Infância perdida : o retrato do trabalho infantil no Paraná e os reflexos na Educação no final do século XX (década de 1990)

Este estudo pretende refletir acerca do trabalho infantil à luz das condições propostas de erradicação dessa modalidade no Estado do Paraná. Utilizando como fonte de pesquisa a imprensa diária e documentos oficiais da década de 1990 do século XX, buscou-se analisar as matérias estampadas nos jornais do referido Estado que faziam parte do acervo da Casa da Memória e Biblioteca Pública do Paraná, aproximando-os com os dados oficiais apresentados nos mapas de indicativos do trabalho infanto-juvenil, a fim de apontar a realidade em que estes pequenos trabalhadores estavam envolvidos. A referente investigação ressalta a importância do trabalho infantil na construção da história social e da educação, procurando demonstrar os motivos pelos quais crianças faziam parte da população economicamente ativa da época, bem como as consequências que esse tipo de trabalho traz à infância e seus reflexos no sistema educacional e social paranaense.

Formação em contexto, revitalizadora de aprendizagens pessoais, profissionais e organizacionais

Muito se tem teorizado sobre a formação contínua dos professores e a sua implicação no desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional dos docentes, tendo sempre presente as necessárias melhorias no sistema educativo. Entre a dimensão teórica que nos reconforta pela quantidade de saberes acumulados ao longo dos anos e a dimensão prática que se esvanece frequentemente na inércia e rotinas diárias dos professores fica a ausência de uma formação contínua adequada às verdadeiras necessidades dos seus profissionais. Falta proporcionar o encontro mais sistemático entre teoria e prática em contexto, ou vice-versa, numa simbiose perfeita de sentidos para que a formação se torne essencial e determinante na prática diária do professor. A reflexão e o profundo questionamento sobre esta temática colocaram-nos diante de uma questão extremamente pertinente: que formação contínua em contexto proporcionar aos docentes, promotora de aprendizagens (pessoais, profissionais, organizacionais) e da melhoria dos resultados escolares num Agrupamento de Escolas? As respostas estão implícitas na formulação do tema do presente trabalho: (i) a formação em contexto permite revitalizar aprendizagens pessoais, profissionais e organizacionais; (ii) (re)pensar e (re)dinamizar as dinâmicas de trabalho entre professores, bem como criar novas dinâmicas organizacionais, procurando desenvolver saberes e competências individuais que devidamente aproveitados farão da escola um espaço de trabalho agradável, onde a partilha, o trabalho colaborativo e reflexivo melhorarão naturalmente as práticas do quotidiano escolar. Efetuou-se um levantamento das ações realizadas pelos docentes do agrupamento e verificou-se que maioritariamente se faziam fora do âmbito disciplinar, constrangimento apontado pela falta de formações específicas nas áreas disciplinares. Esta e outras questões foram validadas a partir das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a docentes do agrupamento que confirmaram existir no contexto escolar oportunidades de aprendizagem desaproveitadas. Partindo das fundamentações necessárias, quer a partir dos dados, quer a partir de um quadro concetual teórico, quer ainda da opinião muito favorável das professoras entrevistadas, propomos um projeto de formação pró-ativo concebido para um agrupamento de escolas que contribua para a melhoria das práticas letivas.

Atitude dos docentes do segundo ciclo face à inclusão escolar de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais

O presente trabalho tem por base o estudo do tipo de atitude revelada pelos docentes de 2ºciclo face à inclusão escolar de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais. A metodologia seguida passou pela entrevista aplicada a cinco docentes de vários grupos disciplinares, observação direta a dois docentes em contexto de sala de aula e análise documental. A análise dos resultados obtidos permite afirmar que os docentes estão sensibilizados para as vantagens da escola inclusiva, contudo, consideram que, para a escola inclusiva ter sucesso, é imprescindível investir na formação de professores, sobretudo, na área das necessidades educativas especiais. Para além de referido anteriormente salienta-se ainda, a necessidade de maior número de horas de apoio por parte dos docentes de Educação Especial, mais recursos materiais, turmas mais reduzidas e apoio de outros técnicos especializados. A inclusão dos alunos considerados com necessidades educativas especiais no ensino regular implica mudanças ao nível das atitudes e das práticas pedagógicas de todos os intervenientes no processo ensino e aprendizagem, da organização e da gestão na sala de aula e na própria Escola enquanto instituição.

A Educação Penitenciária no Estado de Pernambuco : um olhar sobre o Presídio Professor Aníbal Bruno

Esta dissertação trata da educação penitenciária no Estado de Pernambuco e é resultado de um estudo desenvolvido no Presídio Professor Aníbal Bruno, junto à Escola Professor Joel Pontes, situada no interior da unidade carcerária. Este trabalho discute o papel da educação escolar no processo de ressocialização dos apenados. O ciclo de investigação ocorreu mediante: pesquisa bibliográfica, exame da legislação internacional e nacional, que trata da escolarização para pessoas em situação de privação de liberdade, e por meio do contato com a realidade educacional e prisional do estabelecimento penal selecionado. Nesta investigação, utilizamos à abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Com relação aos instrumentos que foram realizados nesse estudo, adotamos o questionário e a entrevista. Quanto ao questionário este foi aplicado aos detentos, já a entrevista foi realizada junto aos docentes. Através de tais instrumentos, foi possível confrontar as informações coletadas entre essas duas categorias (aluno e professor), possibilitando uma maior aproximação com a realidade educacional vivenciada na unidade prisional. Neste sentido, a pesquisa nos permitiu identificar que a educação escolar ofertada no Presídio Professor Aníbal Bruno não vem contribuindo satisfatoriamente para a ressocialização dos apenados, uma vez que o índice de reincidência entre os internos que frequentam a escola é bastante elevado, não havendo, assim, por parte dos reeducandos uma pré-disposição à ressocialização.

Educação comprometida: vicissitudes de aprendizagem de um grupo de estudantes de uma escola pública na cidade de Campo Maior - Piauí

A educação não pode se caracterizar como sendo algo que estabelece diferenças e prioridades levando-se em consideração as vantagens de grupos de alunos que possuem excelente estrutura familiar, melhores condições de vida e freqüentam escolas particulares, com toda infraestrutura de ensino e dotadas de recursos didáticos avançados em detrimento de uma maioria da população que freqüenta escola pública, recebe ensino de péssima qualidade e ainda tem que trabalhar para sobreviver. Mesmo que sejam questionadas, tais diferenças existem, estão comprovadas e identificadas nos diversos relatórios e dados a respeito da educação e do sistema educacional brasileiro, principalmente os de caráter público. Os reflexos das distorções sociais e das dificuldades de acesso à escola púbica retratam uma realidade cruel acerca de um percentual considerável de alunos que tentam fazer da educação um instrumento de melhoria da qualidade de vida, superação de obstáculos e das dificuldades enfrentadas com a exclusão social, se forem retratados os aspectos sócio-culturais e econômicos. Em um contexto que envolve a realidade educacional dos alunos da Unidade Escolar José Olimpio da Paz, as dificuldades são visíveis, entretanto a superação dos obstáculos e das dificuldades se dá pelo comprometimento dos alunos em participar ativamente do processo ensino-aprendizagem no intuito de melhorarem e aumentarem cada vez mais seus conhecimentos, ao mesmo tempo em que o envolvimento dos professores em promover educação com qualidade, fazendo de sua prática pedagógica um instrumento de luta pelas transformações educacionais, culturais e sociais da comunidade, com foco direcionado para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos alunos através da educação e da aprendizagem contribui, também e de modo decisivo, para a obtenção de resultados positivos através dos quais todos tenham razões de ganho com o envolvimento compromissado com educação de qualidade.

Fifty Years After Angicos : Paulo Freire, Popular Education and the Struggle for a Better World that is Possible

The main thesis of this paper is that Freire’s original experience in Angicos anticipated a grand design for social transformation of educational systems. As such it brought together two key concepts that formulated the basis of his educational system: popular culture as an counter-hegemonic project and popular education, more particularly what was later called citizen schools or public popular education as keystone of his new educational system. I use the term Paulo Freire System to show that his original attempts were not only to challenge pedagogical the prevailing banking education system that was so pervasive in Brazil and Latin American at the time. In challenging the hegemony of banking education, its narrative, theoretical foundations, epistemology and methodology, Freire and his team sought to create a new system that could replace the old one. They saw banking education not only as obsolete in terms of modernization of systems but also oppressive in gnoseological, epistemological and political terms. In the conclusion of this paper I will discuss the twins obsessions of Freire, already present in the Angicos experience and that will stay with him throughout his life: the relationship between democracy, citizenship and education, and education as a postcolonial ethical act of social transformation. I would like to emphasize therefore that the Paulo Freire system, as conceived in the Angicos experience and its aftermath was a much larger and comprehensive system that originally considered, even by his critics.

Competing priorities: Singapore teachers’ perspectives on critical literacy

This paper explores a group of Singaporean English language teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about critical literacy as well as their perspectives on how best to teach literacy and critical literacy in Singapore schools. A face-to-face survey was conducted among 58 English language teachers by using open-ended questions. The survey covered various topics related to literacy instruction including text decoding, meaning construction, and critical analysis of texts. The participating teachers believed strongly that reading and writing are transactional and interactional practices. However, they were less certain in their beliefs about teaching critical literacy including the critical, analytical and evaluative aspects of text reading. Some teachers saw a conflict between using time on teaching critical literacy and preparing students to pass their exams. As critical literacy is not a requirement at exams, they found it difficult to justify using time teaching it. The results suggest that the teachers’ belief systems are strongly influenced by the broad macrostructure of the educational system in Singapore and their own educational experiences.

Working through the layers: curriculum implementation in language education

This chapter presents findings on English Language instruction at the lower primary level in the context of policies for curricular innovation at national, school and classroom levels. The focus is on policies which connect national and school levels, and on how they might be interpreted when implemented in multiple schools within Singapore’s educational system. Referring to case studies in two schools and to individual lesson observations in 10 schools, we found much agreement with national policies in terms of curriculum (i.e. lesson content and activity selection),leading to great uniformity in the lessons taught by different teachers in different schools. In addition, we found that schools had an important mediating influence on implementation of national policies. However, adoptions and adaptations of policy innovations at the classroom level were somewhat superficial as they were more related to changes in educational facilities and procedures than in philosophies.

Mellan frihet och kontroll : Om läroplanskonstruktioner i svensk skola

The aim of this thesis is to explore how different competing discourses in the historical context of the Swedish education development have qualified and disqualified different constructions of national curriculum. How and after what kind of principles is the curriculum constructed? What qualify who are going to be recognized as the author and addressee of the curriculum? These key ques-tions of the study are discussed in the first part of the thesis. My point of depar-ture is that the curriculum can be understood as a relation between freedom and control. In an educational system this relationship reflects the problematic ten-sion between the external demands from an authoritative center and the local need to independently reflect over educational issues. How these concepts are defined by the prevailing social discourses affect specific relations and construc-tions of curricula as a steering tool and a producer of specific teacher identities. In this sense, I claim that curriculum is constructed in different ways depending on which of the didactic questions are emphasized and answered and who is judged as the legitimate author. Based on this, three models of curriculum con-struction are formulated; the content based, the result based and the process based. These models are subsequently used as an analytical tool to examine the historical development of Swedish national curricula. The second part of the thesis investigates the Swedish education system and the production of the national curriculum as a product of rival discourses. The historical investigation begins 1842 when the first state curriculum was issued and the inquiry concludes in 2008. The findings indicate that no one single con-struction has been totally dominant and that there has been an on-going discur-sive struggle between different alternative and opinions about what teachers must do and be.

Abilities and Cultural Understanding through Literature in the EFL Classroom : - A Literature Review

The English language can be seen as a lingua franca of contemporary times. Its spread and use in the globalized world has affected most levels of society and it can be argued that, in current times, English is synonymous with communication. This need for communication has shaped the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) syllabus, which is evident in the Swedish national steering documents for the educational system. For the upper secondary school these documents show an emphasis on communication, on cultural understanding, and also on the use of literature within the EFL classroom. The need to possess communicative abilities and cultural understanding, in connection with the use of literature, has sparked an interest to investigate if and how literature itself can be used as a tool to develop and improve EFL students’ communicative skills and cultural understanding. This literature review thesis analyzes five international research articles from different geographical parts of the Globe. The findings are categorized, compared, synthesized, and finally discussed in order to answer the research questions asked, and also compared with the English subject syllabus for the Swedish upper secondary school. The findings indicate that the analyzed articles share a consensus, to a varied degree, regarding the positive aspects of literature use in the EFL setting. The arguments are that communicative skills and cultural understanding are intertwined - enabling each other to exist, develop, and improve. One cannot exist fully without the other, and literature is a good tool to use to develop and improve these abilities. Literature can help develop all skills needed to acquire and produce both written and spoken English, and it also enables cultural understanding and a broadening of the mind. Where the articles differ somewhat is in the ideas of why literature is a good tool, how to implement literature in the classrooms, and what some of the negative aspects might be. The thesis also brings the lack of Swedish studies within EFL to the readers’ attention, as well as the need to do more research focusing on the students’ perspectives towards literature use in the EFL setting.

Emotioner och värdegrundsarbete : Om lärare, fostran och elever i en mångkulturell skola

This thesis explores aspects of teachers’ obligation to implement and discuss what are referred to in the Swedish national school curricula as “fundamental values” (“värdegrunden” in Swedish). The aim is to describe and analyze dilemmas in interpretations of and teachers’ work with these fundamental values. Four questions are related to this aim. The first addresses difficulties discussed in conversations between seven upper secondary teachers, during nine meetings over the course of one year. In these conversations the teachers reflected upon how to interpret the fundamental values in relation to their daily practice. The second question focuses on the considerable diversity of Swedish schools and examines the work of the teachers through a perspective of intersectionality. The third question concerns how Martha Nussbaum’s theory of emotions as judgments of value could be used for an understanding of the identified dilemmas. The fourth question focuses on ways in which the participating teachers’ discussions may contribute to a wider discussion about possible aims and circumstances of teachers’ work with the fundamental values. Chapter 2 introduces the theoretical framework of the study, Martha Nussbaum’s (2001) ethical thinking on emotions as judgments of value. She argues that emotions have four common cognitive components. They have (1) external objects, and are directed towards these objects. They are (2) intentional, reflecting a person’s particular point of view, his or her special way of beholding the object, and (3) consist of judgments, i.e. views of how things in the world are. According to Nussbaum’s Aristotelian ethics, emotions also (4) mirror the individual’s vision of what a good human life is like, and the vulnerability of it. The concept of eudaimonia, a fulfilled or flourishing life, is central. Chapter 3 focuses on ideas of ethnicity, and on the specific obligation mentioned in the curriculum of counteracting xenophobia and intolerance in a multicultural society. Chapter 4 discusses various aspects of the teachers’ thoughts on religiosity within Swedish society (often depicted as one of most secular in the world) and within the educational system that is non-denominational. Chapter 5 draws attention to different ways in which the teachers view and teach pupils about sexual orientation. Chapter 6 presents conclusions on potential advantages of and challenges involved in Nussbaum’s Aristotelian theory of emotions, when applied to teachers’ views of and practical work with the fundamental values described in the curriculum. One advantage is that emotions may be intellectually scrutinized and morally assessed, on grounds that are known beforehand and discussed in a democratic process. The non-productive division between emotions, on the one hand, and intellectual and moral capabilities, on the other, is transcended by Nussbaum’s theory. An important challenge is to reflect upon when to discuss the cognitive content of pupils’ emotions, and when it is appropriate to state what is right or wrong, and try to influence pupils accordingly. Keywords: Emotions, vulnerability, values education, religious education, teaching, Martha Nussbaum, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.

An assessment of criteria to evaluate the graduate education program in Brazil

This study sought to identify criteria adequate for the evaluation of graduate programs in Brazil. A survey was the means for collecting the ratings and rankings given by faculty members at selected Brazilian graduate programs. A questionnaire using Likerttype and ranking items asked the importance attributed by each respondent to each of the 109 items listed. The data analysis reported in this dissertation indicates that the most highly rated criteria and indicators were: (1) Library: current periodicals; (2) Facilities: classrooms and laboratories; (3) Library: books and monographs; (4) Academic Environment: discussion, investigation, and expression; and (5) Facilities: research space and equipment. The study presents the means and standard deviations obtained for each indicator and also includes some figures obtained for a relational analysis. This dissertation was developed to provide useful information to educational planners, policy makers, administrators, and evaluators involved in Brazilian higher education or comparative studies. It is suggested that additional investigations concentrate on more specific and in-depth analysis and interpretation of the policymaking processes, i.e., on the study of social facts or organizational and academic variables in their relationships with aspects of the educational system. The appendices section includes a facsimile of the questionnaire and additional data.

How does corruption hurt growth? Evidences about the effects of corruption on factors productivity and per capita income

Corruption is a phenomenon that plagues many countries and, mostly, walks hand in hand with inefficient institutional structures, which reduce the effectiveness of public and private investment. In countries with widespread corruption, for each monetary unit invested, a sizable share is wasted, implying less investment. Corruption can also be a burden on a nation’s wealth and economic growth, by driving away new investment and creating uncertainties regarding private and social rights. Thus, corruption can affect not only factors productivity, but also their accumulation, with detrimental consequences on a society’s social development. This article aims to analyze and measure the influence of corruption on a country’s wealth. It is implicitly admitted that the degree of institutional development has an adverse effect on the productivity of production factors, which implies in reduced per capita income. It is assumed that the level of wealth and economic growth depends on domestic savings, foster technological progress and a proper educational system. Corruption, within this framework, is not unlike an additional cost, which stifles the “effectiveness” of the investment. This article first discusses the key theories evaluating corruption’s economic consequences. Later, it analyzes the relation between institutional development, factor productivity and per capita income, based on the neoclassical approach to economic growth. Finally, it brings some empirical evidence regarding the effects of corruption on factor productivity, in a sample of 81 countries studied in 1998. The chief conclusion is that corruption negatively affects the wealth of a nation by reducing capital productivity, or its effectiveness.

Modelagem e implementação da interface para apresentação de comportamentos animados e emotivos de um agente pedagógico animado

A popularização da Internet e o crescimento da educação à distância tornaram possível a criação de softwares e cursos à distância, disponíveis na WWW. Atualmente, a Inteligência Artificial (IA) vem sendo utilizada para aumentar a capacidade de ambientes de educação à distância, diminuindo a desistência pela falta de estímulos externos e de interação entre colegas e professores. Este trabalho encontra-se inserido no ambiente colaborativo suportado por computador, definido no projeto “Uma Proposta de Modelo Computacional de Aprendizagem à Distância Baseada na Concepção Sócio-Interacionista de Vygotsky” chamado MACES (Multiagent Architecture for an Collaborative Educational System). Sua principal proposta, como parte do projeto do grupo, é desenvolver e implementar a interface animada do personagem para os agentes pedagógicos animados Colaborativo e Mediador que operam no ambiente de aprendizado colaborativo proposto pelo grupo. O personagem desenvolvido chama-se PAT (Pedagogical and Affective Tutor). A interface do personagem foi desenvolvida em Java, JavaScript e usa o Microsoft Agent para a movimentação. O Resin 2.1.6 (semelhante ao Tomcat que também foi usado de teste) é o compilador de servlet usado na execução de Java Servlet’s e tecnologias jsp – que monta páginas HTML dinamicamente. Esta montagem é feita no servidor e enviada para o browser do usuário. Para definir a aparência do personagem foram feitas entrevistas com pedagogas, psicólogas, psicopedagogas e idéias tiradas de entrevistas informais com profissionais que trabalham com desenho industrial, propaganda, cartoon e desenho animado. A PAT faz parte da interface do MACES e promove a comunicação entre esse ambiente e o usuário. Portanto, acredita-se que a PAT e os recursos da Inteligência artificial poderão aumentar a capacidade de ambientes de educação à distância, tornando-os mais agradáveis, assim como diminuir a desistência pela falta de estímulos externos e de interação com colegas e professores.

Decentralization and education performance: a first view to the Brazilian process

This paper analyses the impact of the decentralization in educational system that is taking place in Brazil in the last decade, as a result of several laws that encourage municipalities to invest in fundamental education. The proficiency tests undertaken by the government allows to follow some public schools in two points in time. Therefore we were able to create an experimental group with the schools that were under state system in the SAEB exam and have migrated to the municipality system by the time of Prova Brasil and a control group with the schools that were under the state system between the two exams and compare the difference in their results using a fixed effect panel data analysis. The difference in difference estimator indicates that there is no significant change in the performance of the students.