937 resultados para Institutional context


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Biodiversity loss is one of the most significant drivers of ecosystem change and is projected to continue at a rapid rate. While protected areas, such as national parks, are seen as important refuges for biodiversity, their effectiveness in stemming biodiversity decline has been questioned. Public agencies have a critical role in the governance of many such areas, but there are tensions between the need for these agencies to be more “adaptive” and their current operating environment. Our aim is to analyze how institutions enable or constrain capacity to conserve biodiversity in a globally significant cross-border network of protected areas, the Australian Alps. Using a novel conceptual framework for diagnosing biodiversity institutions, our research examined institutional adaptive capacity and more general capacity for conserving biodiversity. Several intertwined issues limit public agencies’ capacity to fulfill their conservation responsibilities. Narrowly defined accountability measures constrain adaptive capacity and divert attention away from addressing key biodiversity outcomes. Implications for learning were also evident, with protected area agencies demonstrating successful learning for on-ground issues but less success in applying this learning to deeper policy change. Poor capacity to buffer political and community influences in managing significant cross-border drivers of biodiversity decline signals poor fit with the institutional context and has implications for functional fit. While cooperative federalism provides potential benefits for buffering through diversity, it also means protected area agencies have restricted authority to address cross-border threats. Restrictions on staff authority and discretion, as public servants, have further implications for deploying capacity. This analysis, particularly the possibility of fostering “ambidexterity”—creatively responding to political pressures in a way that also achieves a desirable outcome for biodiversity conservation—is one promising way of building capacity to buffer both political influences and ecological pressures. The findings and the supporting analysis provide insight into how institutional capacity to conserve biodiversity can be enhanced in protected areas in Australia and elsewhere, especially those governed by public agencies and/or multiple organizations and across jurisdictions.

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O Envelhecimento da população é uma realidade cada vez mais presente na nossa sociedade. A investigação junto da população idosa e dos seus cuidadores requer que sejam criadas condições para que, estes grupos, possam usufruir de uma boa qualidade de vida. Propõe-se analisar a capacidade de trabalho dos cuidadores formais de idosos em contexto institucional mas com modalidades de trabalho distintas, no Centro de Dia, onde praticam um horário diurno e fixo, em paralelo com o horário por turnos rotativos diurnos/noturnos praticados no Lar. Foi proposto também analisar o estado mental dos idosos dessas mesmas instituições. A amostra deste estudo contou com 90 participantes dos quais 50 idoso e 40 cuidadores formais. Utilizou-se para a recolha de dados com os idosos o MMSE – Mini-Mental State Examination e a GDS-30 – Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, com os cuidadores a Escala de Graffar e o ICT – Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho. Os resultados demonstraram não existirem diferenças significativas ao nível da demência e da depressão entre os idosos do Lar e do Centro de Dia. Outros resultados refletiram, para os cuidadores formais, uma capacidade para o trabalho excelente, ligeiramente superior aos dados de referência. Não foi conseguida uma relação entre a saúde mental dos idosos e a capacidade de trabalho dos seus cuidadores formais o que pode retratar o sucesso das medidas de apoio e educação desenvolvidas nesta área.

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Can entrepreneurship be taught, or be learned? This is a question that brings a broad debate to the table. Indubitably, education has an essential role in attitude development and competences promotion. This assumption has fostered entrepreneurship initiatives and course proliferation, seeking to teach entrepreneurship to individuals. The increasing importance of the entrepreneurial spirit leads to the creation and promotion of entrepreneurship initiatives and encouragement of youngsters to have entrepreneurial profiles. Today, entrepreneurship education has a crucial role promoting entrepreneurial mindset s in younger people. It stimulates competence and skill development, which extends beyond the business world. The effects of such education depend on strategy and teaching pedagogies, but mostly on its effective implementation. This gives teachers and higher education institutions the challenge of finding nontraditional methodologies and alternative ways to teach the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore, through the theory of planned behavior, the effects of entrepreneurship education and its relationship with entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, the essential and challenging role of the teacher is explored, contributing to a better understanding of its significance in entrepreneurship education that is remarkably poorly explored in the literature. Findings reinforce the strength of the theory of planned behavior as an intention measure; in addition, students were found to increase their entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial knowledge and institutional context perceptions after taking a higher education course. Concerning teachers, a consensus was found between their education aims and similarities among their pedagogic methods, topics and forms of evaluation, along with time and resource management struggles.

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Apesar do amplo crescimento de iniciativas de educação em empreendedorismo nas últimas décadas, não existe ainda consenso quanto à eficácia destas ações, quer em termos de resultados económicos, quer no desenvolvimento de caraterísticas pessoais. A heterogeneidade de objetivos, e público-alvo e a não existência de métodos bem definidos e padronizados de avaliação, dificultam a obtenção de um entendimento geral sobre este fenómeno. Para além disso, muitos dos estudos apresentam uma série de limitações metodológicas e tendem a concentrar-se no contexto americano. Para colmatar estas lacunas, a presente investigação assume como propósito geral analisar a eficácia da educação em empreendedorismo no desenvolvimento da intenção e comportamento empreendedor, através de três unidades de análise: alunos e ex-alunos de uma unidade curricular de empreendedorismo e empreendedores de negócios nascentes. É utilizado uma metodologia mista: quantitativa, para as unidades de análise um e dois, e qualitativa, para a terceira unidade de análise. Os resultados demonstram que a educação em empreendedorismo não aumenta a intenção empreendedora dos alunos, nem o comportamento empreendedor dos ex-alunos. No entanto, verifica-se que a perceção de controlo do comportamento, o conhecimento relativo para o empreendedorismo e o contexto institucional (ou seja, a forma como os alunos internalizam os instrumentos e iniciativas de apoio ao empreendedorismo) aumentam com a participação na unidade curricular. Também, a educação em empreendedorismo é essencial na fase de arranque da própria empresa dotando os empreendedores de conhecimentos e competências que lhes permitem ter um maior controlo e confiança sobre a realização de todo o processo inerente à criação e desenvolvimento de uma ideia de negócio. Este estudo, ao utilizar uma abordagem integrada para a educação em empreendedorismo, permite compreender as diferenças que se devem considerar quando se planeia um programa deste tipo. Por conseguinte, os objetivos de um programa de empreendedorismo devem ser ajustados aos diferentes públicos-alvo, sendo importante perceber se os destinatários participam de forma voluntária ou obrigatória.

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Este artículo resalta la importancia de los determinantes en la existencia de contratos explícitos e implícitos en la contratación de gerentes, no considerados en el estudio previo de Gillan et. al. Se muestra como la asimetría de información, el contexto institucional y el poder con que la firma y el gerente enfrentan el acuerdo laboral influyen de manera directa el tipo de contrato. Se concluye planteando como argumento central que existen dos clases de determinantes: los de influencia y los de mediación. Los de mediación cobran sentido cuando están explícitamente relacionados con los de influencia. Los de influencia se combinan entre si en una situación dada y ejercen influencia sobre los de mediación. Estos últimos son los que determinan la propensión hacia el tipo de contrato, y son tres: El valor esperado de la pérdida ante la probabilidad de incumplimiento, el poder con que gerente y firma enfrentan el acuerdo y la posibilidad de comportamiento oportunista, los demás son clasificados como de influencia. Este argumento es contrastado mediante el uso de la técnica de análisis estructural.

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O presente estudo tem por tema as representações de docentes do género masculino que exercem a sua actividade na educação pré-escolar ou no 1º ciclo do ensino básico acerca da sua carreira profissional, num contexto educativo e institucional histórica e socialmente feminizado. A grande finalidade do estudo era abordar e dar a conhecer o serviço desses profissionais, na sequência dos seus contactos com colegas, pais e crianças, e indagar se na perspectiva dos inquiridos, o fenómeno da feminização dos níveis de educação em que laboram pode ser avaliado como um problema ou disfunção social, ou como resultado das políticas educativas praticadas no nosso País, a longo e curto prazo. Como objectivos específicos a que se procurou dar resposta estiveram, nomeadamente, a indagação das razões que poderão ter levado estes docentes a ingressar nas carreiras profissionais em causa, o grau de aceitação que experienciaram nas suas instituições de formação inicial, no mercado de trabalho e nas comunidades em que desenvolvem a sua actividade profissional. Os dados através dos quais se procurou dar consecução a tais objectivos foram recolhidos com base na realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas a doze docentes da educação básica, sendo seis educadores e seis professores. A análise dos testemunhos dos inquiridos pareceu indicar, por um lado, que os mesmos terão beneficiado, no geral, de um enquadramento profissional não discriminatório e de uma boa aceitação por parte dos colegas, dos pais e das crianças, e, por outro, que, no seu entender, o estado de feminização deste sector educativo é uma consequência natural do contexto político, cultural e social que o País tem vindo a atravessar nas últimas décadas. ABSTRACT; This study is subject to the representations of male teachers who pursue their activities in pre-school education or the 1st cycle of basic education about their career, educational and institutional context in a historical and socially feminized. The major purpose of the study was addressing and raising awareness of the service of these professionals, as a result of their contacts with colleagues, parents and children, and whether, in view of respondents, the phenomenon of feminization of the levels of education may be operating in assessed as a problem or social dysfunction, or as a result of educational policies practiced in our country, the long and short term. As specific objectives to be sought to answer were, in particular the question of the reasons that may have led these teachers to enter the career in question, the degree of acceptance that experienced in their initial training, labour market and communities in which they conduct their business. The data through which we tried to achieve such objectives have been collected based on the performance of semi-structured to twelve basic education teachers, six educators and six teachers. The analysis of the testimonies of the respondents seem to indicate, first, that they have benefited, in general, a non-discriminatory business environment and a good acceptance by colleagues, parents and children, and secondly, that in their view, the state of feminization of education is a natural consequence of the political, cultural and social that the country has been experiencing in recent decades.

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No contexto educativo português existem, atualmente, orientações legais para que as escolas sejam, por um lado, sujeitas a processos de avaliação externa e, por outro, induzidas a criar mecanismos de autoavaliação. Embora a escola seja, pelo menos em parte, um “locus de produção normativa”, na prática não tem sido fácil o diálogo entre a avaliação externa e os processos de mudança e melhoria, através da autoavaliação institucional. Num contexto onde as politicas nem sempre criam os estímulos e as condições adequadas, a ação organizacional em torno dos processos avaliativos acaba por refletir o jogo dos atores. Face à “natureza política” da avaliação, as escolas e os seus atores recorrem a “soluções organizacionais” que lhes permitem, em função dos interesses e dos objetivos individuais e organizativos, gerir as pressões e as expetativas do seu meio institucional. O presente trabalho pretende encontrar respostas sobre os efeitos do programa de avaliação externa das escolas (AEE) nas dinâmicas de autoavaliação e nos planos de ação para a melhoria da escola. Trata-se de uma investigação inserida numa matriz de cariz essencialmente qualitativo que opta pelo estudo de casos múltiplos. A informação foi recolhida através de várias fontes: observação direta, grupo focal (focus group), entrevistas, inquérito por questionário e análise documental. Os resultados tendem a evidenciar que as organizações educativas, nas respostas às prescrições externas para a avaliação e melhoria da escola recorrem a estratégias e táticas plurais, de tal modo que as mudanças que ocorrem, mais do que respostas à necessidade de eficácia e melhoria interna da escola, traduzem-se em processos de adaptação, que variam consoante as tensões existentes entre o contexto institucional e o ambiente competitivo onde as escolas estão inseridas; Abstract: The Evaluation of Schools: Effects of External Evaluation in the dynamics of Self-evaluation of Schools In the Portuguese educational context, there are currently legal guidelines for schools to be subject to external evaluation process, on the one hand, and on the other hand induced to create self-assessment mechanisms. Although the school is at least partly a "normative production locus", in practice the dialogue between the external evaluation and the processes of change and improvement through institutional self-assessment has not been easy. In a context where the policies do not always create the incentives and the right conditions, the organizational action around the evaluative process ends up reflecting the set of actors. Before the "political nature" of the evaluation, the schools and their actors recur to "organizational solutions" that allow them, in the interests of individual and organizational goals, to manage the pressures and expectations of its institutional environment. This work aims at finding answers to the effects of the External Schools Evaluation (ESE) programme, in the dynamics of self-evaluation and action plans for the improvement of school. It is an investigation inserted into an oriented matrix, essentially of qualitative nature that opts for multiple case studies. The information was collected through various sources: direct observation, focus group, interviews, questionnaire survey and document analysis. The results tend to show that educational organizations, in response to the external requirements for assessing and improving, use plural strategies and tactics. Similarly, the changes that occur in the structures, processes and practices, more than answers to the need for efficiency and indoor improvement of the school, result into adjustment processes, that change according to the existing tensions between the institutional context and the competitive environment where schools are located.

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The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

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In this dissertation, I first suggest an extension of the managerial rents model and more specifically the managerial skills typology that it offers. Building on research in international business, I propose adding country-specific skills (CSS) to this typology in addition to firm-specific, industry-specific, and generic skills. I define CSS as managers’ abilities that are applicable and specific to a particular national institutional context. Such skills are distinct from the other three types identified and are likely to influence managers’ performance and the performance of their firms. So if CSS are distinct skills, what are the implications for strategy and international business research? In an attempt to respond to this question, I conduct two empirical essays in which I examine the implications of this refinement of the typology of managerial skills for CEO selection and firms’ mergers and acquisitions (M&A) strategy. In the first empirical essay, I puzzle at the fact that although CSS constitute a barrier to high-level executive mobility across countries, there have been a growing number of foreign-born CEOs being appointed across the globe. Why are these individuals being selected for the post of CEO? Using information on the appointment of foreign-born and national CEOs from 2005 to 2010 among global 500 companies, I show that internationalization pressures help explain their selection and that two types of firms are likely to appoint foreign leaders: highly internationalized firms and firms that are likely to internationalize. In the second empirical essay, I examine the strategic implications of country-specific skills. Employing the same sample as the one used in the first empirical essay, I demonstrate that given that their mindset is likely to be less focused on firms’ home market, foreign-born CEOs may be prone to institute more changes in firms’ cross-border M&A strategy than their domestic counterparts. I also theorize on the moderating influence of CEOs’ insiderness.

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Impelled by neo-liberal ideology, base-of-the-pyramid (BOP) and subsistence market discourses have put emphases on markets, profits and entrepreneurialism. Because of this ideological mooring, there is a marginal understanding of the role of the State and its impact on the poor in these discourses. Franz Kafka’s work provides a critical perspective on the role of the State in BOP or subsistence settings. This ethnographic study in India examines transactions related to land and highlights the Kafkaesque nature of the State. The institutional setting is fraught with Kafkaesque elements such as inaccessible and indecipherable legality, abusive power relations and alienation of subaltern subjects. It further shows that the illicit character of the State is an important reason for illegal practices in subaltern settings.

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Este trabajo se inscribe en uno de los grandes campos de los estudios organizacionales: la estrategia. La perspectiva clásica en este campo promovió la idea de que proyectarse hacia el futuro implica diseñar un plan (una serie de acciones deliberadas). Avances posteriores mostraron que la estrategia podía ser comprendida de otras formas. Sin embargo, la evolución del campo privilegió en alguna medida la mirada clásica estableciendo, por ejemplo, múltiples modelos para ‘formular’ una estrategia, pero dejando en segundo lugar la manera en la que esta puede ‘emerger’. El propósito de esta investigación es, entonces, aportar al actual nivel de comprensión respecto a las estrategias emergentes en las organizaciones. Para hacerlo, se consideró un concepto opuesto —aunque complementario— al de ‘planeación’ y, de hecho, muy cercano en su naturaleza a ese tipo de estrategias: la improvisación. Dado que este se ha nutrido de valiosos aportes del mundo de la música, se acudió al saber propio de este dominio, recurriendo al uso de ‘la metáfora’ como recurso teórico para entenderlo y alcanzar el objetivo propuesto. Los resultados muestran que 1) las estrategias deliberadas y las emergentes coexisten y se complementan, 2) la improvisación está siempre presente en el contexto organizacional, 3) existe una mayor intensidad de la improvisación en el ‘como’ de la estrategia que en el ‘qué’ y, en oposición a la idea convencional al respecto, 4) se requiere cierta preparación para poder improvisar de manera adecuada.

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El trabajo de investigación es un estudio de caso que pretende analizar la forma en que factores del contexto institucional y la capacidad de influencia de ciertos actores se reflejan en la discusión y aprobación de la Ley 975 de 2005. Factores del contexto institucional y la capacidad de influencia sobre las posiciones asumidas por los actores políticos y sociales en las diferentes etapas del proceso legislativo y sobre las decisiones que se tomaron para la aprobación de la Ley, en torno a dos elementos fundamentales de ésta que son el delito político y la rebaja de penas. Para ello, se tiene en cuenta el enfoque neo-institucional y el concepto de agencia.