The type and frequency of interactions that occur between staff and children outside in Early Years Foundation Stage settings during a fixed playtime period when there are tricycles available

This study reports on an investigation into adult and child interactions observed in the outdoor play environment in four Local Authority early years foundation stage settings in England. In this instance the common two features across the settings were the presence of tricycles and a timetabled outdoor play period. In total, across the four schools, there were 204 children. The study aimed to gain an understanding of the nature of the dialogues between staff and children, that is, the types of exchange that occurred when either the child approached an adult or the adult approached a child. The most frequent type of utterance was also analysed. The study concludes that adults in these settings spoke more than children and the greatest type of utterance was that of the adult about domestic matters. When the child initiated the conversation there were more extended child utterances than domestic utterances. This may suggest that children wish to be involved in conversations of depth and meaning and that staff need to become aware of how to develop this conversational language with children.

Three essays on education from the perspective of the economics of public setor

This work consists of three essays organized into chapters that seek to answer questions at first sight unrelated, but with one common denominator, which is the scarcity of public resources devoted to education, overall, especially in lower education. . The first chapter deals with the scarcity of resources devoted to education in a context of population aging. Two hypotheses were tested for Brazilian municipalities on the relationship between the aging of the population and educational expenditure. The first, already proven in the literature, is that there is an intergenerational conflict for resources and the increase of the share of elderly in the population reduces the educational expenditure. The second, proposed here for the first time, is that there should be reduction of competition for resources if there is a relationship of co-residence between young and old. The results indicated that an increase in the share of elderly reduces the educational expenditure per youth. But the results also illustrate that an increase in the share of elderly co-residing with youth (family arrangement more common in Latin American countries) raises the educational expenditure, which reflects a reduction of competition for resources between generations. The second chapter assesses the allocative efficiency of investments in Higher Education. Using the difference between first-year and last-year students’ scores from Enade aggregated by HEI as a product in the Stochastic Production Function, is possible to contribute with a new element in the literature aimed at estimating the production function of education. The results show that characteristics of institutions are the variables that best explain the performance of students, and that public institutions are more inefficient than the private ones. Finally, the third chapter presents evidence that the allocation of public resources in early childhood education is important for a better future school performance. In this chapter was calculated the effects of early childhood education on literacy scores of children attending the 2nd grade of elementary school. The results using OLS and propensity score matching show that students who started school at the ages to 5, 4, and 3 years had literacy scores between 12.22 and 19.54 points higher than the scores of those who began school at the ages 6 years or late. The results also suggest that the returns in terms of literacy scores diminish in relation to the number of years of early childhood education.

Formando-se professor(a) da educação infantil: a escola com contexto

This work is the result of a set of experiences and reflections on teaching in kindergarten and, in particular, the issues raised by first experiences as a teacher and how these issues were being gradually answered from the experience in a school . Guided by these experiences and studies of Oliveira-Formosinho (2002) on the training of kindergarten teachers in the school context, among others as: Barreto, Kuhlmann Jr. (1998), Vasconcelos et. al. (2000); Nóvoa (1992, 1995), Moita (1995), Freire (1996), Tardif (2002, 2009) Kramer (2005) and Hargreaves, Fullan (2000), built as study questions: what situations become in the context of professional training at an institution of early childhood education? Which subjects who took part? How involved? From this perspective the goal of our work is a: to investigate, from the perspective of teachers a public kindergarten, situations of professional interaction that become the context of teacher education. The research took the principles of qualitative approach and an intrinsic case study (STAKE, 1998), whose locus was a Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education, so defined by their peculiarities for training faculty in the context of practice. We built the data with a group of nine teachers CMEI this by conducting a questionnaire, interviews and document analysis. Data analysis, guided by the principles of content analysis, allowed to note that beyond the initial training and personnel, the school context contributes to its fundamental training for teachers of kindergarten, whereas their specificities. We conclude by confirming that systematic and unsystematic in situations developed in the school routine, interaction with peers and other members of the school, the teachers take ownership of specific knowledge specific to teaching in kindergarten

Presence of mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries

This study determined the presence of mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in supragingival. dental plaque and infected dentine of caries-free children, with early childhood caries and caries. Pooled samples of dental plaque and infected dentine were collected from 56 children aged 1-5 years, which were divided into 3 groups: early childhood caries (ECC); caries and caries-free. Infected dentine was collected in ECC and caries groups to compare the frequency of these microorganisms in the collected sites. The samples were inoculated in SB20 and SA medium, for mutans streptococci and Candida spp., respectively, and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Colony growth was verified and the identification was performed by biochemical tests and CHROMagar Candida. Fisher's test or chi-square (chi(2)) were applied (p = 0.05). The more prevalent species were S. mutans and Candida albicans in ECC (85.4% and 60.4%, respectively), independently of the sample site. S. mutans only was significantly associated with carious teeth, whether in early childhood caries or not. However, the frequency of C. albicans in ECC was higher when compared to caries and caries-free groups. There is a significant association between the presence of C. albicans and early childhood caries. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Association of free amino acids with caries experience and mutans streptococci levels in whole saliva of children with early childhood caries

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the free amino acid content in whole saliva of children with (CE) and without early childhood caries (CF) (ECC), correlating these findings with caries experience and mutans streptococci (MS) levels in saliva.Design: Seventy-eight healthy children, both genders, 6-71 months age, were selected to participate in the study. Following examination for dmft scores calculation, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all 78 participants, stored at -80 degrees C, and used for amino acid analysis, on a Biochem 20 plus amino acid analyzer. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 52 children, transported, diluted and plated on MSB agar medium for detection of MS in cfu/mL.Results: Forty different free amino acids were identified in whole saliva, with great variation in their concentration. A statistically significant relation was found between caries experience and the presence of free proline and glycine. While proline (p = 0.0182) was more frequently absent in the CF group, the absence of glycine (p = 0.0397) was more often observed in the CE group. In the presence of higher levels of MS, free glycine reduced the risk of experiencing dental caries (p = 0.0419). Conversely, the presence of proline was found to increase the risk of experiencing the disease (p = 0.0492).Conclusions: The presence of free proline and absence of free glycine in children with ECC, highly contaminated with MS, increased the chances of experiencing dental caries in the present population. Further studies are needed to better understand this phenomenon. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Presence of Candida spp. in infants oral cavity and its association with early childhood caries

Candida spp., mainly C. albicans, colonizes oral cavity of infants. Transmission by mother to childbirth, pacifier use, feeding habits and caries are factors related to Candida oral colonization. Some researches related that early childhood caries favor the oral colonization of C. albicans. The present literature review described the presence of Candida spp. in oral cavity of infants and its association with early childhood caries (ECC). The literature was searched for original papers relating Candida, pacifier and baby bottle usage and ECC.The articles, were selected using Bireme and Medline databases. Manual tracing of references cited in key papers was also elicited It can be concluded that Candida spp. colonization in the infants'oral cavity especially C. albicans, can be related to the pacifier usage, feeding habits caries lesion. The early childhood caries favor the C. albicans colonization, although it's role in the carious process need further studies to be elucidate scientifically.

Regional odontodysplasia in early childhood: A clinical and histological study

Regional odontodysplasia (RO) is a rare disorder of dental development. The affected teeth are clinically hypoplastic and hypocalcified, presenting a ghost-like appearance radiographically. The aim of this work was to report a clinical case of a child with both primary and permanent dentition affected by RO. The conducted therapy was based on a conservative approach, which consisted of follow-up clinical evaluations of the anomalous teeth. However, the endodontic treatment of the primary incisors failed. Then, the chosen option for patient rehabilitation became extraction followed by removable of prosthesis confection. The extracted teeth were processed for histological analysis. In spite of the uncertain prognosis, but taking into account the psychological aspects of the patient, a conservative approach in an attempt to maintain those viable teeth in the oral cavity should be established.

As concepções de família presentes nos planos diretores das instituições de Educação Infantil: avanços, contradições e possibilidades

Pós-graduação em Educação - FCT

O profissional de serviço social na educação infantil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A generosidade no exercício da autoridade em professores de educação infantil

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

A política salarial para os professores da educação básica da rede municipal no contexto do FUNDEB nos municípios de Óbidos e Oriximiná-Pará

A dissertação trata sobre a política salarial dos professores municipalizados do município de Tucuruí do Estado do Pará. Objetiva avaliar a política salarial dos professores no contexto da municipalização do ensino e tenta contribuir com a avaliação da política educacional no Pará, no período entre 1997 a 2008. Procuramos analisar dinamicamente, a política salarial face ao caráter da política educacional do programa de "descentralização", desenvolvido nas reformas do Estado brasileiro, executado pelo Ministério da Educação, desde o governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Assim, a investigação atentou para modelos de políticas de financiamento de orientação nacional concentrada no MEC. O estudo aponta contradições na relação do projeto nacional de municipalização com a gestão local em que a política salarial dos professores sofre perdas na remuneração. A questão norteadora do estudo acontece frente à instigação da existência de alterações nos salários dos professores a partir do momento que foram cedidos da rede estadual para o município de Tucuruí, local da pesquisa. A partir deste local, analisamos documentos, fatos cotidianos da escola; realizamos entrevistas com os sujeitos da pesquisa como os professores, técnicos, secretário de educação e sindicalistas do SINTEPP. Então, o estudo indicou que a política salarial dos professores sofreu alterações; progressiva extinção destes da folha ativa de pagamento da SEDUC e marcas de ilegalidade frente ao ato de cedência ao município que nos fizeram observar um modo imposto na condução da política municipalista no Pará. No contexto desta política avaliamos haver ajustes ideológicos de cunho conservador e neoliberal concretizados nos acordos entre o governo do Estado e a prefeitura.

Constituir-se professora de ciências para crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade: processos formativos do ensino e aprendizagem

Nesta pesquisa assumo a narrativa como suporte epistemológico, por entender que a investigação narrativa possibilita compreender os processos de formação, de conhecimento e de aprendizagem pelos quais os sujeitos passam e assim constituem o seu processo identitário. Objetivo construir relações entre as experiências de formação vividas e relatadas pelas professoras investigadas e suas atitudes na docência relativa à alfabetização científica para crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade. Foram seis os sujeitos que participaram da investigação: duas atuando em turmas de 4 anos; duas, com turmas de 5 anos e, duas com turmas de 6 anos, que atuam em 2 escolas do município de Castanhal, nordeste do Estado do Pará. Para fazer a triangulação da pesquisa, constituí o corpus a partir dos seguintes registros de informações: i) transcrição da entrevista semi-estruturada realizada com as seis professoras; ii) registro em meu diário de campo das observações das práticas pedagógicas em educação em ciências por elas desenvolvidas e iii) registros fotográficos, que foram analisados na perspectiva da análise textual discursiva. A partir de minha imersão no corpus, por meio de leituras e releituras, da sua desconstrução e unitarização, construí três eixos de análise: i) Formação das Professoras para Ensinar Ciências: sentidos do vivido; ii) Condições de Produção do Trabalho Docente: implicações pedagógicas; e iii) Estratégias de Ensino e Aprendizagens em Educação em Ciências. As análises dos resultados das experiências vividas pelas professoras investigadas durante o processo de formação inicial e continuada evidenciam que a preparação profissional relacionada à iniciação em ciências no âmbito da Educação Infantil e do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental ao longo do curso de magistério e/ou de licenciatura realizado e a ausência de um plano municipal ou escolar de formação continuada influenciam diretamente suas concepções e condutas pedagógicas quando ensinam ciências para crianças. As narrativas das professoras, em geral, também demonstraram que as implicações do cotidiano docente estão relacionadas ao pouco tempo que têm para o planejamento das práticas pedagógicas em educação em ciências, a sua não compreensão dos conceitos científicos a serem ensinados às crianças, as dificuldades de acesso às fontes de pesquisa e a grande quantidade de crianças por turma. Ainda sobre os resultados, a partir os relatos das professoras pesquisadas e do que observei em suas práticas pedagógicas em educação em ciências, em geral, as estratégias de ensino mais utilizadas por elas são: rodas de conversa; recorte e colagem; atividades mimeografadas do livro didático; e, uso de materiais concretos. Ao narrarem suas práticas docente em educação em ciências, as professoras demonstraram que, independente de como cada uma ensina ciências às crianças, elas acreditam estarem contribuindo em seu aprendizado à medida que as envolvem nas atividades ou ainda, a partir da compreensão de que os ensinamentos acerca da ciência, propagados pelas escolas, estão diretamente relacionados com a sua realidade.

Violência contra a criança: formação, conhecimento, percepção e atitude de profissionais da saúde e da educação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nas trincheiras do enfrentamento: um estudo de caso: percepções e práticas docente voltadas para a criança vítima de violência doméstica

O presente trabalho traz como tema a violência doméstica contra a criança, diz respeito às práticas discursivas docentes face à criança maltratada, buscando desvelar os limites e as possibilidades do enfrentamento dos maus tratos infantis domésticos no espaço escolar. Para Tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso de práticas e vivências de um grupo de professoras da educação infantil de uma unidade escolar da rede pública municipal de Belém, o qual foi desenvolvido através de entrevistas semi estruturadas, no período compreendido entre Março e Junho de 2009. Portanto, categorias como: infância, historicidade dos maus tratos, responsabilidades, reconhecimento, ética, entre tantos outros, embasaram este estudo, caracteristicamente teórico e empírico. Tendo a hermenêutica como fio teórico-metodológico inspirada nos princípios hermenêuticos do agir humano de Paul Ricouer. As análises das narrativas docentes indicam que em determinado contextos e circunstâncias a responsabilidade civil perante a criança maltratada perde intensamente o seu sentido prático normativo e somente uma responsabilidade ética calçada no reconhecimento positivo das crianças, tem sustentado uma ação docente de enfrentamento dos maus tratos, este que como pretendemos sinalizar são imprescindíveis para a construção de uma cultura de respeito e defesa da dignidade humana das crianças.