Maps as risk mitigation tools. Adaptation of the Swiss hazard assessment and mapping methodology to a Moroccan site: Beni Mellal

Dans le contexte climatique actuel, les régions méditerranéennes connaissent une intensification des phénomènes hydrométéorologiques extrêmes. Au Maroc, le risque lié aux inondations est devenu problématique, les communautés étant vulnérables aux événements extrêmes. En effet, le développement économique et urbain rapide et mal maîtrisé augmente l'exposition aux phénomènes extrêmes. La Direction du Développement et de la Coopération suisse (DDC) s'implique activement dans la réduction des risques naturels au Maroc. La cartographie des dangers et son intégration dans l'aménagement du territoire représentent une méthode efficace afin de réduire la vulnérabilité spatiale. Ainsi, la DDC a mandaté ce projet d'adaptation de la méthode suisse de cartographie des dangers à un cas d'étude marocain (la ville de Beni Mellal, région de Tadla-Azilal, Maroc). La méthode suisse a été adaptée aux contraintes spécifiques du terrain (environnement semi-aride, morphologie de piémont) et au contexte de transfert de connaissances (caractéristiques socio-économiques et pratiques). Une carte des phénomènes d'inondations a été produite. Elle contient les témoins morphologiques et les éléments anthropiques pertinents pour le développement et l'aggravation des inondations. La modélisation de la relation pluie-débit pour des événements de référence, et le routage des hydrogrammes de crue ainsi obtenus ont permis d'estimer quantitativement l'aléa inondation. Des données obtenues sur le terrain (estimations de débit, extension de crues connues) ont permis de vérifier les résultats des modèles. Des cartes d'intensité et de probabilité ont été obtenues. Enfin, une carte indicative du danger d'inondation a été produite sur la base de la matrice suisse du danger qui croise l'intensité et la probabilité d'occurrence d'un événement pour obtenir des degrés de danger assignables au territoire étudié. En vue de l'implémentation des cartes de danger dans les documents de l'aménagement du territoire, nous nous intéressons au fonctionnement actuel de la gestion institutionnelle du risque à Beni Mellal, en étudiant le degré d'intégration de la gestion et la manière dont les connaissances sur les risques influencent le processus de gestion. L'analyse montre que la gestion est marquée par une logique de gestion hiérarchique et la priorité des mesures de protection par rapport aux mesures passives d'aménagement du territoire. Les connaissances sur le risque restent sectorielles, souvent déconnectées. L'innovation dans le domaine de la gestion du risque résulte de collaborations horizontales entre les acteurs ou avec des sources de connaissances externes (par exemple les universités). Des recommandations méthodologiques et institutionnelles issues de cette étude ont été adressées aux gestionnaires en vue de l'implémentation des cartes de danger. Plus que des outils de réduction du risque, les cartes de danger aident à transmettre des connaissances vers le public et contribuent ainsi à établir une culture du risque. - Severe rainfall events are thought to be occurring more frequently in semi-arid areas. In Morocco, flood hazard has become an important topic, notably as rapid economic development and high urbanization rates have increased the exposure of people and assets in hazard-prone areas. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SADC) is active in natural hazard mitigation in Morocco. As hazard mapping for urban planning is thought to be a sound tool for vulnerability reduction, the SADC has financed a project aimed at adapting the Swiss approach for hazard assessment and mapping to the case of Morocco. In a knowledge transfer context, the Swiss method was adapted to the semi-arid environment, the specific piedmont morphology and to socio-economic constraints particular to the study site. Following the Swiss guidelines, a hydro-geomorphological map was established, containing all geomorphic elements related to known past floods. Next, rainfall / runoff modeling for reference events and hydraulic routing of the obtained hydrographs were carried out in order to assess hazard quantitatively. Field-collected discharge estimations and flood extent for known floods were used to verify the model results. Flood hazard intensity and probability maps were obtained. Finally, an indicative danger map as defined within the Swiss hazard assessment terminology was calculated using the Swiss hazard matrix that convolves flood intensity with its recurrence probability in order to assign flood danger degrees to the concerned territory. Danger maps become effective, as risk mitigation tools, when implemented in urban planning. We focus on how local authorities are involved in the risk management process and how knowledge about risk impacts the management. An institutional vulnerability "map" was established based on individual interviews held with the main institutional actors in flood management. Results show that flood hazard management is defined by uneven actions and relationships, it is based on top-down decision-making patterns, and focus is maintained on active mitigation measures. The institutional actors embody sectorial, often disconnected risk knowledge pools, whose relationships are dictated by the institutional hierarchy. Results show that innovation in the risk management process emerges when actors collaborate despite the established hierarchy or when they open to outer knowledge pools (e.g. the academia). Several methodological and institutional recommendations were addressed to risk management stakeholders in view of potential map implementation to planning. Hazard assessment and mapping is essential to an integrated risk management approach: more than a mitigation tool, danger maps represent tools that allow communicating on hazards and establishing a risk culture.

The evolution of universities' relations with the business sector in Brazil: What national publications between 1980 and 2012 reveal

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the changes in university-industry relations in Brazil regarding innovation activities. It is based on a survey of articles published in major national journals or presented at the most relevant Brazilian and regional conferences, between 1980 and 2012. The year 1980 was chosen due to the creation of the Technological Innovation Offices (NITs), which was the first government initiative to encourage knowledge transfer from universities to companies; the second was the Innovation Act of 2004. Our assumption was that after the Act the number of academic papers on this subject would increase, bringing new ideas and propositions of models to enhance this relationship. The methodology employed a qualitative, exploratory approach, using bibliographical research and a bibliometric analysis of 247 papers. Literature review of international studies shows the discussion of problems and suggestions for improvements, while in Brazil there is still a debate on whether this collaboration should occur, and if this is a legitimate role for the university. Despite the numerical growth, the content analysis showed few papers on new configurations and procedures for partnership management. We conclude that university-industry relations are not a regular and totally accepted process in Brazilian public universities, which reflect an ideological bias against cooperation with firms.

Natural genetic variation of root system architecture from Arabidopsis to Brachypodium: towards adaptive value.

Root system architecture is a trait that displays considerable plasticity because of its sensitivity to environmental stimuli. Nevertheless, to a significant degree it is genetically constrained as suggested by surveys of its natural genetic variation. A few regulators of root system architecture have been isolated as quantitative trait loci through the natural variation approach in the dicotyledon model, Arabidopsis. This provides proof of principle that allelic variation for root system architecture traits exists, is genetically tractable, and might be exploited for crop breeding. Beyond Arabidopsis, Brachypodium could serve as both a credible and experimentally accessible model for root system architecture variation in monocotyledons, as suggested by first glimpses of the different root morphologies of Brachypodium accessions. Whether a direct knowledge transfer gained from molecular model system studies will work in practice remains unclear however, because of a lack of comprehensive understanding of root system physiology in the native context. For instance, apart from a few notable exceptions, the adaptive value of genetic variation in root system modulators is unknown. Future studies should thus aim at comprehensive characterization of the role of genetic players in root system architecture variation by taking into account the native environmental conditions, in particular soil characteristics.

Medical futility at the end of life: the perspectives of intensive care and palliative care clinicians.

Objectives Medical futility at the end of life is a growing challenge to medicine. The goals of the authors were to elucidate how clinicians define futility, when they perceive life-sustaining treatment (LST) to be futile, how they communicate this situation and why LST is sometimes continued despite being recognised as futile. Methods The authors reviewed ethics case consultation protocols and conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 physicians and 11 nurses from adult intensive and palliative care units at a tertiary hospital in Germany. The transcripts were subjected to qualitative content analysis. Results Futility was identified in the majority of case consultations. Interviewees associated futility with the failure to achieve goals of care that offer a benefit to the patient's quality of life and are proportionate to the risks, harms and costs. Prototypic examples mentioned are situations of irreversible dependence on LST, advanced metastatic malignancies and extensive brain injury. Participants agreed that futility should be assessed by physicians after consultation with the care team. Intensivists favoured an indirect and stepwise disclosure of the prognosis. Palliative care clinicians focused on a candid and empathetic information strategy. The reasons for continuing futile LST are primarily emotional, such as guilt, grief, fear of legal consequences and concerns about the family's reaction. Other obstacles are organisational routines, insufficient legal and palliative knowledge and treatment requests by patients or families. Conclusion Managing futility could be improved by communication training, knowledge transfer, organisational improvements and emotional and ethical support systems. The authors propose an algorithm for end-of-life decision making focusing on goals of treatment.

The effect of university culture and stakeholders' perceptions on university-business linking activities

The present work discusses the effects of university culture and structure on university-business relations, focusing on knowledge transfer activities. It puts forward the thesis that when links between university and business are introduced into the university system as a turn-key proposition rather than as developmental process, the prevailing university culture and structure will exert resistance against change and will oppose the creation of appropriate structures to promote them, with deleterious effects for the university.

Human Resource Management Succession Planning Guide, 2007

The Iowa Department of Administrative Services - Human Resources Enterprise (DAS-HRE) has developed a variety of tools and resources to address those concerns. Loss of institutional knowledge, or knowledge transfer as it is more frequently referred to, is one of the main topics of the Workforce Planning Guide. Potential difficulties finding new workers was one of the major reasons for adding a chapter on recruitment in the Applicant Screening Manual.

A transnacionalização das políticas educativas : itinerários da cooperação portuguesa em Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau e S. Tomé e Príncipe (1974-2002)

The main focus of the present investigation is on the transnationalization of the education policies in Cape Verde, Guine-Bissau and San Tome and Prince from 1974 to 2002 and it deals mostly with the role played by the Portuguese co operants in this field, namely teachers, teacher trainers and education technicians. Our investigation is based mostly on the theoretical and empiric analysis of the problematic of the transnatio nalizaton of the education policies, bearing in mind the concepts formulated by several renowned authors like those by Stone(2001, 2004) as well as by Dolowitz and Marsch (2002) concerning the area of knowledge transfer. The concept transnationalization we have used throughout this dissertationshould be interpreted as a carrefour , that is, a crossroad of technical knowledge, resulting from the way the different mediators have shared their expertise and who gradually contributed to the implementation of the new education systems and the consolidation of the education policies of the countries just mentioned before. We have also analyzed specific points of reference connected both with globalization and organization sociology theories since the school is the main scope of action where the participants interact using diversified strategies due to their different interests and aims. Those schools are more and more confronted with education policies resulting from neoliberal assumptions therefore we label them terminals of the education policy journeys. The naturalist paradigm, which includes a qualitative and interpretative approach, answers for the design of this investigation, whose main strategy is the Oral History. The primary sources analyzed and the interviews made have enabled us to build our knowledge based on the grounded theory method (Glasser and Strauss, 1967), supported by the informatic programme Atlas TI. We conclude that despite the weaknesses and fragilities of the Portuguese cooperation, this is the right arena for a more convergent transference of values and education (al) systems; it is a kind of hybrid territory where the knowledge transfer suits the local reality, independently of all the dilemmas resulting from globalization.

Cartographier les géomorphosites : objectifs, publics et propositions méthodologiques

Related to the raise of the awareness of the importance of the Earth heritage, geomorphosites receive increasing attention from the scientific community. Assessment methods, classification and conservation strategies have been developed to safeguard the geomorphological heritage for present and future generations. On the other hand, Earth heritage offers opportunities to develop educational and recreational programs as well as tourism projects. Various interpretive supports and local development projects have been engendered in the past few years to promote geoheritage.¦Be it for the assessment, conservation or promotion of geomorphosites, maps are valuable from many standpoints. They can provide fundamental data for detailed geomorphosite description, serve as visual communication tools helping to guide the selection process in defining protection priority or supporting Earth heritage promotion and interpretàtion.¦This study reviews the main achievements and the objectives yet to be accomplished in the field of geomorphosite mapping and proposes a general framework for the mapping of geomorphosites that takes into account the different aims and publics. The main focus is on mapping geomorphosites for non-specialists in the field of Earth heritage promotion (Geotourism). In this context, maps are often employed to show itineraries or points of interest. Like a scheme or a diagram, a map can also be used as a method for visualising geoscientific information. This function is particularly important since some processes, which contributed to the formation of a geomorphosite or a geomorphological landscape are no longer or not always clearly visible in the landscape. In this case, maps become interpretive media that serve popularisation purposes.¦Mapping for non-specialists holds the challenging task to ensure the information transfer between the cartographer and the user. We therefore focus on both the implementation of the map by the cartographer (which information? which visualisation?) and the interpretation of the map by the user (effectiveness of the knowledge transfer). The research is based on empirical studies carried out in the Maderan valley (Canton of Uri) and in classes of the Cantons of Uri and Tessin that aim to gain knowledge about the familiarity and interests of non- specialists for geoheritage as well as about their map reading skills. The final objective is to formulate methodological proposals for geomorphosite mapping for interpretive purpose.

Firm's network capability and innovation performance: evidences from China hi-tech industry

ABSTRACT : A firm's competitive advantage can arise from internal resources as well as from an interfirm network. -This dissertation investigates the competitive advantage of a firm involved in an innovation network by integrating strategic management theory and social network theory. It develops theory and provides empirical evidence that illustrates how a networked firm enables the network value and appropriates this value in an optimal way according to its strategic purpose. The four inter-related essays in this dissertation provide a framework that sheds light on the extraction of value from an innovation network by managing and designing the network in a proactive manner. The first essay reviews research in social network theory and knowledge transfer management, and identifies the crucial factors of innovation network configuration for a firm's learning performance or innovation output. The findings suggest that network structure, network relationship, and network position all impact on a firm's performance. Although the previous literature indicates that there are disagreements about the impact of dense or spare structure, as well as strong or weak ties, case evidence from Chinese software companies reveals that dense and strong connections with partners are positively associated with firms' performance. The second essay is a theoretical essay that illustrates the limitations of social network theory for explaining the source of network value and offers a new theoretical model that applies resource-based view to network environments. It suggests that network configurations, such as network structure, network relationship and network position, can be considered important network resources. In addition, this essay introduces the concept of network capability, and suggests that four types of network capabilities play an important role in unlocking the potential value of network resources and determining the distribution of network rents between partners. This essay also highlights the contingent effects of network capability on a firm's innovation output, and explains how the different impacts of network capability depend on a firm's strategic choices. This new theoretical model has been pre-tested with a case study of China software industry, which enhances the internal validity of this theory. The third essay addresses the questions of what impact network capability has on firm innovation performance and what are the antecedent factors of network capability. This essay employs a structural equation modelling methodology that uses a sample of 211 Chinese Hi-tech firms. It develops a measurement of network capability and reveals that networked firms deal with cooperation between, and coordination with partners on different levels according to their levels of network capability. The empirical results also suggests that IT maturity, the openness of culture, management system involved, and experience with network activities are antecedents of network capabilities. Furthermore, the two-group analysis of the role of international partner(s) shows that when there is a culture and norm gap between foreign partners, a firm must mobilize more resources and effort to improve its performance with respect to its innovation network. The fourth essay addresses the way in which network capabilities influence firm innovation performance. By using hierarchical multiple regression with data from Chinese Hi-tech firms, the findings suggest that there is a significant partial mediating effect of knowledge transfer on the relationships between network capabilities and innovation performance. The findings also reveal that the impacts of network capabilities divert with the environment and strategic decision the firm has made: exploration or exploitation. Network constructing capability provides a greater positive impact on and yields more contributions to innovation performance than does network operating capability in an exploration network. Network operating capability is more important than network constructing capability for innovative firms in an exploitation network. Therefore, these findings highlight that the firm can shape the innovation network proactively for better benefits, but when it does so, it should adjust its focus and change its efforts in accordance with its innovation purposes or strategic orientation.

Faculty-librarians collaboration in an e-learning experience : resources management and training in Open University of Catalonia (UOC)

The traditional model of learning based on knowledge transfer doesn't promote the acquisition of information-related competencies and development of autonomous learning. More needs to be done to embrace learner-centred approaches, based on constructivism, collaboration and co-operation. This new learning paradigm is aligned with the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) requirements. In this sense, a learning experience based in faculty' librarian collaboration was seen as the best option for promoting student engagement and also a way to increase information-related competences in Open University of Catalonia (UOC) academic context. This case study outlines the benefits of teacher-librarian collaboration in terms of pedagogy innovation, resources management and introduction of open educational resources (OER) in virtual classrooms, Information literacy (IL) training and use of 2.0 tools in teaching. Our faculty-librarian's collaboration aims to provide an example of technology-enhanced learning and demonstrate how working together improves the quality and relevance of educational resources in UOC's virtual classrooms. Under this new approach, while teachers change their role from instructors to facilitators of the learning process and extend their reach to students, libraries acquire an important presence in the academic learning communities.

Hiljaisen tiedonja osaamisen siirtäminen yksilöltä tiimille tietotekniikka- ja telekommunikaatioalalla

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan hiljaisen tiedon ja osaamisen siirtämistä yksilöltä tiimille tietotekniikka- ja telekommunikaatioalalla (IT-ala). Tarkoitus on kehittää systemaattinen tiedonsiirtämismenetelmä, johon kuuluu uusi työskentelytapa ja teknisenä työkaluna tietämyskannan käyttö. Teoriaosuudessa tarkastellaan tiedon määritelmää ja eri olomuotoja. Pohditaan hiljaisen ja määrällisen tiedon eroa. Tutkitaan miten tiedonsiirtäminen tapahtuu ja mitä haasteita siinä voi esiintyä. Käsitellään oppimissykli ja tietämyskanta. Empiriaosuudessa tutkitaan neljää tiimiä IT-alalta. Tiimit ovat luonteeltaan ja toiminnaltaan erilaisia. Tutkitaan mitä tiedonsiirtohaasteita niissä on. Samalla pohditaan onko tiiminrakenteella merkitystä tiedonsiirtämisen kannalta. Empiiriset tulokset osoittavat, että tiimin rakenne itsestään ei ratkaise tiedonsiirtämishaasteita. Tulosten perusteella suositellaan systemaattista tiedonsiirtämistä. Avuksi kannattaa ottaa käyttöön tietämyskanta, tarkemmin wiki ja blogi.

Ramp-up mallin rakentaminen globaaliin valmistukseen

Työn lopputulos on kuvaus mallista, jonka avulla tuotteen ylösajoavoidaan tukea valmistuspaikasta riippumatta. Mallin tavoitteena on saavuttaa uuden tuotteen ylösajossa asiakaslaadun ja saannon nopea nouseminen hyväksyttävälle tasolle. Mallin rakentaminen suoritetaan tutkimallanykytilannetta kohdeyrityksessa ja työn tavoitteeseen sopivaa teoriaa.Nykytilanteen tutkimus käsittää kohdeyrityksen keskeisimmät toiminnot, jotka ovat (1) tuotanto, (2) asiakaspalvelu ja (3) tehdyt tuotesiirrot. Työn tavoitetta tukevaksi teoriakentäksi vahvistui tietojohtamisen teoriakenttä tiedon siirtämiseen osalta. Teorian avulla huomattiin, että siirrettävä tieto on havainnollista ja siksi ei aseta haasteita tiedon muokkaamiselle sähköisesti siirrettävään muotoon. Malli koostuu kolmesta päämoduulista ja yhdestä alimoduulista. Tiedon kerääminen jaettiin kolmeen itsenäiseen päämoduuliin ja jokaiselle moduulille annettiin omistaja kohdeyrityksessä, koska jako auttaa tiedon keräämisen hallintaa ja edelleen kehittämistä. Prosessi sisältää paljon ihmistyötä vaativaa tiedon keräämistä. Tämän johdosta luonteva jatko työlle on kehittää kohdeyrityksen nykyistä tiedon keräämistä ja hyödyntämistä.

Verkko-opetuksenhyödyntäminen uusien työntekijöiden koulutuksen haasteisiin vastaamisessa

Työn tarkoituksena oli kehittää verkko-oppimisympäristö sahatavaran jatkojalostusprosessien uusien ja työtehtävää vaihtavien työntekijöiden perehdytykseen. Työssä tutkittiin myös miten verkko-oppimisympäristöä voidaan käyttää osaamisen siirrossa. Työssä haastateltiin työnjohtajia ja työntekijöiden perehdyttämisestä vastaavia henkilöitä siitä, mitkä ovat ongelmat ja haasteet sahatavaran jatkojalostuksen alueella tietämyksen siirrossa uusille työntekijöille. Työssä tarkasteltiin tiedon syntymistä ja siirtämistä tietojohtamisen, sekä oppivan organisaation teorioiden avulla. Työssä selvitettiin myös mitkä ovat verkko-oppimisympäristöjen vahvuudet ja heikkoudet tiedonsiirrossa, sekä miten verkko-oppimisympäristö voisi toimia osana tiedonsiirtojärjestelmää. Haasteiksi uusien työntekijöiden koulutuksessa nousi esille neljä teemaa. Ne olivat laatutietous, turvallisuus, taloudellisuus jamotivaatio oppimiseen. Verkko-oppimisen vahvuuksia pyrittiin käyttämään mahdollisimman tehokkaasti hyväksi esiin nousseisiin haasteisiin vastaamisessa. Verkko-oppimisen vahvuuksia ovat eri mediaelementtien käyttö kuten kuvat, videot ja animaatiot. Työn tuloksia käytettiin hyväksi verkko-oppimisympäristön teossa. Lopuksi tehtiin myös ehdotus verkko-oppimisympäristön käytöstä osana tiedonsiirtojärjestelmää. Järjestelmän käyttö riippuu sen sisällön hyödyllisyydestä ja jatkuvasta päivityksestä.

Tietämyksen välittäminen ohjelmistotestausorganisaatioissa

Ohjelmistotestaus on suuri ja kasvava kustannuserä ohjelmistotuotannossa. Kirjallisuudessa mainittu ohjelmistotestauksen kustannusten osuus on noin 50% ohjelmistokehityshankkeiden budjetista. Tutkimusprojektin tarkoituksena on selvittää, kuinka ohjelmistotestauksen kustannusten kasvu saataisiin pysähtymään tai laskemaan laatua menettämättä. Tässä työssä keskitytään laadullisen analyysin kautta selvittämään ja ymmärtämään tietämyksen välittämistä ohjelmistotestausorganisaatiossa. Tutkimusmateriaali on kerätty haastattelemalla26 organisaatioyksikön edustajia. Näiden organisaatioyksiköiden joukosta on edelleen valittu viisi organisaatioyksikköä lähempään tarkasteluun. Työssä havaittiin muun muassa, että tuotesuuntautuneessa ohjelmistokehityksessä tietämystä on vaivattomampi kodifioida. Esimerkiksi testitapausten määrittäminen ennakkoon on tällöin helpompaa. Kodifiointi mahdollistaa myös testauksen laajamittaisen ulkoistamisen, sillä kodifioitua tietämystä on helpompi välittää. Räätälöityjen järjestelmien testaamisessa tarvittava tietämys vaikuttaa olevan suurelta osin hiljaista, esimerkiksi sovellusalueosaaminen painottuu enemmän.

Simulaatiopeli menetelmänä siirtää ikääntyvien hiljaista tietoa. Case: Salon Seudun Osuuspankki

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten simulaatiopeli soveltuu ikääntyvien työntekijöiden hiljaisen tiedon esille tuomiseen ja tiedon siirtämiseen. case - tapauksena tutkimuksessa käytettiin Salon Seudun Osuuspankissapelattua simulaatiopeliä ja tutkimustulokset perustuvat peliin osallistuneiden ko. pankin työntekijöiden näkemyksiin ja mielipiteisiin. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin miten osallistujat kokevat simulaatiopelin tilanteena, mitkä ovat simulaatiopelin heikkoudet ja vahvuudet hiljaisen tiedon siirrossa sekä millä tavalla simulaatiopeliä tulisi käyttää siirrettäessä hiljaista tietoa. Lisäksi selvitettiin mitä hiljainen tieto pankkityössä on. Tutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastatteluin marraskuussa 2004. Tutkimuksen tuloksena selvisi, että simulaatiopeliä ei nähdä kovin käyttökelpoisena, itsenäisenä hiljaisen tiedon siirron menetelmänä. Merkittävimpinä syinä tähän on simulaatiopelin keinotekoisuus, epäaitous sekä tilanteen jännittävyys. Simulaatiopelin vahvuudeksi hiljaisen tiedon siirrossa koetaan sen erinomainen havainnollistava voima. Simulaatiopeliä voitaisiinkin kokeilla apuna hiljaisen tiedon siirrossa osana pidempää tiedon siirron prosessia.