中国近海鲳属鱼类的形态分类学研究

鲳属鱼类广泛分布于我国沿海，属名贵海鲜，在海洋渔业中居重要地位。本文总结了近二百余年来有关中国海鲳属鱼类研究的国内外文献，根据多年来在我国沿海各地采集的标本，对鲳属鱼类的外部形态（包括体形、体色、侧线、口、吻、鳍、鳞），骨骼系统（包括脑颅、咽颅、椎骨、附肢骨骼），消化器官（包括牙齿、食道侧囊、胃、幽门盲囊、肠、肝），呼吸器官和感觉器官（包括嗅囊、侧线管系统、耳石）的形态特征进行了比较，并结合地理分布等资料，进行分析研究。研究结果表明：1、鲳属鱼类鳍的形态和耳石的形态不甚稳定，幼鱼与成体间有较明显的差异。鳞片和牙齿的形态亦不甚稳定。银鲳的吻部在幼鱼期显著突出于下颌之前，随生长渐变得不明显。2、银鲳和灰鲳在体色、鳍的形态、吻部的特征、口的位置、脑颅的上枕骨和前耳骨及上耳骨的形状、脊椎骨的数目、鳃耙的形状和数目、头部侧线管的形态、鼻囊初级嗅板的数目、牙齿的形态和数目、以及耳石的形态等都存在着一定程度的差异，应视为两个独立的有效种。3、南海区的银鲳背鳍具34-37鳍条，臀鳍具33-36鳍条；耳石厚而不易碎，基叶与翼叶在前端不形成切口；椎骨30-31个，尾椎骨第3-5节椎体的脉棘成三角形，椎体前上关节突前倾，伸越前一椎体的后上关节突。东海和渤黄海区的银鲳背鳍具42-46鳍条，臀鳍具40-45鳍条；耳石薄而易碎，基叶与翼叶在前端形成切口；椎骨39-41个，尾椎骨第3-5节椎体的脉棘成棒形，椎体的前上关节突不伸越前一椎体的后上关节突。两者在形态上的差异，可认为是种内群体的分化，应把两者视为一个有效种的两个并列亚种。中国海鲳属鱼类应定为三个有效种：银鲳、灰鲳和中国鲳。其中银鲳又可分为南白海银鲳和高巴氏丽银鲳两个亚种。种1、银鲳Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen)亚种1、白银鲳Pampus argenteus argenteus (Euphrasen)亚种2、巴氏银鲳Pampus argenteus echinogaster (Basilewsky)种2、灰鲳Pampus cinereus (Bloch)种3、中国鲳Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen)。

四种海藻热休克蛋白70（HSP70）基因的克隆与表达分析

热休克蛋白70是热休克蛋白家族中重要的成员，参与新生蛋白的折叠、转运、重折叠变性蛋白、协助降解变性蛋白和抗逆环境胁迫等功能。海带和裙带菜是浅海潮下带典型的褐藻，孔石莼和浒苔是潮间带典型的绿藻，四种大型海藻均有重要的经济价值和生态价值。随着潮汐变化固着藻类生境理化因素变化剧烈，藻类面临着严重的环境胁迫，因此研究藻类抗逆机理有着重要的意义。 本研究采用同源克隆法配合RACE-PCR，克隆了海带、孔石莼、裙带菜和浒苔HSP70基因的全序列（分别命名为LJHSP70、UPHSP70、QDHSP70和EPHSP70）。利用生物信息学方法分析了四种藻类HSP70结构特征、同源性关系和进化地位。获得的海带HSP70基因全序列长为2918 bp，5’非翻译区为248 bp，3’非翻译区为696 bp，开放阅读框为1974 bp，编码657个氨基酸，预测的分子量为72.03 kDa，等电点为4.97。获得的裙带菜HSP70基因全序列长为3243 bp，5’非翻译区为248 bp，3’非翻译区为1021 bp，开放阅读框为1974 bp，编码657个氨基酸，预测的分子量为72.03 kDa，等电点为4.96。获得的孔石莼HSP70基因全序列长为2283 bp，5’非翻译区为65 bp，3’非翻译区为247 bp，开放阅读框为1971 bp，编码656个氨基酸，预测的分子量为71.13 kDa，等电点为5.04。获得的浒苔HSP70基因全序列长为2265 bp，5’非翻译区为65 bp，3’非翻译区为217 bp，开放阅读框为1983 bp，编码660个氨基酸，预测的分子量为71.39 kDa，等电点为5.03。四种海藻HSP70氨基酸序列均含有四肽重复序列GGMP，具有三个典型的HSP70签名基序。细胞质定位的HSP70 C-末端特征基序为EEID或EEVD，并且N-端氨基酸序列保守性高于C-端。海带和裙带菜HSP70蛋白同源性为98%，孔石莼和浒苔HSP70蛋白同源性为96%，四种海藻HSP70蛋白序列与陆地植物和其他藻类HSP70蛋白序列同源性为70-80%。 利用荧光定量RT-PCR技术对不同胁迫条件处理的海带和孔石莼HSP70 mRNA的表达水平进行定量分析。不同热激温度（5-40 ℃）处理组中，30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量最高是10 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量的3倍，而35 ℃或40 ℃处理组的海带HSP70表达量却低于25 ℃或30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量。25 ℃不同热激时间（0-12 h）处理组中，海带HSP70 mRNA表达量呈先上升后下降趋势。热激1 h后海带HSP70 mRNA表达量迅速上升，热激7 h后mRNA表达量达到最大，是对照组表达量的4倍。不同盐度（0‰-45‰）胁迫处理组中，0‰或5‰盐度处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量是30‰盐度处理组海带HSP70 mRNA表达量的3倍。35‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组之间HSP70 mRNA表达量较低且无显著差异。 不同热激温度（5-40℃）处理组中，20 ℃或25 ℃处理的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量较低，而5 ℃、35 ℃、或40 ℃处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA的表达量是25 ℃处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量的2倍以上。30 ℃不同热激时间（0-12 h）处理组中，孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量也呈先上升后下降趋势。热激5 h后孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量达到最大，是对照组的3.5倍。不同盐度（0‰-45‰）胁迫处理组中，0‰或5‰盐度处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量是30‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70表达量的3倍。30‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量较低，且无显著差异。不同紫外线照射时间（0-4.0 h）和不同干燥时间（0-4.0 h）处理组中，孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量都在3 h后达到最高值，之后表达量维持在较高水平。 为进一步研究藻类HSP70的生物学功能，将海带HSP70基因的开放阅读框区域克隆到表达载体pEASY-E2中，并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS。将阳性重组子培养于含有AMP（100 U/mL）的LB培养基，IPTG诱导表达，SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定。经5 h诱导，其表达量达到平台期，继续培养HSP70表达量并不显著增高。5 mM IPTG诱导海带HSP70蛋白表达量高于1 mM IPTG诱导蛋白表达量。

高效液相色谱法分离测定Fe(Ⅱ)和络合物Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT的两种几何异构体

铁在自然界中广泛分布，其环境和生态效应主要取决于它们的理化性质、形态、溶解性以及与溶解有机质的结合程度。氧化还原性敏感元素铁在自然界主要以Fe(Ⅱ) 和Fe(Ⅲ)两种价态存在。铁在水环境中的地球化学循环作用主要通过其自身的各种价态之间转化以及与周围其他物质(微量元素,营养盐,有机质)之间的相互作用来实现的。不同形态的铁具有不同的理化性质，其环境效应和生物有效性都是不同，不同形态的铁还可对其他重金属在水体中的循环迁移、赋存形态和生物有效性等均产生不同程度的一定的影响。因此，为铁的环境地球化学行为提供更为准确的信息，就必须进行铁的形态分析，由于Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化还原敏感性，故对铁进行形态分析的前提就是准确测定Fe(Ⅱ)的含量，用普通分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)特别是低含量的Fe(Ⅱ)时，结果的不准确性以及高检出限等缺点都严重制约了准确测定环境中Fe(Ⅱ)的含量。为克服用普通分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)时易受样品溶液其他组分的基体干扰以及灵敏度低等缺点，我们采用了用3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪（PDT）作为柱前衍生试剂，反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)。由于络合物Fe(II)-PDT存在两种几何异构体，故在建立反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)的同时，我们进一步研究了PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离与测定的实验研究，取得了如下进展： 1．研究了有机萃取分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)，实验中发现加入离子对试剂四溴酚酞乙酯钾(TPBE-K)，由于TPBE和Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT络合物生成三元离子缔合物，导致最大特征吸收波长红移，由555nm增加至610nm，三元离子缔合物[Fe(PDT)3] [TBPE]2的摩尔吸收系数由2.4×104 l•mol-1•cm-1增加至1.9×105 l•mol-1•cm-1，显著改善了方法的灵敏度，降低了检出限，在Fe(Ⅱ)含量为0~0.3μg/ml范围内，方法的线性关系良好，线性方程为y＝0.3582x＋0.01，R2＝0.9974，检出限为0.96ng/ml(S/N＝3)，达到ng/ml水平，成功应用于测定泉水及表层湖水的Fe(Ⅱ)及总铁含量。 2．将3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪(PDT)作为衍生显色络合试剂应用于分光光度法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)已得到较为充分的报道。在上述研究基础上，首次研究了将PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂，应用于反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)，不仅克服了常规络合衍生分光光度法过量络合剂干扰试验结果的缺点，而且进一步优化选择了检测波长，由于HPLC的应用，突破了在分光光度法中只能在可见波长范围内选择检测波长为555nm，将检测波长选择在Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT吸收更强烈的紫外区295nm处，使得灵敏度得到了显著提高。在Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为0～3.5×10-6mol/l时，峰面积A和峰高H均和标准溶液的浓度C(×10-7mol/l)的线性关系良好,线性回归方程分别为：A=7.4951x-0.0785(R2=0.9999) 和H=0.5126x- 0.0915(R2=0.9997)，方法的检测限为0.35ng/ml (S/N＝3)。本方法测定Fe(Ⅱ)时，不需复杂的前处理步骤，如固相萃取、有机溶液萃取等，直接柱前衍生HPLC方法测定，方便、快速且灵敏度高，低于众多分光光度报道的检出限水准7～170ng/ml范围。 3．由于络合物Fe(II)-PDT存在面式和经式两种几何异构体，故在建立起反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)新方法的同时，进一步研究了PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离及测定实验研究，关于这方面的试验研究，目前来说还没有相关的研究报道，所以将反相离子对高效液相色谱法应用到分离及测定PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体中，这也是本论文的第二个创新之处。在本实验中，所用的色谱固定相为普通的反相键合C8柱，但由于优化选择了最佳流动相条件，使得PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体直接在C8柱上得到完全的基线分离。讨论了流动相中有机改性剂乙腈不同比例、不同种类的离子对试剂(高氯酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠)及不同浓度对PDT和Fe(II)-PDT两种几何异构体的色谱行为的影响。根据不同试验条件下，对所获得的色谱参数(容量因子、分离度、选择性因子、保留时间等)进行了较为深入的分析，据此探讨了色谱分离异构体过程的机理。 4．在上述实验的基础之上，引入更能灵活的调节洗脱强度和被分离物质分离度的三元流动相(乙腈/甲醇/水=20/50/30)，优化选择了三元流动相中有机改性剂的比例以及离子对试剂的种类及浓度，使得异构体的分离度和选择性因子均得到满意结果。对一系列不同浓度的Fe(II)-PDT异构体分离，面式和经式异构体的面积和浓度之间的线性关系在4~25×10-7mol/l范围内良好，线性关系分别为：y = 3.6333x - 2.3378(R2 = 0.9957，经式异构体)，y = 1.8219x - 1.0783(R2 = 0.9964, 面式异构体)。面式和经式异构体的检测限分别为4.28ng/ml和3.44ng/ml (S/N＝3)。 5．进一步研究发现Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体之间存在相互转化的动态平衡，故根据异构体含量随时间的变化就可以探讨在转变过程中的动力学和热力学参数。用高效液相色谱法研究了异构体转变过程中色谱峰高和面积随时间的变化，并依此首次得出了两种几何异构体相互转化可逆过程中的热力学和动力学参数，如熵变、焓变、自由能变化、反应速率常数等，对两种几何异构体之间的动力学转变平衡机理进行合理的解释提供了有益的参考。各不同温度下(30℃，35℃，40℃，45℃)，反应时间在3倍半衰期以内，两种几何异构体之间的相互转变平衡均符合动力学一级反应。各不同温度下Xeln[(Xe-X0)/Xe-X)]随时间变化的线性关系良好，分别为：y=0.0821x+0.7288(R2=0.9911,T=45℃)；y = 0.0486x + 0.598(R2 = 0.9987, T=40℃); y = 0.0216x + 0.5861(R2 = 0.9987, T=35℃)；y = 0.0124x + 0.591(R2 = 0.9988, T=30℃)。 首次将PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂，应用于反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定环境中的Fe(Ⅱ)，且无需复杂的样品前处理过程(固相萃取，有机溶液萃取等浓缩富积过程)，克服了普通分光光度法检测限高、易受样品基体效应的干扰等缺点；在建立起的高效液相色谱法测定Fe(Ⅱ)的基础上，进一步对络合物Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离及动力学转变实验研究，则是对建立起的反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定Fe(Ⅱ)试验研究基础上的进一步延伸和扩展，是对测定Fe(Ⅱ)的高效液相色谱法的机理的进一步认识和探讨。PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂首次应用于高效液相色谱测定Fe(Ⅱ)为铁的环境地球化学工作者提供了一种灵敏度高的测定Fe(Ⅱ) 的新途径，为环境样品中Fe(Ⅱ)含量的准确测定提供保证，对铁的环境地球化学研究，如铁形态分析、铁的水-沉积物界面行为等提供更翔实可靠的信息。

我国彩票购买人群的心理行为特征及购彩成瘾倾向研究

The aims of this research were to explore Chinese lottery buyers’ and addictive buyers’ characteristics and influencing factors of lottery buying．Three studies were carried out: study 1 was to find out the psychological and behavioral characteristics of Chinese lottery buyers. Study 2 was to find out the psychological and behavioral characteristics of addictive lottery buyers. High addictive tendency group and control group were selected, and general information, personality traits and lottery buying behavior characteristics were compared between the two groups. Study 3 was to explore the influences of locus of control and coping style on Chinese lottery buyers’ addictive tendency. 7,160 subjects were rectuited from the Welfare Betting shops in 114 cities of the 31 provinces of China. It was found that: 1. The main characteristics of Chinese lottery buyers are: male, marride, non-religious, 26-45 years old, having at least high school level of education. 2. Chinese lottery buyer’s reasons of first buying were curiosity, to donate for charity, to have amusement, to chase big prize and others’ influence. At present the main reasons of lottery buying were charity, amusment and big prize. 3. 40 percent of Chinese lottery buyers spent more than 20% of their income on lottery. Higher income buyers spent more than the lower ones, but the lower income buyers’ ratio of lottery buying money per month was higher than that of the higher income ones. 4. Chinese high addictive lottery buyers’ characteristics were middle-aged, married, low educational and low-income males . 5. Lottery buyers’ buying behavior is reinforced with lottery winning ratio during the first lottery buying . The addictive tendency of lottery buying is unrelated with the length of lottery buying experience. 6. External control, negative coping style and education level, are associated with the high addictive lottery buying behavior.

Healing, Praying, Preaching

sermon text; MS Word document

Private health care coverage and increased risk of obstetric intervention

Background: When clinically indicated, common obstetric interventions can greatly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, variation in intervention rates suggests that obstetric practice may not be solely driven by case criteria. Methods: Differences in obstetric intervention rates by private and public status in Ireland were examined using nationally representative hospital discharge data. A retrospective cohort study was performed on childbirth hospitalisations occurring between 2005 and 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with correction for the relative risk was conducted to determine the risk of obstetric intervention (caesarean delivery, operative vaginal delivery, induction of labour or episiotomy) by private or public status while adjusting for obstetric risk factors. Results: 403,642 childbirth hospitalisations were reviewed; approximately one-third of maternities (30.2%) were booked privately. After controlling for relevant obstetric risk factors, women with private coverage were more likely to have an elective caesarean delivery (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.45-1.51), an emergency caesarean delivery (RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.12-1.16) and an operative vaginal delivery (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.22-1.27). Compared to women with public coverage who had a vaginal delivery, women with private coverage were 40% more likely to have an episiotomy (RR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.38-1.43). Conclusions: Irrespective of obstetric risk factors, women who opted for private maternity care were significantly more likely to have an obstetric intervention. To better understand both clinical and non-clinical dynamics, future studies of examining health care coverage status and obstetric intervention would ideally apply mixed-method techniques.

Evaluation of an epithelial plasticity biomarker panel in men with localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Given the potential importance of epithelial plasticity (EP) to cancer metastasis, we sought to investigate biomarkers related to EP in men with localized prostate cancer (PC) for the association with time to PSA recurrence and other clinical outcomes after surgery. METHODS: Men with localized PC treated with radical prostatectomy at the Durham VA Medical Center and whose prostatectomy tissues were included in a tissue microarray (TMA) linked to long-term outcomes. We performed immunohistochemical studies using validated antibodies against E-cadherin and Ki-67 and mesenchymal biomarkers including N-cadherin, vimentin, SNAIL, ZEB1 and TWIST. Association studies were conducted for each biomarker with baseline clinical/pathologic characteristics an risk of PSA recurrence over time. RESULTS: Two hundred and five men contributed TMA tissue and had long-term follow-up (median 11 years). Forty-three percent had PSA recurrence; three died of PC. The majority had high E-cadherin expression (86%); 14% had low/absent E-cadherin expression. N-cadherin was rarely expressed (<4%) and we were unable to identify an E-to-N-cadherin switch as independently prognostic. No associations with clinical risk group, PSA recurrence or Gleason sum were noted for SNAIL, ZEB1, vimentin or TWIST, despite heterogeneous expression between patients. We observed an association of higher Ki-67 expression with Gleason sum (P=0.043), National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk (P=0.013) and PSA recurrence (hazard ratio 1.07, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of EP biomarkers in this cohort of men with a low risk of PC-specific mortality was not associated with aggressive features or PSA relapse after surgery.

El análisis de funciones y las concepciones alternativas que de ese proceso se generan

Este documento contiene los aspectos esenciales de una conferencia dictada por el autor en el marco de las actividades de la RELME 16 celebrada en la Habana, Cuba. El tema se refiere a las concepciones alternativas relativas al análisis de funciones en ambientes gráficos. En especial se analizan la importancia de esas concepciones en tanto procesos cognoscitivos que interfieren en los procesos de aprendizaje, las posibilidades de ser cambiadas por otras aceptables y su permanencia en la mente de los estudiantes a pesar de emplear diseños instruccionales para removerlas.

Computational approach for reliable and robust system-in-package design

A computational modelling approach integrated with optimisation and statistical methods that can aid the development of reliable and robust electronic packages and systems is presented. The design for reliability methodology is demonstrated for the design of a SiP structure. In this study the focus is on the procedure for representing the uncertainties in the package design parameters, their impact on reliability and robustness of the package design and how these can be included in the design optimisation modelling framework. The analysis of thermo-mechanical behaviour of the package is conducted using non-linear transient finite element simulations. Key system responses of interest, the fatigue life-time of the lead-free solder interconnects and warpage of the package, are predicted and used subsequently for design purposes. The design tasks are to identify the optimal SiP designs by varying several package input parameters so that the reliability and the robustness of the package are improved and in the same time specified performance criteria are also satisfied

Modeling the structural breakdown of solder paste using the structural kinetic model

Solder paste is the most important strategic bonding material used in the assembly of surface mount devices in electronic industries. It is known to exhibit a thixotropic behavior, which is recognized by the decrease in apparent viscosity of paste material with time when subjected to a constant shear rate. The proper characterization of this time-dependent rheological behavior of solder pastes is crucial for establishing the relationships between the pastes structure and flow behavior; and for correlating the physical parameters with paste printing performance. In this article, we present a novel method which has been developed for characterizing the time-dependent and non-Newtonian rheological behavior of solder pastes and flux mediums as a function of shear rates. We also present results of the study of the rheology of the solder pastes and flux mediums using the structural kinetic modeling approach, which postulates that the network structure of solder pastes breaks down irreversibly under shear, leading to time and shear-dependent changes in the flow properties. Our results show that for the solder pastes used in the study, the rate and extent of thixotropy was generally found to increase with increasing shear rate. The technique demonstrated in this study has wide utility for R&D personnel involved in new paste formulation, for implementing quality control procedures used in solder-paste manufacture and packaging; and for qualifying new flip-chip assembly lines.

Structure and denaturation of 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Arthrobacter sp. strain TM-1

The secondary structure of the trimeric protein 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Arthrobacter sp. strain TM-1, the second of three enzymes involved in the dechlorination of 4-chlorobenzoate to form 4-hydroxybenzoate, has been examined. E(mM) for the enzyme was 12.59. Analysis by circular dichroism spectrometry in the far uv indicated that 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase was composed mostly of alpha-helix (56%) with lesser amounts of random coil (21%), beta-turn (13%) and beta-sheet (9%). These data are in close agreement with a computational prediction of secondary structure from the primary amino acid sequence, which indicated 55.8% alpha-helix, 33.7% random coil and 10.5% beta-sheet; the enzyme is, therefore, similar to the 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS-3. The three-dimensional structure, including that of the presumed active site, predicted by computational analysis, is also closely similar to that of the Pseudomonas dehalogenase. Study of the stability and physicochemical properties revealed that at room temperature, the enzyme was stable for 24 h but was completely inactivated by heating to 60 degrees C for 5 min; thereafter by cooling at 1 degrees C min(-1) to 45 degrees C, 20.6% of the activity could be recovered. Mildly acidic (pH 5.2) or alkaline (pH 10.1) conditions caused complete inactivation, but activity was fully recovered on returning the enzyme to pH 7.4. Circular dichroism studies also indicated that secondary structure was little altered by heating to 60 degrees C, or by changing the pH from 7.4 to 6.0 or 9.2. Complete, irreversible destruction of, and maximal decrease in the fluorescence yield of the protein at 330-350 nm were brought about by 4.5 M urea or 1.1 M guanidinium chloride. Evidence was obtained to support the hypothetical three-dimensional model, that residues W140 and W167 are buried in a non-polar environment, whereas W182 appears at or close to the surface of the protein. At least one of the enzymes of the dehalogenase system (the combined 4-chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase, the dehalogenase and 4-hydroxybenzoyl coenzyme A thioesterase) appears to be capable of association with the cell membrane.

Phenotypical characterization in "Plasmopara halstedii" (sunflower downy mildew) isolates of several races

Phenotypic variation (morphological and pathogenic characters), and genetic variability were studied in 50 isolates of seven Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew) races 100, 300, 304, 314, 710, 704 and 714. There were significant morphological, aggressiveness, and genetic differences for pathogen isolates. However, there was no relationship between morphology of zoosporangia and sporangiophores and pathogenic and genetic characteristics for the races used in our study. Also, our results provided evidence that no relation between pathogenic traits and multilocus haplotypes may be established in P. halstedii. The hypothesis explaining the absence of relationships among phenotypic and genetic characteristics is discussed.

Pl2 resistance gene differentiates the pathogenicity in four "Plasmopara halstedii" (sunflower downy mildew) races 304, 704, 314 and 714

In order to clarify the role of Pl2 resistance gene in differentiation the pathogenicity in Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew), analyses were carried out in four pathotypes: isolates of races 304 and 314 that do not overcome Pl2 gene, and isolates of races 704 and 714 that can overcome Pl2 gene. Based on the reaction for the P. halstedii isolates to sunflower hybrids varying only in Pl resistance genes, isolates of races 704 and 714 were more virulent than isolates of races 304 and 314. Index of aggressiveness was calculated for pathogen isolates and revealed the presence of significant differences between isolates of races 304 and 314 (more aggressive) and isolates of races 704 and 714 (less aggressive). There were morphological and genetic variations for the four P. halstedii isolates without a correlation with pathogenic diversity. The importance of the Pl2 resistance gene to differentiate the pathogenicity in sunflower downy mildew was discussed.

Contributions to the bryological flora of the tropical and subtropical forests from the Argentina (Bryophyta, Musci).

The authors present here a list of 32 mosses belonging to 15 families: Brachytheciaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Entodontaceae, Hedwigiaceae, Hypnaceae, Leptodontaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Pilotrichaceae, Polytrichaceae, Pterobryaceae, Racopilaceae, Rigodiaceae, Stereophyllaceae, and Trachypodaceae, all collected in the mountainous forests of the Yungas of the NW of the Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca and Tucumán provinces), and also in the rainforests from the NE of the country (Misiones province). Eight species: Atrichum polycarpum, Chrysohypnum elegantulum, Pilosium chlorophyllum, Pilotrichella flexilis, Porotrichodendron lindigii, Pseudotrachypus martinicensis, Steerecleus scariosus, and Thamnobryum fasciculatum are new records for the bryologic flora from Argentina. Braunia imberbis and Squamidium brasiliense are two new records for the bryophytic flora of the Catamarca province; Porotrichodendron superbum is new for the Salta province, while Forsstroemia coronata is the first record for the Catamarca and Jujuy provinces. Aerolindigia capillacea, Braunia reflexifolia, Chryso-hypnum diminutivum, Meteorium deppei and Meteoridium remotifolium are five new citations for the Jujuy province, and Schoenobryum concavifolium is new for the bryophytic flora of the Misiones province. Many studied species occur more frequently in the Yungas than in the NE rainforests; others show separated distribution but live in both areas, the Yungas and Paranaense area, and others are more or less restricted to the Paranaense rainforest of the NE of Argentina. The taxonomy of species is updated, and comments are included on bibliographical precedents, ecology and chorology of each taxon.