Publications of the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Mode of access: Internet.

Burden of care and general health in families of patients with schizophrenia

Background De-institutionalization of psychiatric patients has led to a greater emphasis on family management in the community, and family members are often overwhelmed by the demands that caring for a patient with schizophrenia involves. Most studies of family burden in schizophrenia have taken place in developed countries. The current study examined family burden and its correlates in a regional area of a medium income country in South America. Method Sixty-five relatives of patients with schizophrenia who were attending a public mental health out-patient service in the province of Arica, Chile, were assessed on Spanish versions of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale and SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Results Average levels of burden were very high, particularly for mothers, carers with less education, carers of younger patients and carers of patients with more hospitalisations in the previous 3 years. Kinship and number of recent hospitalisations retained unique predictive variance in a multiple regression. Burden was the strongest predictor of SF-36 subscales, and the prediction from burden remained significant after entry of other potential predictors. Conclusions In common with families in developed countries, family members of schizophrenia patients in regional Chile reported high levels of burden and related functional and health impact. The study highlighted the support needs of carers in contexts with high rates of poverty and limited health and community resources.

Requirements Management and Acquisition Management experiences in Spanish Public Administrations

As a part of the activities of the first Symposium on Process Improvement Models and Software Quality of the Spanish Public Administration, working groups were formed to discuss the current state of the Requirements Management and Supplier Agreement Management processes. This article presents general results and main contributions of those working groups. The results have allowed the obtention of a preliminary appraisal of the current state of these two processes in the Spanish Public Administration.

Cross-cultural confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D in Spanish and Mexican dementia caregivers

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) is the most frequently used scale for measuring depressive symptomatology in caregiving research. The aim of this study is to test its construct structure and measurement equivalence between caregivers from two Spanish-speaking countries. Face-to-face interviews were carried out with 595 female dementia caregivers from Madrid, Spain, and from Coahuila, Mexico. The structure of the CES-D was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively). Measurement invariance across samples was analyzed comparing a baseline model with a more restrictive model. Significant differences between means were found for 7 items. The results of the EFA clearly supported a four-factor solution. The CFA for the whole sample with the four factors revealed high and statistically significant loading coefficients for all items (except item number 4). When equality constraints were imposed to test for the invariance between countries, the change in chi-square was significant, indicating that complete invariance could not be assumed. Significant between-countries differences were found for three of the four latent factor mean scores. Although the results provide general support for the original four-factor structure, caution should be exercised on reporting comparisons of depression scores between Spanish-speaking countries.

The advantage of Spanish multinational enterprises in Latin America

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) from Spain made large foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Latin America between 1990 and 2002, making Spain the second largest direct investor in this region since 1998, behind the United States. This dissertation explains the reasons that led Spanish firms to make these FDIs, as well as their operations in Latin America. Seven Spanish MNEs were included in this study, BBVA and SCH (banking), Telefónica (telecommunications), Endesa, Iberdrola and Unión Fenosa (public utilities), and Repsol-YPF (oil and natural gas). Quantitative and qualitative data were used. Data were collected from the firms' annual reports, from their archives and from personal interviews with senior executives, as well as from academic and specialized publications. ^ Results indicate that the large Spanish FDIs in Latin America were highly concentrated in a few firms from five sectors. The FDIs of these firms alone accounted for 70 percent of total Spanish FDI in Latin America in this period. The reasons for these investments were firm-specific and sector specific. A series of institutional conditions existed in Spain between the 1970s and the 1990s that allowed the employees of the firms to develop the knowledge and devise strategies to adjust to that set of conditions. First, the policies of the Spanish state favored the creation of large firms in these sectors, operating under conditions of monopoly sometimes. Secondly, the consumers put pressure on the firms to provide better and cheaper products as the Spanish economy grew and modernized. Thirdly, the employees of the firms had to adjust their services and products to the demands of the consumers and to the constraints of the state and the market. They adjusted the internal organization of the firm to be able to produce the goods and services that the market demanded. Externally, they also adopted patterns of interaction with outside agents and institutions. This patterned behavior was the “corporate culture” of each firm and the “normative framework” in which their employees operated. When the managers of the firms perceived that there were similar conditions in Latin America, they decided to operate there as well by making FDIs. ^

Health changes in Hispanic older adults in a Spanish arthritis self -management education program

Arthritis is the most common chronic condition affecting older people and is a major cause of limited activity. Arthritis education programs in English have demonstrated a positive impact on health but these programs have not reached the Hispanic communities where arthritis is the leading cause of disability. Minorities, such as Hispanics, have traditionally been reluctant to pursue self-help programs, and have been identified as an under-served population in terms of medical care. This study examined the effectiveness of one community health adult education program targeting Hispanic older adults with arthritis, the Spanish Arthritis Self Management Education Program (SASMEP), by evaluating changes in the participants' general health, pain, disability, self-efficacy, health perceptions, frequency of physician visits, and exercise. A pre and post control group experimental design and analyses of covariance were used to determine the pre and post differences in health status and health behaviors for a group participating in the SASMEP and a group who did not using gender and age as covariates. A repeated measures design was also used, and repeated measures analyses of variance and post hoc tests were done on health status and health behavior data collected pre, post and one-year post education to determine long-term differences. ^ Results indicated the participants' health status significantly improved in general health, significantly decreased in pain, and significantly decreased in arthritic disability immediately following the education. Self-efficacy and health perceptions increased for both groups but not significantly. The participants' health behaviors showed significantly fewer physician visits and significantly increased time spent performing stretching and strengthening exercise and time spent performing aerobic exercise. No group differences were found in the frequency of arthritis physician visits. ^ The improvements seen immediately after the SASMEP participation were not reflected in the post one-year scores. No significant differences were found for the participants' health status or health behaviors one year following the education. Health status and health behaviors did not return below baseline scores after one year suggesting the participants' health, although not improved, did not deteriorate. Therefore, the SASMEP education provided short-term health benefits for older Hispanic adults with arthritis, but not long-term health benefits. ^

A Spanish Translation of the American Crime TV Series "Wicked City"

El siguiente trabajo de fin de Master tiene como objetivo la realización de una traducción audiovisual al español de la serie americana de crimen Wicked City, en concreto de los dos primeros episodios de esta. El creciente desarrollo tecnológico sufrido en los últimos años así como el aumento en el número de producciones audiovisuales, ha colocado a la rama de la traducción audiovisual en una de las más demandadas hoy en día. Aun habiendo una gran cantidad de productos audiovisuales, sobre todo series y películas, que son importadas y exportadas y por lo tanto traducidas y adaptadas a la cultura receptora, siendo las más traducidas las estadounidenses, hay aun algunas que todavía no han sido objeto de este proceso. Y este es el caso de, por ejemplo, la serie elegida en este trabajo, Wicked City, que no ha sido oficialmente traducida al español. Por lo tanto, este trabajo propone una traducción para los dos primeros capítulos de esta serie, y dicha traducción es acompañada de un análisis de las prioridades y restricciones que se han seguido para llevarla a cabo, así como de una ejemplificación de las características específicas pertenecientes al género del crimen en esta serie concreta y de algunas de las técnicas de traducción usadas en el proyecto. La disertación se estructura en cinco partes aparte de la introductoria. La primera es un marco teórico sobre la traducción audiovisual y el género del crimen. En la segunda, se presenta la metodología usada para el proyecto. La tercera se centra en la traducción de la serie en sí. La cuarta es un análisis y discusión sobre la traducción. La quinta y última, está destinada a las conclusiones y sugerencias para investigación futura. En el marco teórico se define la traducción audiovisual como una traducción de cualquier producto audiovisual, ya sea de cine, televisión, teatro, radio, o de aplicaciones informáticas, siendo esta una disciplina relativamente nueva. Así mismo, también se da una vista general de todos los modos de traducción audiovisual, así como de las prioridades técnicas y lingüísticas de esta y la situación de la disciplina en el ámbito universitario español. También se comentan los aspectos más básicos del crimen ficticio así como las características de este género en las series televisivas. En la sección de metodología se explica que con el fin de llevar desarrollar el objetivo del trabajo, el primer paso a seguir fue, tras la visualización de la serie, el transcribir los diálogos de los dos episodios a un documento aparte, creando así lo que podríamos llamar el “script original”. Una vez hecho esto, se tradujeron ambos episodios al español. Seguidamente, se imprimó tal script para poder señalar todos los aspectos a discutir, es decir, las restricciones, las características del crimen de televisión y las técnicas de traducción. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo de todos los aspectos mencionados previamente. Así bien, en la sección de análisis, se destaca que se llevó como prioridad el intentar conservar un lenguaje natural y no forzado. Para tal prioridad hay que tener en cuenta las restricciones que nos presenta la traducción: los referentes culturales, los nombres propios, la intertextualidad, las unidades fraseológicas, las rimas, los calcos, las normas ortotipográficas, los diferentes acentos y las interjecciones. Además, esta serie presenta una serie de características pertenecientes al género del crimen que son las preguntas, la terminología específica, los marcadores pragmáticos y los “suavizadores” . Por último, para llevar a cabo la traducción se siguieron diversas técnicas, así como préstamo, traducción palabra por palabra, traducción literal, omisión, reducción, particularización, generalización, transposición, amplificación, variación, substitución y adaptación. Todos estos aspectos son ejemplificados con ejemplos extraídos de la traducción. Como conclusión, se resalta que una traducción audiovisual contiene mayormente dos tipos de restricciones: las técnicas y las lingüísticas. Las primeras van a estar especialmente ligadas a la modalidad de traducción audiovisual. Aunque en este trabajo la traducción no ha sido realizada con el fin de adaptarla a una modalidad específica, y por tanto las restricciones técnicas no suponen tantos problemas, es importante tener en cuenta la coherencia visual y auditiva, que de cierta manera van a condicionar la traducción. Así, a la hora de familiarizar, extranjerizar y naturalizar un término cultural, es importante mantener dichas coherencias. Por lo tanto, va a ser más fácil usar estas técnicas con un término que no aparece en pantalla. En cuanto a las restricciones lingüísticas, nos encontramos con los referentes culturales, los nombres propios, la intertextualidad, las unidades fraseológicas, las rimas, los calcos, las normas ortotipográficas, los diferentes acentos y las interjecciones, aspectos que el traductor tiene que cuidar especialmente. Finalmente, ya que ha sido muy poca la investigación realizada en el género del crimen desde un punto de vista traductológico, algunas líneas de estudio futuras podrían ser: estudiar en mayor profundidad las características que son específicas al genero del crimen, especialmente en las series de televisión; comparar estas características con las características de otro tipo de textos como por ejemplo la novela; estudiar si estas características especificas a un género condicionan de alguna manera la traducción, y si es así, hasta qué punto; y por último, determinar cómo una traducción puede ser diferente dependiendo del género, es decir, por ejemplo, si es de tipo romántico, de crimen, o de comedia.

Spanish grocery store in NYC

Inscriptions: Verso: [stamped] Photograph by Freda Leinwand. [463 West Street, Studio 229G, New York, NY 10014].

Good practices in the Enred@te Pilot Project: a digital social network for older adults and Spanish Red Cross volunteers

The Enred@te initiative, created by Red Cross, the Vodafone Foundation and the TECSOS Foundation, emerged as an evolution of a previous project that developed and piloted a video-communication solution with older adults, using a system installed in their own televisions. Following the success of this first initiative, it was decided to advance toward a more flexible, robust, easy-to-use and high-quality solution, producing a social network accessible through tablets. Older adults can use the network to video-communicate with other older adults and stay informed on various topics of interest. Additionally, a new innovation incorporates the participation of virtual volunteers, a part of the network that promotes its use in an inclusive and participative manner. This solution was also piloted in 2014 with positive results and work to turn it into a service that can reach older adults through the Red Cross is currently on-going.

The impact of political and economic crisis on the polarization of the Spanish media

In this paper the characteristics of the cyclical political polarization of the Spanish media system are defined. From this study, a prospective analysis raises doubts about this scenario remains unchanged because of the political and economic crisis. It seeks to define the role played by political and media actors in polarization focusing on the two legislatures where the tension reached higher levels (1993-1996 and 2004-2008) and compares it with the developments faced by them in the current economical and political context of crisis. To achieve these aims, it has been performed an analysis of media content (since 1993) and looked through primary sociological sources and the scientific literature about polarization. This is an exploratory, critical and descriptive case analysis.

The Spanish reforms on domestic work regulation

This paper analyses the latest Spanish reforms regarding domestic work. The Spanish legislator, doubtlessly influenced by the ILO Domestic Work Convention nº 189 – which, however, was not later ratified in Spain- made a deep reform on domestic work in 2011. This legal reform implied a striking change that affected both working conditions and social security of employees in the family home. The aim of this reform has been to bring the regulation in domestic work closer to the general regulation for other workers, although maintaining certain specialties. Regarding working conditions, their setting as “particular employment relationship” has been held. However, the differences between this relationship and the common ones have been reduced. As for social security, domestic employees have been incorporated into the General Social Security System, but with important specialties, thus erasing the Special Domestic Employees System. The paper also examines the legal changes that have taken place in this field after the new Government arose.

Contemporary Transformations of the Relations between Politics, Culture and Religion in Western Europe. Some Notes on the Spanish Case

According to Tilly, two laws shaped the process of transformation undergone by Western European societies since the Peace of Westphalia until the end of the 20th century: their increasing inner homogenisation and their growing heterogeneity between them. Cultural inner homogenisation affected, fi rst, those ethnic groups living within the territories of the said states. The second phase of homogenisation impinged on those groups that immigrated after World War II. This process followed different models according to the country considered, but the 1973 oil crisis revealed their general lack of success. During the last quarter of the 20th century and onwards, these European societies have been altered by two progressive and contradictory global logics: a process of cultural homogenisation at the world level (rather than society level) and a process of cultural re-creation led by those groups with an immigrant background, who have reacted against their integration shortcomings by searching for new sources of social and personal esteem in their respective cultural and religious traditions. This paper seeks to clarify these processes from a social differentiation and political representation theory perspective. The latter becomes indispensable, as the said processes have happened in a context in which the structure of relations (i.e. communication) between civil society and the democratic political sphere have experienced a radical crisis. In this way, the complex relations that exist between civil society, culture, religion and politics in these Western European societies are depicted.

From Pro-Franco to Anti-Government. The Evolution of the "Sur" regarding National Politics during the Spanish Transition (1975-1978)

The Spanish transition, the political process through which Spain ceased to be a dictatorship to become a democracy, was accompanied by the dissolution of the National Movement, the institutional support for the chain of the Movement Press from its beginnings, in April 1977. This fact, among others, contributed to the /Sur/, the regional reference newspaper for the chain in Andalusia, evolving both structurally and ideologically to adapt itself to the new political regime. This study applies content analysis to editorials, articles and columns published by the newspaper between 1975 and 1978, exploring the process through which the regional newspaper edited in Málaga abandoned its propaganda function with regard to the Government, considering it undemocratic, and supported the PSOE, presenting it as the best alternative to the UCD in the Spanish Executive, thus taking on its role as a political agent.

College radio as coaching professional. Analysis of the relationship between the degrees and Spanish university radio

College radio is subject to constant transformation. The rise of information and communications technologies has allowed its development and modernization as well as the proliferation of new professional profiles. This research aims to analyze the connection of the Spanish university stations with the relevant qualifications. To do this, we use a comparative methodology based on examination of descriptors and specific principal subjects of degrees such as Audiovisual Communication and Journalism, although we will be using other degrees that are acquiring more responsibilities in a radio station, such as the degree in Information and Documentation. In conclusion, structural weaknesses in the university environment are observed, but future possibilities are detected as well: A college radio station is a place of convergence between the training of students from different degrees and reality itself, a versatile medium that provides the relevance of being the first professional contact of college students with the labor market.

Spanish Photography Yearbooks between the Autarchy and the Transition A Documentary Analysis (1958-1980)

The first yearbook on Spanish artistic photography was published in 1924 and following the Civil War of 1936-1939, Madrid’s Real Sociedad Fotográfica, through its Sombras magazine, published two others in 1946 and 1948. There would not be another publication until 1958, when the Agrupación Fotográfica Almeriense put out the third yearbook, during a period of economic recovery following the country’s admission to the U.N. at the end of 1955. However, it was not until 1972 when Spanish photography resumed the publication of annual summaries of the authors and their works. From then on until 1980, nine yearbooks were published by two institutions: The Consorcio del Libro Técnico (Cotec) and the Editorial Everest publishing company. The object of this study is to analyze the contents of these yearbooks in order to determine and furnish new data on the history of Spanish photography: authors, works, publications, national and international relations and the purpose of their publications as a means for supporting photography.