La piratería de Nigeria como una amenaza a la seguridad marítima del Golfo de Guinea (2007-2012). Una aproximación desde el crimen organizado

Desde finales de los 70 la piratería se convirtió en un problema para Nigeria. Con el tiempo adquirió características del crimen organizado y en 2010 se transformó en un problema transnacional, afectando a Estados del golfo de Guinea. Así, a través de una base conceptual, el estudio de caso concluyó que los factores internos –como la pobreza, debilidad estatal y marginalización- y externos –siendo ellos la falta de políticas internas destinadas a las aguas y la ausencia de estrategias marítimas en la región- de la piratería, crearon una dinámica para que dicha actividad se convirtiera en una amenaza a la seguridad marítima del golfo de Guinea, tomando como referencia a Benín y Togo. Siguiendo la línea argumentativa, se demuestra que la búsqueda de una solución a la delincuencia marítima ha generado interacciones de seguridad que sugieren las primeras fases de un posible complejo de seguridad regional.

Incidencia de la política minero-energética sobre la tenencia de la tierra en el Caquetá (2002-2014)

El presente estudio de caso parte analizando el proceso de ocupación y despojo de la tierra en el Caquetá, con el objetivo de mostrar las formas de usurpación histórica legales e ilegales, que han dado paso a la consolidación de una estructura de poder desigual y violento. Sobre este escenario inequitativo y violento se pone de manifiesto como la puesta en marcha de la política minero-energética es el resultado de un proceso de negociación entre empresas y gobernantes, que tiene por objetivo vaciar los territorios para recrear nuevos espacios sobre los cuales sea posible reproducir la dinámica de acumulación capitalista, ahondando de paso, las desigualdades, la marginación de la población campesina y la violencia en los territorios en donde se posa dicha estrategia. Este análisis se enmarca, principalmente, en la perspectiva de Saskia Sassen sobre el Estado Corporativo y la perspectiva de David Harvey sobre las nuevas formas del capitalismo.

El coneixement de la llengua catalana i la llengua castellana per part de l'alumnat estranger escolaritzat a l'educació primària de Catalunya: factors explicatius i relacions d'interdependència lingüística.

La tesi presenta els resultats de coneixement de català i castellà de 515 alumnes estrangers escolaritzats a Catalunya al finalitzar sisè de primària durant el curs 2006/07. En concret, analitza la incidència d'algunes variables en el seu coneixement lingüístic (el temps d'estada, la llengua inicial, l'escolaritat prèvia, el nivell educatiu familiar, el context sociolingüístic del centre, la concentració d'alumnat estranger per aula, els usos de les diferents llengües a l'entorn social, escolar i familiar, entre altres) i també estudia les relacions d'interdependència lingüística (Cummins, 1979) que es produeixen entre les llengües que aquest alumnat aprèn des de l'escola. Les proves utilitzades avaluen diferents habilitats relacionades amb el coneixement de llengua oral i escrita de català i castellà. El tractament que es fa de les dades és estadístic. Les conclusions apunten alguns dels elements que cal considerar pel tractament educatiu i lingüístic de la infància i l'adolescència estrangera escolaritzada a Catalunya.

Ações afirmativas : o sistema de cotas da UFPE

Este trabalho teve como tema de pesquisa: Ações Afirmativas: O Sistema de Cotas da UFPE . Tendo como objetivos investigar a eficácia do bônus de 10% nas notas dos alunos oriundos de escolas públicas para o ingresso dos mesmos, por meio de vestibular, na UFPE. Para isso, observamos o número de alunos inscritos no vestibular de cada curso oferecido pela referida Universidade e os índices de alunos que procuram ser beneficiados pelo bônus em cada curso da mesma. Observamos, também, quais os cursos mais procurados pelos alunos auxiliados pelo bônus e os índices de ingressos desses alunos e quais os cursos mais frequentados pelos mesmos. A pesquisa se deu de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados para a pesquisa qualitativa as entrevistas semiestruturadas e como instrumento de análise dos dados a análise de discurso por meio de 05 Formações Discursivas (FD): globalização, exclusão, democracia, cidadania e igualdade. Buscou-se a opinião de 10 entrevistados sobre o tema, sendo 05 aprovados no vestibular da UFPE utilizando-se do bônus de 10% em sua nota e 05 não aprovados no vestibular da UFPE mesmo utilizando-se do bônus. Constatou-se que nos vestibulares dos anos de 2010/2011 da UFPE foram aprovados, proporcionalmente, mais alunos beneficiados pelo bônus, do que alunos não beneficiados e que os alunos oriundos de escolas públicas alcançam bons índices de aprovação nos cursos que mais almejam. Evidencia-se ainda que os entrevistados apontam o déficit na qualidade de ensino das escolas públicas como o principal fator de desigualdade de concorrência.

Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and educational innovations

This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba (known as Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina in Spanish). We apply a typology for analysing how training programmes address the needs of marginalized populations and build capacity for addressing health determinants. We highlight some ways we can learn from such training programmes with particular regard to lessons, barriers and opportunities for their sustainability at the local, national and international levels and for pursuing similar initiatives in other countries and contexts. We conclude that educational efforts focused on the challenges of marginalization and the determinants of health require explicit attention not only to the knowledge, attitudes and skills of graduates but also on effectively engaging the health settings and systems that will reinforce the establishment and retention of capacity in low- and middle-income settings where this is most needed.

Cuerpos encerrados cuerpos emancipados: las políticas del cuerpo y las negociaciones identitarias de las travesías en el expenal García Moreno

La identidad sexual y de género como el cuerpo son espacios de poder y diferencia donde se evidencia la precariedad del sistema político económico heterosexual ‘blanco occidental’ y su impositivo sistema de sexo-género. Mediante un trabajo etnográfico la investigación indagó y analizó la situación actual de las travestis encarceladas en el Centro de rehabilitación para Varones Nº 1, vinculándolo con la estructura macro social circundante a la que pertenece y el ex-penal está inserto activamente. El estudio da cuenta de la actualidad enmarcada entre junio 2005 y enero 2007. Hace referencia a hechos sociopolíticos e históricos que visibilizan y evidencian dentro del contexto nacional la situación de la violencia socio cultural, física-psico afectiva, como las circunstancias de marginalización y discriminación que se ejerce sobre las travestis; así como la persistente violación a sus derechos fundamentales como consecuencia de su identidad sexual y de género abyecta; por parte de otros agentes sociales.

La comunicazione interculturale

The chapter is about Intercultural communication in Italy (seen from both a sociolinguistic and a pragmatic perspective), and it is structured into four different sections: “Key words/concept”, “Theoretical background”, “Good practice” and “Exercises”. Although based on the most recent research on Intercultural communication, it is addressed to both specialists/scholars and non specialists, as it is meant not only to outline new approaches and interpretations, but also to be regarded as a possible resource by civil servants and operators working with migrants. It is included in a book sponsored by the “Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull’Immigrazione” (International and European Forum on Migration Research), which gathers contributions on policy, housing, education, health, employment and communication, and it has been widely adopted as a text book in Italian universities and by public institutions.

Borrowing and shift-induced interference: contrasting patterns in French-Germanic contact in Brussels and Strasbourg

The main aim of the present article is to test hypotheses derived from the model for contact- induced language change as formulated in Thomason and Kaufman (1988 et seq.). As the model correctly predicts the asymmetries between the mutual influences of the Germanic and the Romance varieties in Brussels and Strasbourg it is a very powerful tool for describing the contact patterns in these cities. The analysis shows that the contact patterns are very similar, both from a quantitative and from a qualitative point of view, despite important differences in the sociolinguistic situation of both cities. The striking similarities in the outcome of language contact seem to find a plausible explanation in the fact that the language contact situations in both cities are similar from a typological point of view: in each city a variety of French is in contact with a Germanic variety (Alsatian and Brussels Dutch). Thus, the claim of the present article is that the structure of the languages plays a more prominent role in the outcome of language contact than the sociolinguistic history of the speakers.

Linguistic epistemology and the notion of monolingualism

This article has several interrelated goals, all of which relate to an attempt at understanding why monolingualism is taken to be the default norm in linguistic inquiry (from sociolinguistics to formal linguistic theorizing). With others, I will take the position that comparing instances of multilingualism to so-called monolingualism is an unfair and inevitably inaccurate comparison since, among other variables, the social environments and access to input of multilinguals compared to monolinguals is most often unavoidably different (cf. Cruz-Ferreira 2006; Edwards 2004). Additionally, I will attempt to demonstrate that even so-called monolinguals have access to a variety of grammars related to different registers of speech and, therefore, are not truly monolingual in the sense that they poses one monolithic grammatical competence. Taken together, the present discussion questions both the default status of monolingualism as well as the functional adequacy of the term monolingualism.

Occupying the margins: Labour integration and social exclusion in artisanal mining in Tanzania

This article examines the marginal position of artisanal miners in sub-Saharan Africa, and considers how they are incorporated into mineral sector change in the context of institutional and legal integration. Taking the case of diamond and gold mining in Tanzania, the concept of social exclusion is used to explore the consequences of marginalization on people's access to mineral resources and ability to make a living from artisanal mining. Because existing inequalities and forms of discrimination are ignored by the Tanzanian state, the institutionalization of mineral titles conceals social and power relations that perpetuate highly unequal access to resources. The article highlights the complexity of these processes, and shows that while legal integration can benefit certain wealthier categories of people, who fit into the model of an 'entrepreneurial small-scale miner', for others adverse incorporation contributes to socio-economic dependence, exploitation and insecurity. For the issue of marginality to be addressed within integration processes, the existence of local forms of organization, institutions and relationships, which underpin inequalities and discrimination, need to be recognized.

How to apologise in Latin: a case study

Recent years have seen an increase in sociolinguistic studies of the Latin language devoted to aspects and forms of politeness as part of general linguistic behaviour, and considerable progress has been made overall. One area, albeit central to the notion of politeness, has been conspicuously neglected so far, and this area is best summarised by the term ‘apologies’. This paper aims to remedy this situation and to provide a first extensive case study, based on the textual corpus of Terence.

Digital code-switching between Cypriot and Standard Greek: performance and identity play online

Studies of code-switching in writing are very limited in comparison with the numerous investigations of this phenomenon in oral communication. Recent research has revealed that in text-based computer-mediated communication internet users bring into play the various languages available in their linguistic repertoire and, consequently, switch between them. In this case study, I investigate digital code-switching between Cypriot and Standard Greek, the two varieties of Greek spoken on the island of Cyprus. Following Auer’s conversation analytic approach and Gafaranga’s view that conversational structure coexists with social structure, I investigate code-switching in online interactions. The data to be analysed here, unlike those considered in most studies of code-switching, are written data, obtained from channel #Cyprus of Internet Relay Chat. The results suggest that code-switching in writing is influenced not only by macro-sociolinguistic factors, but they are also shaped by the medium- and social-specific characteristics of Internet Relay Chat. This, in turn, allows internet users to gain access to different roles and perform various identities within this online context.

Outward bound: women translators and scientific travel writing, 1780–1800

As the Enlightenment drew to a close, translation had gradually acquired an increasingly important role in the international circulation and transmission of scientific knowledge. Yet comparatively little attention has been paid to the translators responsible for making such accounts accessible in other languages, some of whom were women. In this article I explore how European women cast themselves as intellectually enquiring, knowledgeable and authoritative figures in their translations. Focusing specifically on the genre of scientific travel writing, I investigate the narrative strategies deployed by women translators to mark their involvement in the process of scientific knowledge-making. These strategies ranged from rhetorical near-invisibility, driven by women's modest marginalization of their own public engagement in science, to the active advertisement of themselves as intellectually curious consumers of scientific knowledge. A detailed study of Elizabeth Helme's translation of the French ornithologist Françoise le Vaillant's Voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique [Voyage into the Interior of Africa] (1790) allows me to explore how her reworking of the original text for an Anglophone reading public enabled her to engage cautiously – or sometimes more openly – with questions regarding how scientific knowledge was constructed, for whom and with which aims in mind.

Exploring trilingual Chinese children’s language use

This article investigates the patterns of language use among a selected group of trilingual Chinese immigrant children. The study is located in a socio-cultural-linguistic context of a Chinese heritage language school in Montreal, Quebec. Drawing on data collected from classroom observations, I explore how children’s language choices are influenced by their socialization networks, friendship patterns and daily social interactions. The analysis of data is guided by sociocultural theory and the theory of language socialization. The findings indicate that socialization and political institutional contexts can have powerful influences on children’s social and educational development, including language development, identity formation, and mother tongue maintenance and loss.