The Church and Its Boundaries : A Study of the Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC

The relationship between the Orthodox Churches and the World Council of Churches (WCC) became a crisis just before the 8th Assembly of the WCC in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1998. The Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC (SC), inaugurated in Harare, worked during the period 1999 2002 to solve the crisis and to secure the Orthodox participation in the WCC. The purpose of this study is: 1) to clarify the theological motives for the inauguration of the SC and the theological argumentation of the Orthodox criticism; 2) to write a reliable history and analysis of the SC; 3) to outline the theological argumentation, which structures the debate, and 4) to investigate the ecclesiological questions that arise from the SC material. The study spans the years 1998 to 2006, from the WCC Harare Assembly to the Porto Alegre Assembly. Hence, the initiation and immediate reception of the Special Commission are included in the study. The sources of this study are all the material produced by and for the SC. The method employed is systematic analysis. The focus of the study is on theological argumentation; the historical context and political motives that played a part in the Orthodox-WCC relations are not discussed in detail. The study shows how the initial, specific and individual Orthodox concerns developed into a profound ecclesiological discussion and also led to concrete changes in WCC practices, the best known of which is the change to decision-making by consensus. The Final Report of the SC contains five main themes, namely, ecclesiology, decision-making, worship/common prayer, membership and representation, and social and ethical issues. The main achievement of the SC was that it secured the Orthodox membership in the WCC. The ecclesiological conclusions made in the Final Report are twofold. On the one hand, it confirms that the very act of belonging to the WCC means the commitment to discuss the relationship between a church and churches. The SC recommended that baptism should be added as a criterion for membership in the WCC, and the member churches should continue to work towards the mutual recognition of each other s baptism. These elements strengthen the ecclesiological character of the WCC. On the other hand, when the Final Report discusses common prayer, the ecclesiological conclusions are much more cautious, and the ecclesiological neutrality of the WCC is emphasized several times. The SC repeatedly emphasized that the WCC is a fellowship of churches. The concept of koinonia, which has otherwise been important in recent ecclesiological questions, was not much applied by the SC. The comparison of the results of the SC to parallel ecclesiological documents of the WCC (Nature and Mission of the Church, Called to Be the One Church) shows that they all acknowledge the different ecclesiological starting points of the member churches, and, following that, a variety of legitimate views on the relation of the Church to the churches. Despite the change from preserving the koinonia to promises of eschatological koinonia, all the documents affirm that the goal of the ecumenical movement is still full, visible unity.

Change detection and controlling forest information using multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery.

A method was developed for relative radiometric calibration of single multitemporal Landsat TM image, several multitemporal images covering each others, and several multitemporal images covering different geographic locations. The radiometricly calibrated difference images were used for detecting rapid changes on forest stands. The nonparametric Kernel method was applied for change detection. The accuracy of the change detection was estimated by inspecting the image analysis results in field. The change classification was applied for controlling the quality of the continuously updated forest stand information. The aim was to ensure that all the manmade changes and any forest damages were correctly updated including the attribute and stand delineation information. The image analysis results were compared with the registered treatments and the stand information base. The stands with discrepancies between these two information sources were recommended to be field inspected.

Chemical Characterization of Urban Background Aerosol Using Online And Filter Methods

In order to evaluate the influence of ambient aerosol particles on cloud formation, climate and human health, detailed information about the concentration and composition of ambient aerosol particles is needed. The dura-tion of aerosol formation, growth and removal processes in the atmosphere range from minutes to hours, which highlights the need for high-time-resolution data in order to understand the underlying processes. This thesis focuses on characterization of ambient levels, size distributions and sources of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in ambient aerosols. The results show that in the location of this study typically 50-60 % of organic carbon in fine particles is water-soluble. The amount of WSOC was observed to increase as aerosols age, likely due to further oxidation of organic compounds. In the boreal region the main sources of WSOC were biomass burning during the winter and secondary aerosol formation during the summer. WSOC was mainly attributed to a fine particle mode between 0.1 - 1 μm, although different size distributions were measured for different sources. The WSOC concentrations and size distributions had a clear seasonal variation. Another main focus of this thesis was to test and further develop the high-time-resolution methods for chemical characterization of ambient aerosol particles. The concentrations of the main chemical components (ions, OC, EC) of ambient aerosol particles were measured online during a year-long intensive measurement campaign conducted on the SMEAR III station in Southern Finland. The results were compared to the results of traditional filter collections in order to study sampling artifacts and limitations related to each method. To achieve better a time resolution for the WSOC and ion measurements, a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled with a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC) and two ion chromatographs (IC). The PILS-TOC-IC provided important data about diurnal variations and short-time plumes, which cannot be resolved from the filter samples. In summary, the measurements made for this thesis provide new information on the concentrations, size distribu-tions and sources of WSOC in ambient aerosol particles in the boreal region. The analytical and collection me-thods needed for the online characterization of aerosol chemical composition were further developed in order to provide more reliable high-time-resolution measurements.

A Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study Of The Interaction Of Oxygen, Nitrogen And Transition-Metals With C-60 Films

Evidence is presented for the strong interaction of oxygen and nitrogen with solid films of buckminsterfullerene based on core-level spectroscopic studies. Cr, Ni and Cu deposited on C60 films interact strongly giving rise to large changes in the C(Is) and C(2p) binding energies as well as the (2p) binding energies of the transition metals.

Determination of intestinal permeability in healthy horses using the contrast medium iohexol

Tämä lisensiaatin tutkielma koostuu kolmesta osasta; kirjallisuuskatsauksesta, kokeellisesta osasta ja liitteistä. Iohexol on ionisoitumaton, trijodattu ja vesiliukoinen röntgenvarjoaine. Iohexolia on hyödynnetty lääketieteessä useita vuosia. Iohexolia on käytetty muun muassa angio- ja myelografiassa, lisäksi iohexolia on hyödynnetty arvioitaessa munuaiskerästen suodattumisnopeutta sekä suoliston läpäisevyyden muutoksia. Hevosen tulehduksellisessa suolistosairaudessa (Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) suoliston rakenne ja sen läpäisevyys muuttuu; tyypillistä on tulehdussolujen kertyminen suoliston seinämään ja myös sidekudosmuodostusta saattaa esiintyä. Suolisto muutoksia saatetaan havaita sekä ohut- että paksusuolessa. IBD aiheuttaa hevoselle laihtumista, johtuen ravintoaineiden puutteellisesta imeytymisestä ja proteiinien menetyksestä suoleen suoliston häiriötilan yhteydessä. Tällä hetkellä IBD:n diagnostiikka perustuu tyypillisiin oireisiin, kliiniseen tutkimukseen, verinäytteisiin, glukoosin imeytymistestiin ja peräsuolesta otettuun koepalaan. IBD:n diagnostiikka on kuitenkin erittäin haastavaa ja tutkimusmenetelmiin liittyy lukuisia ongelmia, jotka vähentävät niiden luotettavuutta IBD:n diagnostiikassa. Tutkimuksemme tarkoituksena on kehittää hevosen IBD:n diagnostiikkaa entistä helpompaan, luotettavampaan ja turvallisempaan suuntaan. Tämän alustavan tutkimuksen tavoitteet olivat: (1) tutkia voidaanko iohexol havaita hevosen seerumissa oraalisen annostelun jälkeen ja (2) muodostaa iohexolin pitoisuuskuvaaja ajan funktiona terveillä hevosilla. Materiaalimme koostui kymmenestä terveestä hevosesta, joilla ei ollut havaittu laihtumista tai ripulia. Ennen iohexolin annostelua hevosille suoritettiin kliininen tutkimus ja verinäytteet otettiin maha-suolikanavan sairauden poissulkemiseksi. Hevosille suoritettiin myös mahalaukun tähystys. 16 tunnin paaston jälkeen 1 ml/kg Iohexolia annosteltiin 10 % -liuoksena nenämahaletkulla suoraan mahaan ja verinäytteet otettiin 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 ja 360 minuuttia annostelun jälkeen. Iohexolin pitoisuus määritettiin käyttämällä korkean erotuskyvyn nestekromatografiaa. Iohexolin pitoisuuksista tietyillä ajanhetkillä muodostettiin kuvaaja. Hevosilla ei havaittu maha-suolikanavan sairauksia. Kaikki hevoset olivat hyvässä kuntoluokassa ja mahalaukun tähystyksessä ei havaittu merkittäviä muutoksia. Verinäytteiden tulokset olivat viiterajoissa. Kaikki hevoset sietivät iohexolia hyvin ja haittavaikutuksia ei havaittu. Iohexol oli havaittavissa seerumissa 60 minuutin kuluttua annostelusta. Kuvaajassa voitiin havaita kaksi huippua. Statistiset menetelmät tukivat löydöksiä. Iohexol testi oli yksinkertainen suorittaa ja siihen ei liittynyt haittavaikutuksia. Annos 1ml/kg oli havaittavissa seerumissa. Iohexolin pitoisuuskuvaaja muodosti kaksi huippua, ja tämänkaltainen ilmiö on kuvattu kirjallisuudessa aikaisemmin useiden lääkkeiden tapauksessa. Hevosella ilmiö liittyy todennäköisesti maha-suolikanavan rakenteellisiin ja fysiologisiin eroavaisuuksiin ja lisätutkimuksia ilmiön varmistamiseksi tarvitaan. Iohexol näyttää olevan potentiaalinen merkkiaine suoliston läpäisevyyden arviointiin ja lisätutkimuksia IBD:tä sairastavien hevosten seerumin iohexolin pitoisuuksista verrattuna terveiden hevosten seerumin iohexolin pitoisuuksiin on suunnitteilla.

Phase relations in the systems Cu–O–R2O3(R = Tm, Lu) and Gibbs energies of formation of Cu2R2O5 compounds

The phase relations in the systems Cu–O–R2O3(R = Tm, Lu) have been determined at 1273 K by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis of samples equilibrated in evacuated quartz ampules and in pure oxygen. Only ternary compounds of the type Cu2R2O5 were found to be stable. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of the compounds have been measured using solid-state galvanic cells of the type, Pt|Cu2O + Cu2R2O5+ R2O3‖(Y2O3)ZrO2‖CuO + Cu2O‖Pt in the temperature range 950–1325 K. The standard Gibbs energy changes associated with the formation of Cu2R2O5 compounds from their binary component oxides are: 2CuO(s)+ Tm2O3(s)→Cu2Tm2O5(s), ΔG°=(10400 – 14.0 T/K)± 100 J mol–1, 2CuO(s)+ Lu2O3(s)→Cu2Lu2O5(s), ΔG°=(10210 – 14.4 T/K)± 100 J mol–1 Since the formation is endothermic, the compounds become thermodynamically unstable with respect to component oxides at low temperatures, Cu2Tm2O5 below 743 K and Cu2Lu2O5 below 709 K. When the chemical potential of oxygen over the Cu2R2O5 compounds is lowered, they decompose according to the reaction, 2Cu2R2O5(s)→2R2O3(s)+ 2Cu2O(s)+ O2(g) The equilibrium oxygen potential corresponding to this reaction is obtained from the emf. Oxygen potential diagrams for the Cu–O–R2O3 systems at 1273 K are presented.

Correlated electronic states of C-60 fragments

We have studied electronic states of various fragments of C-60 within the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) model and have obtained structural, magnetic and spectral properties of these molecules. The fragments studied include corannulene, fluoranthene and pyracylene. Pyracylene is studied using the exact valence bond (VB) approach while fluoranthene and corannulene are studied using a novel restricted CI technique which employs molecular orbitals for constructing the VB functions. The electronic excitations, bond order and ring currents are calculated for these systems. From these studies, the wide range of absorptions in C-60 can be viewed as those localized on pyracylene units or on the corannulene/fluoranthene units. The bond orders and ring currents show the hexagons to be similar to benzene rings. The pentagon-hexagon bonds are also found to be longer than the hexagon-hexagon bonds.

Investigations Of Iron Adducts Of C-60 - Novel Fec60 In The Solid-State With Fe Inside The C-60 Cage

By carrying out contact-arc vaporization of graphite in a partial atmosphere of Fe(CO)5, an iron-adduct with C60 has been obtained. The adduct has been characterized by various techniques including mass spectrometry, Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy and Fe K-EXAFS. Properties of this adduct are compared with those of an adduct prepared by solution method where Fe is clearly outside the cage. Results suggest that FeC60 obtained from the gas phase reaction has the Fe atom in the cage.

Nitrogen Derivatives Of C-60 And C-70 - Interaction Of Fullerenes With Nitrogen In Gas-Phase

Mass spectrometric studies show that contact-arc vaporization of graphite in a partial atmosphere of N2 or NH3 yields nitrogenous products tentatively assigned to species such as C70N2, C59N6, C59N4 and C59N2 involving addition of or substitution by nitrogen along with the species due to C2 and C4 losses. Mass spectrometry and other techniques have been employed to identify products of the nucleophilic addition of aliphatic amines to C60 and C70 in solution phase.

Physics Of Undoped And Doped C-60 Fullerene

This paper contains a review of the physical properties of the undoped and alkali-doped C60 materials, including their crystal structure, electronic, optical and vibrational properties and the effect of pressure on the crystal and electronic structure. The mechanisms of superconductivity in alkali-doped C60 in terms of phonon mediated electron pairing vis-a-vis electronic interaction effects are discussed.

Preparation, Characterization And Properties Of C-60 And C-70 - Spectroscopy, Structure, Anions, Interaction With Electron-Donors And Superconductivity

Preparation and characterization of the fullerenes, C60 and C70, are described in detail, including the design of the generators fabricated locally. The characterization techniques employed are UV-visible, IR, Raman and C-13 NMR spectroscopies, scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. The electron energy level diagram of C60 as well as the one-electron reductions of C60 and C70 leading to various anions are discussed. Electronic absorption spectra of C60- and C60(2-) are reported. Phase transitions from the plastic to the crystalline states of C60 and C70 are examined. Based on a C-13 NMR study in a mixture of nematic liquid crystals, it has been demonstrated that C60 retains its extraordinary symmetry in solution phase as well. Interaction of C60 and C70 with strong electron-donor molecules has been investigated employing cyclic voltammetry. Superconductivity of K(x)C60 has been studied by non-resonant microwave absorption; Na(x)C60 as well as K(c)C70 are shown to be non-superconducting. Doping C60 with iodine does not make it superconducting. Interaction of C60 with SbCl5 and liquid Br2 gives rise to halogenated products.

Method for measurement of the angles of 90-, 45-, 45-deg and 60-, 30-, 90-deg prisms

A simple technique is devised to measure the angles of 90-, 45-, 45-deg and 60-, 30-, 90-deg prisms without using expensive spectrometers, autocollimators, and angle gauges. The method can be extended to unpolished and opaque prisms made of materials other then glass. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical instrumentation Engineers.

Method for measurement of the angles of an equilateral (60-deg) prism

A simple technique is devised io measure the angles of equilateral (60-deg) prisms, without using the expensive spectrometers, autocollimators, and angle gauges. The method can be extended to unpolished and opaque prisms made out of materials other than glass. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Decomposition temperatures of Cu2Ln2O5 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) compounds

The equilibrium decomposition temperatures of Cu2Ln2O5 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) compounds have been measured using a combined DTA-TGA apparatus under a flowing Ar + O2 gas mixture, in which the partial pressure of oxygen was controlled at 5.0 × 103 Pa. The Cu2Ln2O5 compounds yield Ln2O3 and Cu2O on decomposition. The decomposition temperature increases monotonically with the atomic number of the lanthanide element. This suggests that the stability of the Cu2Ln2O5 compounds with respect to the component binary oxides increases with decreasing radius of the Ln3+ ion.