The influence of urbanisation on avifaunal composition in Melbourne

There are many questions that need to be examined regarding the effect of urbanisation on bird communities. Surprisingly little research has focused on the urban environment, and its potential to contribute to the sustainability of biodiversity. During the Autumn of 2002 we conducted a study examining the effect of urbanisation on bird community structure and composition in the urban streetscape and park environment. In this study we compared the bird communities of urban woodland parks, streets dominated by established native trees, streets dominated by established exotic trees and new developments with limited established vegetation. Results from this study suggested that the composition of bird communities is highly variable and dependent on the type of site (ie: park or streetscape) and the type of vegetation present (native versus exotic). The most significant trend was the loss of native bird species in the transition from park to non-park habitats, and the loss of native bird species in exotic streetscapes when compared to native streetscapes. Introduced bird species showed an interesting relationship with more species being found in the new developments and the streetscapes with exotic vegetation. This relationship is further highlighted when the density of exotic species is examined. The proportion of the bird density attributed for by introduced birds differed significantly between the different habitat treatments. New developments and exotic streetscapes had significantly higher proportions of the bird density composed of introduced species when compared to parks and sites with native streetscapes. This talk will discuss the effect of urbanisation on avifaunal composition in Melbourne and suggest possible management recommendations.

The Victorian living with possums policy : a review

Possums in urban areas can cause problems for residents when they live in the roof cavity of homes. The Victorian Living With Possums policy was implemented by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) in 1997 to address the ineffective, illegal and inhumane nature of possum management practices. Human-possum conflicts in urban areas can be difficult to resolve, and it is therefore important that the Living With Possums policy is effectively reaching the community and other stakeholders (e.g. vets, local councils).

This study represents Stage 1 of a two-part research project that aims to examine community awareness of and compliance with the policy and relevant legislation. A pilot questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of individuals who have recently hired possum traps from local councils or private organisations within metropolitan Melbourne. Preliminary findings indicate that although there is some level of awareness about the Living with Possums policy, there is evidence of non-compliance and a lack of understanding about the detailed policy guidelines. In Stage 2 of this project, questionnaires will be distributed to a larger sample of individuals who are experiencing conflicts with possums in order to examine just how widespread this lack of compliance and awareness is.

Examining the living with possums policy in Victoria, Australia : community knowledge, support and compliance

Studying the human dimensions of wildlife management issues is now considered to be an essential component
of wildlife research. This study examined the Living with Possums policy in Victoria, Australia, in terms of the policy’s
success in educating the community and ensuring community compliance. Postal surveys and telephone interviews
were conducted across three samples from Greater Melbourne. These samples included people who had experiences
with possums on their property (n = 340), veterinary clinics (n = 45) and the general public (n = 103). Significant
levels of non-compliance were uncovered, highlighting the need for a renewed public education campaign to take place
along with a continued interest in this issue from government agencies and councils. The study also revealed
discrepancies between the policy and public preferences for possum management, suggesting that a shift in the
recommended management technique may be warranted.

Resource use by the Eastern Grey Kangaroo and the Black Wallaby in a managed remnant woodland community

This work studies the interactions and relationships that exist between Eastern Grey Kangaroos and Black Wallabies in their utilisation of spatial and trophic resources in a managed remnant woodland community. The thesis provides a closer understanding of the way in which these species impact upon their habitats. The Coranderrk Reserve, near Healesville in eastern Victoria, Australia was the study site. A floristic analysis of the communities of the study site was conducted. This consisted of plant biomass measurements, estimates of plant abundance and cover determination. Faecal pellets from Eastern Grey Kangaroos and Black Wallabies were collected from ten vegetation communities during three different plant productivity periods. The spatial and temporal distribution of the animals was identified by analysing the frequency of occurrence of faecal pellets in the various communities. The use of faecal pellet density as a measure of habitat utilisation was examined. Eastern Grey Kangaroos utilised communities which were characterised by the presence of a dense grassy statum. Black Wallabies were able to utilise all of the communities of the study site regardless of their floristic composition. A reference herbarium of the leaf epidermis of 233 possible forage plant species was accumulated. These epidermal specimens were prepared for Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy. The information gained was enhanced and stored digitally. Diagnostic information critical for the identification of plant epidermal fragments was assembled into a computer database. This was used to assist in the recognition of unknown epidermal fragments in macropodid faeces. These epidermal plant recognition techniques enabled a list of the contents of Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Black Wallaby faeces during the sampling periods in the individual communities, to be accumulated. Eastern Grey Kangaroos utilised forage which consisted largely of grass and their diets were similar regardless of their feeding sites or the time of the year. Black Wallaby diets were heterogenous with wide variations over space and time observed. The implications of these findings for current wildlife management practices were considered. Black Wallaby and Eastern Grey Kangaroo herbivory have significant impacts on ecosystem integrity. Management strategies should seek to establish ecologically sustainable populations of both species in remnant woodlands where conservation values are important.

A comparison of the effectiveness of camera trapping and live trapping for sampling terrestrial small-mammal communities

Context. There is an increasing reliance on the use of camera-trap technologies for surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals. Camera trapping may, however, also have significant applications for broad-scale surveys of small mammals.
Aims. The present study aims to compare results from camera-trapping surveys to those of the more traditional live trapping techniques. Specifically, it aims to test the effectiveness of the techniques for detecting species, and the cost effectiveness of both approaches.
Methods. Surveys were conducted across 36 sites in the Grampians National Park, Victoria, Australia, between April and July 2009. At each site, independent surveys were conducted for small mammals by using a combination of Elliot and cage trapping, then camera trapping. Results for the two different approaches were compared for both their ability to generate small-mammal presence data and their cost effectiveness.
Key results. Camera-trapping surveys of 36 sites in the Grampians National Park compared favourably with those of live trapping surveys. Similar species were detected across the sites, and camera trapping was a considerably more cost effective than live trapping.
Conclusions. Camera-trapping surveys of small terrestrial mammals may provide a new and cost-effective technique for surveying terrestrial small mammals. This is particularly the case when presence data are the main requirement of the survey, with no requirement to capture and tag animals.
Implications. Given the cost-effective nature of camera trapping, there is potential to use this approach to increase the level of replication and spatial coverage of small-mammal surveys. Improving the replication and spatial coverage of studies has the potential to significantly increase the scope of research questions that can be asked, thus providing the potential to improve wildlife management.

Shedding new light on old species identifications : morphological and genetic evidence suggest a need for conservation status review of the critically endangered bat, Saccolaimus saccolaimus

Information based on the accurate identification of species is a vital component for achieving successful outcomes of biodiversity conservation and management. It is difficult to manage species that are poorly known or that are misidentified with other similar species. This is particularly problematic for rare and threatened species. Species that are listed under endangered species classification schemes need to be identified accurately and categorised correctly so that conservation efforts are appropriately allocated. In Australia, the emballonurid Saccolaimus saccolaimus is currently listed as ‘Critically Endangered’. On the basis of new observations and existing museum specimens, we used a combination of genetic (mitochondrial DNA sequence) and morphological (pelage characteristics, dig III : phalanx I length ratio, inter-upper canine distance) analyses to identify six new geographic records for S. saccolaimus, comprising ~100 individuals. Our analyses also suggested that there are likely to be more records in museum collections misidentified as S. flaviventris specimens. The external morphological similarities to S. flaviventris were addressed and genetic, morphological and echolocation analyses were used in an attempt to provide diagnostic characters that can be used to readily identify the two species in the field. We recommend genetic testing of all museum specimens of Australian Saccolaimus to clarify species’ distributions and provide data for reassessing the conservation status for both S. saccolaimus and S. flaviventris. Museum curators, taxonomists and wildlife managers need to be aware of potential species misidentifications, both in the field and laboratory. Misidentifications that result in misclassification of both threatened and non-threatened species can have significant implications.

Separate and invisible : a carceral history of Australian islands

This article examines the history of four islands used for incarceration in Australia: the ‘secondary punishment’ of convicts on Norfolk Island; the management and quarantine of indigenous people on Palm Island; the quarantine of all new migrants and visitors on Bruny Island; and the incarceration of enemy aliens on Rottnest Island. Incarceration has been used throughout Australia’s history as a method of social and political control, targeting categories of people perceived to pose a threat to the racial composition, social cohesion, or national security of the Australian community. By providing a space both separate and invisible to the community, Australia’s carceral islands served as a solution to a recurring problem for a young nation apprehensive about the composition, durability and security of its community. The human consequences of incarceration could be devastating.

A comparison of the seasonal movements of tiger sharks and green turtles provides insight into their predator-prey relationship

During the reproductive season, sea turtles use a restricted area in the vicinity of their nesting beaches, making them vulnerable to predation. At Raine Island (Australia), the highest density green turtle Chelonia mydas rookery in the world, tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier have been observed to feed on green turtles, and it has been suggested that they may specialise on such air-breathing prey. However there is little information with which to examine this hypothesis. We compared the spatial and temporal components of movement behaviour of these two potentially interacting species in order to provide insight into the predator-prey relationship. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that tiger shark movements are more concentrated at Raine Island during the green turtle nesting season than outside the turtle nesting season when turtles are not concentrated at Raine Island. Turtles showed area-restricted search behaviour around Raine Island for ~3–4 months during the nesting period (November–February). This was followed by direct movement (transit) to putative foraging grounds mostly in the Torres Straight where they switched to area-restricted search mode again, and remained resident for the remainder of the deployment (53–304 days). In contrast, tiger sharks displayed high spatial and temporal variation in movement behaviour which was not closely linked to the movement behaviour of green turtles or recognised turtle foraging grounds. On average, tiger sharks were concentrated around Raine Island throughout the year. While information on diet is required to determine whether tiger sharks are turtle specialists our results support the hypothesis that they target this predictable and plentiful prey during turtle nesting season, but they might not focus on this less predictable food source outside the nesting season.

Categorization of disaster decision support needs for the development of an integrated model for DMDSS

The wide variety of disasters and the large number of activities involved have resulted in the demand for separate Decision Support System (DSS) models to manage different requirements. The modular approach to model management is to provide a framework in which to focus multidisciplinary research and model integration. A broader view of our approach is to provide the flexibility to organize and adapt a tailored DSS model (or existing modular subroutines) according to the dynamic needs of a disaster. For this purpose, the existing modular subroutines of DSS models are selected and integrated to produce a dynamic integrated model focussed on a given disaster scenario. In order to facilitate the effective integration of these subroutines, it is necessary to select the appropriate modular subroutine beforehand. Therefore, subroutine selection is an important preliminary step towards model integration in developing Disaster Management Decision Support Systems (DMDSS). The ability to identify a modular subroutine for a problem is an important feature before performing model integration. Generally, decision support needs are combined, and encapsulate different requirements of decision-making in the disaster management area. Categorization of decision support needs can provide the basis for such model selection to facilitate effective and efficient decision-making in disaster management. Therefore, our focus in this paper is on developing a methodology to help identify subroutines from existing DSS models developed for disaster management on the basis of needs categorization. The problem of the formulation and execution of such modular subroutines are not addressed here. Since the focus is on the selection of the modular subroutines from the existing DMDSS models on basis of a proposed needs classification scheme.

Prevalence of beak and feather disease virus in wild Platycercus elegans: comparison of three tissue types using a probe-based real-time qPCR test

The detection of avian viruses in wild populations has considerable conservation implications. For DNA-based studies, feathers may be a convenient sample type for virus screening and are, therefore, an increasingly common technique. This is despite recent concerns about DNA quality, ethics, and a paucity of data comparing the reliability and sensitivity of feather sampling to other common sample types such as blood. Alternatively, skeletal muscle tissue may offer a convenient sample to collect from dead birds, which may reveal viraemia. Here, we describe a probe-based quantitative real-time PCR for the relative quantification of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a pathogen of serious conservation concern for parrots globally. We used this method to test for BFDV in wild crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans), and compared three different sample types. We detected BFDV in samples from 29 out of 84 individuals (34.5%). However, feather samples provided discordant results concerning virus presence when compared with muscle tissue and blood, and estimates of viral load varied somewhat between different sample types. This study provides evidence for widespread infection of BFDV in wild crimson rosellas, but highlights the importance of sample type when generating and interpreting qualitative and quantitative avian virus data.

Avaliação de resultados em RH: análise dos métodos propostos na literatura acadêmica

A avaliação de resultados em RH tem sido proposta por diversos autores nos últimos anos. As propostas diferem quanto à forma de mensuração da contribuição da área para o desempenho da organização e quanto ao conteúdo do que se propõe, efetivamente, mensurar. Essas divergências refletem, em grande medida, as premissas adotadas em relação ao papel que a área desempenha (ou deveria desempenhar). Esses métodos de avaliação e mensuração são também alvo de inúmeras críticas (Pfeffer, 1997). Levando-se em conta a diversidade de propostas para a avaliação e mensuração, as observações de Pfeffer (1997) e a escassez de trabalhos sobre o tema na literatura brasileira, este trabalho faz um levantamento e análise das propostas encontradas na literatura para avaliação e mensuração de resultados da área de RH.

Perfil da gestão de recursos humanos na grande São Paulo: análise comparativa de duas pesquisas - 1994/1999

Essa pesquisa, realizada no ano de 1999, procura traçar um perfil da Gestão de Recursos Humanos na Grande São Paulo. Para tanto, foram entrevistados os responsáveis pela área de RH de 100 empresas médias e grandes, selecionadas aleatoriamente. Buscou-se mapear a estrutura da área, formas de recrutamento e seleção, benefícios, gestão de carreira, visão dos entrevistados dos investimentos realizados na área e do grau de estruturação das atividades e principais problemas e perspectivas da área. O instrumento de levantamento de dados é o mesmo utilizado em uma pesquisa realizada em 1994. Esse relatório compara os resultados das duas pesquisas.

Perfil da gestão de recursos humanos na grande São Paulo - 1999

Essa pesquisa, realizada no ano de 1999, procura traçar um perfil da Gestão de Recursos Humanos na Grande São Paulo. Para tanto, foram entrevistados os responsáveis pela área de RH de 100 empresas médias e grandes, selecionadas aleatoriamente. Buscou-se mapear a estrutura da área, formas de recrutamento e seleção, benefícios, gestão de carreira, visão dos entrevistados dos investimentos realizados na área e do grau de estruturação das atividades e principais problemas e perspectivas da área. O instrumento de levantamento de dados é o mesmo utilizado em uma pesquisa realizada em 1994. Também foi utilizado a Avaliação das Atividades e papéis em Recursos Humanos, proposta por Ulrich e Conner (1998).

A gestão de pessoas em centros de serviços compartilhados no Brasil: um estudo sobre a percepção dos gestores e empregados operacionais

Os estudos da área de Administração se concentraram em compreender as atividades core das organizações, de forma que os esforços para se entender as atividades de staff e a maneira pela qual elas podem agregar valor foram menos exploradas. Assim, estruturas organizacionais como os centros de serviços compartilhados (CSCs) se apresentam não apenas como uma oportunidade de estudo, mas também como uma demanda da área, dada a expansão desse modelo de prestação de serviços de atividades de staff dos grandes grupos organizacionais. Diante desse contexto, existe um ambiente específico de trabalho que pouco se aprofundou em relação à área de Recursos Humanos (RH), sendo importante, portanto, entender quais são as percepções dos funcionários de CSCs (analistas e gestores) diante das práticas e características organizacionais relacionadas com a Gestão de Pessoas. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar como se configuram as características e práticas que se relacionam à Gestão de Pessoas nos CSCs, a partir das percepções de seus gestores e analistas. Embasando-se na literatura sobre as características dos CSCs, atrelada à gestão de pessoas nesse tipo de estrutura e da Administração Estratégica de RH, estruturou-se o arcabouço teórico do estudo e definiram-se as categorias de análise. Por meio de um estudo de caso, quatro CSCs instalados no Brasil foram abordados, sendo entrevistadas 44 pessoas (sete gestores e 37 analistas operacionais). Os resultados apontaram categorias específicas aos CSCs fossem levantadas: gerência de linha, desenvolvimento profissional e responsabilidade dos analistas, sentimento de inferioridade, estratégias de retenção de empregados, diversidade interna, formação de centro de excelência. Concluiu-se que os CSC requerem um departamento de Gestão de Pessoas específico para seus empregados internos para atender as especificidades do CSC; deve haver cuidado em aplicação de modelos rígidos internamente porque os CSCs maduros são diversificados; que os CSCs são centros de excelência para conhecimentos operacionais; os gerentes de linha poderiam ser mais bem treinados para melhorar seus relacionamentos com os analistas.