations at the site were conducted during four consecutive summer seasons from 1987-1990. The investigation focused on three research questions. The first line of inquiry were questions surrounding the dating, architectural configuration, and artifact deposits of the "frame house," a structure adjoining the west wall of the brick Carroll House via a "passage" and later a three story addition. The frame house was partially demolished in the mid-nineteenth century but the construction was thought to pre-date the brick portion of the house. The second research question was spurred by documentary research which indicated that the property might have been the location of Proctor's Tavern, a late 17th-century tavern which served as the meeting place of the Maryland Provincial Assembly. Archaeological testing hoped to determine its location and, if found, investigate Annapolis' early Euro-American occupation. The third research question focused on the landscape of the site as it was shaped by its occupants over the past three hundred years. The research questions included investigating the stratigraphy, geometry, and architectural and planting features of Charles Carroll of Carrollton's terraced garden built during the 1770s, and investigating the changes to the landscape made by the Redemptorists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While no structural evidence associated with Proctor’s Tavern was uncovered during limited excavations along Spa Creek, the historic shore of Spa Creek was identified, buried beneath deep fill deposits laid down during construction of the Carroll Garden. Features and deposits associated with this period likely remain intact in a waterlogged environment along the southeastern sea wall at the St. Mary’s Site. Evidence of extensive earth moving by Carroll is present in the garden and was identified during excavation and coring. This strongly suggests that the garden landscape visible at the St. Mary’s Site is the intact Carroll Garden, which survives beneath contemporary and late nineteenth century strata. The extant surviving garden should be considered highly sensitive to ground-disturbing activities, and is also highly significant considering demonstrable associations with the Carroll family. Other garden-related features were also discovered, including planting holes, and a brick pavilion or parapet located along Spa Creek to the south of the site. The Duke of Gloucester Street wall was shown to be associated with the Carroll occupation of the site. Finally, intensive archaeological research was directed at the vicinity of a frame house constructed and occupied by the Carrolls to the east of the existing brick house, which was replaced by the Redemptorists in the nineteenth century with a greenhouse. These superimposed buildings were documented in detail and remain highly significant features at the St. Mary’s Site.

Art always at heart

The Art Workers Guild, brother body to the SPAB and once presided over by William Morris and his followers, is 125 years old this year. Alan Powers looks back over its history, and sheds light on the characters and common bonds between the two bodies – while present Brothers of the Guild are pictured at work by photographer Lara Platman for new book to mark the event.

Journalistic genres in teaching of journalism in Spain. A historical review

This article shows the influence that journalistic genres had on the first organisation of communication studies in Spain as well as the role they remain to play in the teaching of journalism. A review is done starting from the origins of the didactics of genres, continuing with the role of genres in the beginning of regulated studies of journalism, and finalising with an analysis of their place in present education programmes which reveals that practical and theoretical knowledge of the genres are still a main objective in the training of future journalists in Spain.

The Afroporteña press and Afro-Argentine’s thought in the late nineteenth century

The journalistic boom that occurred in Argentina from the second half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of an active afroporteña press that defend the interests of the black community. This paper, in addition to reviewing the history of the Afro-Argentines newspapers, emphasizes the role played by the elite of African descent in the promotion of modernity among his brothers, while exploring the possible bases for an identity in the ideas spread.

Low mating frequency of queens in the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica and worker maternity of males.

Kin selection models of intracolonial conflict over the maternity of males predict that social hymenopteran workers should favour the production of sons and nephews over brothers when the effective mating frequency (me) of the queen is low (me2. Stingless bees have been used to support these models in that me within the group is considered low and workers are thought often to monopolise the parentage of males. We genetically analysed 20 worker and 20 male pupae from each of 10 colonies of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica (= Scaptotrigona aff. depilis) using six microsatellite loci and demonstrate queen monandry in eight nests and apparent low me in the other two. However, four colonies contained an additional matriline, possibly due to queen supersedure (serial polygyny), which complicated their genetic structure. Across colonies, workers were responsible for the maternity of 13% of all males. These data are broadly in agreement with predictions from kin selection theory, though the question remains open as to why workers do not secure a greater share of male maternity in this and other stingless bee species in which workers are more closely related to nephews than brothers.

The redemption of the gaze: the crisis of observation in the "fin de siècle" and the advent of cinema

The intention of this article is not to affirm, but rather to question wether it is possible to speak of a loss of the ability to gaze in the context of the nineteenth century and especially in the context of the fin de siècle, in the bosom of the epistemological crisis that beset the Turn of the Century. And very especially, this article tries to question about the impact this crisis had, perhaps, in the birth of cinema. Is in this context that arises the work of Marey and the advent of the cinematograph of the Lumière brothers in the fin de siècle Europe, both of them showing a deep faith in a mechanical apparatus that would allow the redemption of a battered gaze. And it seems to be a dream that continues over time through the tradition of shooting the everyday life.

Common Mistake in Contract Law

English law has long struggled to understand the effect of a fundamental common mistake in contract formation. Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd [1932] AC 161 recognises that a common mistake which totally undermines a contract renders it void. Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671 recognises a doctrine of 'mistake in equity' under which a serious common mistake in contract formation falling short of totally undermining the contract could give an adversely affected party the right to rescind the contract. This article accepts that the enormous difficulty in differentiating these two kinds of mistake justifies the insistence by the Court of Appeal in The Great Peace [2003] QB 679 that there can be only one doctrine of common mistake. However, the article proceeds to argue that where the risk of the commonly mistaken matter is not allocated by the contract itself a better doctrine would be that the contract is voidable.

Form Follows Media::What is The Matrix as Film, Animation, Game and Comics?

In the digital age, the hyperspace of virtual reality systems stands out as a new spatial notion creating a parallel world to the space we live in. In this alternative realm, the body transforms into a hyperbody, and begins to follow the white rabbit. Not only in real world but also in the Matrix world. The Matrix project of Andy and Larry Wachowski started with a feature film released in 1999. However, The Matrix is not only a film (trilogy). It is a concept, a universe that brings real space and hyperspace together. It is a world represented not only in science fiction films but also in The Animatrix that includes nine animated Matrix films directed by Peter Chung, Andy Jones, Yoshiaki Kawajiri and others, four of which are written by the Wachowskis. The same universe is used in Enter the Matrix, a digital game whose script was written and directed by the brothers and a comic book, The Matrix Comics, which includes twelve different stories by artists like Neil Gaiman and Goef Darrow. The Wachowskis played an active role in the creation and realization of all these “products” of different media. The comic book came last (November 2003), however it is possible to argue that everything came out of comics – the storyboards of the original film. After all the Wachowskis have a background in comics.

In this study, I will focus on the formal analysis of the science fiction world of The Matrix - as a representation of hyperspace - in different media, feature film, animated film, digital game and comic book, focusing on diverse forms of space that come into being as a result of medium differences. To unfold the different formal characters of film, animation, game and comics, concepts and features including framing, flattening, continuity, movement, montage, sound/text, light and color will be discussed. An analysis of these products will help to open up a discussion on the relation of form, media and representation.