Quantitative comparison of reconstruction methods for intra-voxel fiber recovery from diffusion MRI.

Validation is arguably the bottleneck in the diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) community. This paper evaluates and compares 20 algorithms for recovering the local intra-voxel fiber structure from diffusion MRI data and is based on the results of the "HARDI reconstruction challenge" organized in the context of the "ISBI 2012" conference. Evaluated methods encompass a mixture of classical techniques well known in the literature such as diffusion tensor, Q-Ball and diffusion spectrum imaging, algorithms inspired by the recent theory of compressed sensing and also brand new approaches proposed for the first time at this contest. To quantitatively compare the methods under controlled conditions, two datasets with known ground-truth were synthetically generated and two main criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the reconstructions in every voxel: correct assessment of the number of fiber populations and angular accuracy in their orientation. This comparative study investigates the behavior of every algorithm with varying experimental conditions and highlights strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This information can be useful not only for enhancing current algorithms and develop the next generation of reconstruction methods, but also to assist physicians in the choice of the most adequate technique for their studies.

The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies: Channels of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion

The autonomous regulatory agency has recently become the ‘appropriate model’ of governance across countries and sectors. The dynamics of this process is captured in our data set, which covers the creation of agencies in 48 countries and 16 sectors since the 1920s. Adopting a diffusion approach to explain this broad process of institutional change, we explore the role of countries and sectors as sources of institutional transfer at different stages of the diffusion process. We demonstrate how the restructuring of national bureaucracies unfolds via four different channels of institutional transfer. Our results challenge theoretical approaches that overemphasize the national dimension in global diffusion and are insensitive to the stages of the diffusion process. Further advance in study of diffusion depends, we assert, on the ability to apply both cross-sectoral and cross-national analysis to the same research design and to incorporate channels of transfer with different causal mechanisms for different stages of the diffusion process.

Rigorous derivation of a nonlinear diffusion equation as fast-reaction limit of a continuous coagulation-fragmentation model with diffusion

Weak solutions of the spatially inhomogeneous (diffusive) Aizenmann-Bak model of coagulation-breakup within a bounded domain with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions are shown to converge, in the fast reaction limit, towards local equilibria determined by their mass. Moreover, this mass is the solution of a nonlinear diffusion equation whose nonlinearity depends on the (size-dependent) diffusion coefficient. Initial data are assumed to have integrable zero order moment and square integrable first order moment in size, and finite entropy. In contrast to our previous result [CDF2], we are able to show the convergence without assuming uniform bounds from above and below on the number density of clusters.

Regularity and mass conservation for discrete coagulation-fragmentation equations with diffusion

We present a new a-priori estimate for discrete coagulation fragmentation systems with size-dependent diffusion within a bounded, regular domain confined by homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Following from a duality argument, this a-priori estimate provides a global L2 bound on the mass density and was previously used, for instance, in the context of reaction-diffusion equations. In this paper we demonstrate two lines of applications for such an estimate: On the one hand, it enables to simplify parts of the known existence theory and allows to show existence of solutions for generalised models involving collision-induced, quadratic fragmentation terms for which the previous existence theory seems difficult to apply. On the other hand and most prominently, it proves mass conservation (and thus the absence of gelation) for almost all the coagulation coefficients for which mass conservation is known to hold true in the space homogeneous case.

A mixed finite element method for nonlinear diffusion equations

We propose a mixed finite element method for a class of nonlinear diffusion equations, which is based on their interpretation as gradient flows in optimal transportation metrics. We introduce an appropriate linearization of the optimal transport problem, which leads to a mixed symmetric formulation. This formulation preserves the maximum principle in case of the semi-discrete scheme as well as the fully discrete scheme for a certain class of problems. In addition solutions of the mixed formulation maintain exponential convergence in the relative entropy towards the steady state in case of a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation with uniformly convex potential. We demonstrate the behavior of the proposed scheme with 2D simulations of the porous medium equations and blow-up questions in the Patlak-Keller-Segel model.

Stabilized Petrov-Galerkin methods for the convection-diffusion-reaction and the Helmholtz equations

We present two new stabilized high-resolution numerical methods for the convection–diffusion–reaction (CDR) and the Helmholtz equations respectively. The work embarks upon a priori analysis of some consistency recovery procedures for some stabilization methods belonging to the Petrov–Galerkin framework. It was found that the use of some standard practices (e.g. M-Matrices theory) for the design of essentially non-oscillatory numerical methods is not feasible when consistency recovery methods are employed. Hence, with respect to convective stabilization, such recovery methods are not preferred. Next, we present the design of a high-resolution Petrov–Galerkin (HRPG) method for the 1D CDR problem. The problem is studied from a fresh point of view, including practical implications on the formulation of the maximum principle, M-Matrices theory, monotonicity and total variation diminishing (TVD) finite volume schemes. The current method is next in line to earlier methods that may be viewed as an upwinding plus a discontinuity-capturing operator. Finally, some remarks are made on the extension of the HRPG method to multidimensions. Next, we present a new numerical scheme for the Helmholtz equation resulting in quasi-exact solutions. The focus is on the approximation of the solution to the Helmholtz equation in the interior of the domain using compact stencils. Piecewise linear/bilinear polynomial interpolation are considered on a structured mesh/grid. The only a priori requirement is to provide a mesh/grid resolution of at least eight elements per wavelength. No stabilization parameters are involved in the definition of the scheme. The scheme consists of taking the average of the equation stencils obtained by the standard Galerkin finite element method and the classical finite difference method. Dispersion analysis in 1D and 2D illustrate the quasi-exact properties of this scheme. Finally, some remarks are made on the extension of the scheme to unstructured meshes by designing a method within the Petrov–Galerkin framework.

A geometric mechanism of diffusion: Rigorous verification in a priori unstable Hamiltonian systems

In this paper we consider a representative a priori unstable Hamiltonian system with 2+1/2 degrees of freedom, to which we apply the geometric mechanism for diffusion introduced in the paper Delshams et al., Mem.Amer.Math. Soc. 2006, and generalized in Delshams and Huguet, Nonlinearity 2009, and provide explicit, concrete and easily verifiable conditions for the existence of diffusing orbits. The simplification of the hypotheses allows us to perform explicitly the computations along the proof, which contribute to present in an easily understandable way the geometric mechanism of diffusion. In particular, we fully describe the construction of the scattering map and the combination of two types of dynamics on a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold.

Rôle de l'IRM cardiaque dans le dépistage des cardiomyopathies de l'adulte [Cardiomyopathy and cardiac magnetic resonance].

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a rapidly emerging non-invasive imaging technique free of X-Ray and offers higher spatial resolution than alternative forms of cardiac imaging for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) anatomy, function, and viability due to the unique capability of myocardial tissue characterization after gadolinium-chelates contrast administration. This imaging technique has clinical utility over a broad spectrum of heart diseases: ranging from ischaemic to non ischaemic aetiologies. Cardiomyopathies (CMP) are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with architectural abnormalities and mechanical dysfunction. CMR can help excluding coronary artery disease and can provide positive diagnostic features for several CMP resulted in better diagnosis and management, Leading to improvements in mortality.

Nocardiose oculaire endogène

IntroductionNous avons diagnostiqué et traité un patient atteint de nocardiose oculaire endogène. Grâce à la chirurgie vitréo-rétinienne, le diagnostique définitif a pu être établi avec un résultat oculaire fonctionnel excellent. La nocardiose oculaire endogène étant une maladie rare, l'image clinique oculaire et la prise en charge n'ont pas encore été décrites systématiquement. Nous avons analysé tous les cas rapportés dans la littérature mondiale (38 cas, publiés jusqu'en 2007) pour trouver des indices sur la physiopathologie, la présentation oculaire, sur la meilleure façon d'établir le diagnostique et sur l'efficacité du traitement antibiotique systémique. Enfin, nous avons établit des directives pour la prise en charge oculaire.La nocardiose (défini comme maladie systémique ou locale) est une maladie touchant surtout des patients immunosupprimés ou immunocompromis comme les patients transplantés, avec maladie auto-immune, atteints du virus HIV sans HAART ou des patients ayant subit un trauma, une opération avec inoculation du germe. Aux Etats-Unis environs 500-1000 nouveaux cas sont diagnostiqués par année avec 20% de dissémination dans des autres organes, le plus fréquemment dans le cerveau. Environs 0.6-1% des patients (3-5 cas/année/US) auront un foyer dans l'oeil, c'est-à-dire la nocardiose oculaire endogène. Nocarida est un Actinomycète, classé comme bactérie, avec une morphologie et un comportement proche aux champignons, avec un cycle de reproduction lente, se trouvant dans la poussière (ubiquitaire) et la matière végétale se décomposant. Elle est sensible aux sulfamides avec émergence de résistances. La mortalité est environs de 25%.RésultatsLa moitié des patients présentait comme premier signe de la maladie systémique des problèmes oculaires, le plus souvent une baisse d'acuité visuelle progressive indolore. Un abcès choroïdien unilatéral unique dans la région maculaire associé ou non à un décollement rétinien séreux et/ou à une vitrite variable était la présentation dans 70% des cas. Nocardia dissémine au niveau des choriocapillaires, rarement, dans l'iris résultant dans un hypopyon isolé. Il y a deux modes de propagation locale: vers l'intérieur, par une nécrose de l'épithélium pigmentaire avec l'envahissement de la rétine et du corps vitré; vers l'extérieure, produisant une sclérite résultant dans une perforation du globe. Avant la séquestration au niveau du corps vitré, la réponse au traitement par antibiose voie générale est favorable: 75% des cas analysés. La rupture de la barrière hémato-oculaire externe (épithélium pigmentaire) peut être mis en évidence par la fluorescence angiographique : les images tardives montrent la diffusion de la fluorescéine dans le corps vitré. Si le corps vitré est atteint, au minimum des injections antibiotiques intravitréen (amikacin), mieux une vitréctomie sont indiqué pour diminuer la charge bactérienne et faciliter la pénétration des antibiotiques donnés par voie systémique. Signes d'une extériorisation d'un abcès choroïdien sont des douleurs intenses, l'exophthalmie et l'hypopyon associé.Soixante-deux pourcents des patients ont souffert d'une dissémination continue par retardement du diagnostique/traitement. La moitié des patients ont eu des abcès cérébraux avant, simultanément ou après présentation. Un quart des patients sont décédés suite de la nocardiose, 32% incluant la maladie de base (tumeur maligne hématologique) ou des autres infections opportunistiques (aspergillose). La morbidité oculaire est importante: un tiers des patients survivants ont retenu une acuité visuelle 0.5 ou mieux, un tiers une acuité visuelle égale ou inférieure à 0.1 et un tiers ont perdu l'oeil par énucléation/éviscération(l). La suspicion clinique et la biopsie de la lésion pour un examen microbiologique direct et des cultures sont cruciales pour la prise en charge. Les risques facteurs sont sexe masculin (4 :1), stéroïdes, immunosuppression pour transplantation ou maladie auto-immune et des tumeurs hématologiques malignes, plus rarement des accidents/ traumas graves. La ponction directe de la lésion assure les meilleures chances pour collectionner un spécimen contenant des bactéries: dans des petits abcès sous-rétiniens maculaires par ponction transvitréenne sous-rétinienne par aiguille fine décrit par le Prof. Augsburger (Référence 7) ou dans des lésions avancées par biopsie sous-rétinienne/rétinienne pendant une vitréctomie selon l'extension et la localisation de l'abcès. Le spécimen doit être préparé pour un examen direct (4 lames) et des cultures utilisant des plaques ordinaires sauf exceptions. La suspicion doit être communiquée au laboratoire et les cultures incubées de façon prolongée (4-6 semaines). Un bilan d'extension avec au minimum un CT scan thoracique et une IRM cérébrale sont indiqués.Le traitement de choix est un antibiotique du groupe des sulfamides à haute dose comme par exemple le co- trimoxazole à double dose. Le choix, le nombre et le dosage du/des médicaments doivent être adapté selon résistance, extension de la maladie, médicaments autres et état de santé général du patient (foie, reins). Les figures 6a et 6b illustrent la prise en charge de patients selon diagnostique établit (Fig. 6b) ou non (Fig 6a).

IRM cardiaque dans le suivi des cardiopathies congénitales à l'âge adulte [Cardiac MRI in the follow-up of adult congenital cardiomyopathy patients].

Magnetic resonance imaging is a rapidly developing modality in cardiology. It offers an excellent image definition and a large field of view, allowing a more accurate morphological assessment of cardiac malformations. Due to its unique versatility and its ability to provide myocardial tissue characterization, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is now recognized as a central imaging modality for a wide range of congenital heart diseases, including assessment of post-surgical cardiac anatomy, quantification of valvular disease and detection of myocardial ischemia. CMR provides useful diagnostic information without any radiation exposure, and improves the global management of patients with congenital heart disease.

In vitro Comparison of Disk Diffusion and Agar Dilution Antibiotic Susceptibility Test Methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

At present, most Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing is done with ß-lactamase and agar dilution tests with common therapeutic agents. Generally, in bacteriological diagnosis laboratories in Argentina, study of antibiotic susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae is based on ß-lactamase determination and agar dilution method with common therapeutic agents. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has recently described a disk diffusion test that produces results comparable to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae, using a dispersion diagram for analyzing the correlation between both techniques. We obtained 57 gonococcal isolates from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Tucumán, Argentina. Antibiotic susceptibility tests using agar dilution and disk diffusion techniques were compared. The established NCCLS interpretive criteria for both susceptibility methods appeared to be applicable to domestic gonococcal strains. The correlation between the MIC's and the zones of inhibition was studied for penicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, spectinomycin, cefotaxime, cephaloridine, cephalexin, tetracycline, norfloxacin and kanamycin. Dispersion diagrams showed a high correlation between both methods.

On Lundh's percolation diffusion

A collection of spherical obstacles in the unit ball in Euclidean space is said to be avoidable for Brownian motion if there is a positive probability that Brownian motion diffusing from some point in the ball will avoid all the obstacles and reach the boundary of the ball. The centres of the spherical obstacles are generated according to a Poisson point process while the radius of an obstacle is a deterministic function. If avoidable configurations are generated with positive probability Lundh calls this percolation diffusion. An integral condition for percolation diffusion is derived in terms of the intensity of the point process and the function that determines the radii of the obstacles.

An introduction to model-independent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.

ABSTRACT: q-Space-based techniques such as diffusion spectrum imaging, q-ball imaging, and their variations have been used extensively in research for their desired capability to delineate complex neuronal architectures such as multiple fiber crossings in each of the image voxels. The purpose of this article was to provide an introduction to the q-space formalism and the principles of basic q-space techniques together with the discussion on the advantages as well as challenges in translating these techniques into the clinical environment. A review of the currently used q-space-based protocols in clinical research is also provided.