Obtenção e avaliação das potencialidades biológicas de complexos metálicos de 'ZN' e 'CO' contendo proteínas hidrolisadas do soro do leite

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Treinamento físico e antioxidantes enzimáticos no tecido cerebral de ratos diabéticos experimentais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased in liver and muscle in tila. pia from Monjolinho River, throughout the year, in relation to reference except in gills that SOD activity increased. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased in liver of the tilapia from Monjolinho River in all sites, in relation to reference except in gills that GST activity increased in July and decreased in November, suggesting that GST activity could be induced to neutralize the pollutants toxicity. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly decreased in white muscle indicating a toxic effect of pollutants, resulting in a decreased ability of tilapia to perform defense reactions associated to GSTs. The decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in gills of the O. niloticus together with the increase of SOD activity, could explain the increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in this organ. Metallothionein levels in liver and gills were significantly high in all sites. Results indicate that the exposure to metals caused severe damage to tissues; despite the consensually assumed antioxidant induction as a sign of exposure to contaminants the effects seem in part to be mediated by suppression of antioxidant system with SOD, CAT and GPx as potential candidates for tissues toxicity biomarkers of pollutants. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The antioxidant response of the liver of male Swiss mice raised on a AIN 93 or commercial diet

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed under natural physiological conditions and are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. A wide range of antioxidants are involved in cellular defense mechanisms against ROS, which can be generated in excess during stressful conditions, these include enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant responses of mice to two diets control, commercial and the purified AIN 93 diet, commonly used in experiments with rodents. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities determined in the liver were lower in the group of mice fed with the AIN 93 diet, while catalase (CAT) activity was higher in the same group, when compared to the group fed on the commercial diet. Liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was similar in the groups fed on either AIN 93 or the commercial diets. Two SOD isoforms, Mn-SODII and a Cu/Zn-SODV, were specifically reduced in the liver of the AIN 93 diet fed animals. Conclusions: The clear differences in antioxidant responses observed in the livers of mice fed on the two diets suggest that the macro- and micro-nutrient components with antioxidant properties, including vitamin E, can promote changes in the activity of enzymes involved in the removal of the ROS generated by cell metabolism.

Molecular clock or erratic evolution? A tale of two genes.

We have investigated the evolution of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh). The rate of amino acid replacements is 1 x 10(-10)/site/year when Drosophila species are compared. The rate is 2.7 times greater when Drosophila and Chymomyza species are compared; and about 5 times greater when any of those species are compared with the medfly Ceratitis capitata. This rate of 5 x 10(-10)/site/year is also the rate observed in comparisons between mammals, or between different animal phyla, or between the three multicellular kingdoms. We have also studied the evolution of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod). The rate of amino acid replacements is about 17 x 10(-10)/site/year when comparisons are made between dipterans or between mammals, but only 5 x 10(-10) when animal phyla are compared, and only 3 x 10(-10) when the multicellular kingdoms are compared. The apparent decrease by about a factor of 5 in the rate of SOD evolution as the divergence between species increases can be consistent with the molecular clock hypothesis by assuming the covarion hypothesis (namely, that the number of amino acids that can change is constant, but the set of such amino acids changes from time to time and from lineage to lineage). However, we know of no model consistent with the molecular clock hypothesis that would account for the increase in the rate of GPDH evolution as the divergence between species increases.

Subunit-destabilizing mutations in Drosophila copper/zinc superoxide dismutase: neuropathology and a model of dimer dysequilibrium.

Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), a hallmark of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) in humans, are shown here to confer striking neuropathology in Drosophila. Heterozygotes with one wild-type and one deleted SOD allele retain the expected 50% of normal activity for this dimeric enzyme. However, heterozygotes with one wild-type and one missense SOD allele show lesser SOD activities, ranging from 37% for a heterozygote carrying a missense mutation predicted from structural models to destabilize the dimer interface, to an average of 13% for several heterozygotes carrying missense mutations predicted to destabilize the subunit fold. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests a model of dimer dysequilibrium whereby SOD activity in missense heterozygotes is reduced through entrapment of wild-type subunits into unstable or enzymatically inactive heterodimers. This dramatic impairment of the activity of wild-type subunits in vivo has implications for our understanding of FALS and for possible therapeutic strategies.

Thin films of Cu, In and Sb chalcogenides as photovoltaic absorbers

Many different photovoltaic technologies are being developed for large-scale solar energy conversion such as crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film solar cells based on a-Si:H, CIGS and CdTe. As the demand for photovoltaics rapidly increases, there is a pressing need for the identification of new visible light absorbing materials for thin-film solar cells. Nowadays there are a wide range of earth-abundant absorber materials that have been studied around the world by different research groups. The current thin film photovoltaic market is dominated by technologies based on the use of CdTe and CIGS, these solar cells have been made with laboratory efficiencies up to 19.6% and 20.8% respectively. However, the scarcity and high cost of In, Ga and Te can limit in the long-term the production in large scale of photovoltaic devices. On the other hand, quaternary CZTSSe which contain abundant and inexpensive elements like Cu, Zn, Sn, S and Se has been a potential candidate for PV technology having solar cell efficiency up to 12.6%, however, there are still some challenges that must be accomplished for this material. Therefore, it is evident the need to find the alternative inexpensive and earth abundant materials for thin film solar cells. One of these alternatives is copper antimony sulfide(CuSbS2) which contains abundant and non-toxic elements which has a direct optical band gap of 1.5 eV, the optimum value for an absorber material in solar cells, suggesting this material as one among the new photovoltaic materials. This thesis work focuses on the preparation and characterization of In6Se7, CuSbS2 and CuSb(S1-xSex)2 thin films for their application as absorber material in photovoltaic structures using two stage process by the combination of chemical bath deposition and thermal evaporation.

Influence of soil properties on the abundance of plant species in ferruginous rocky soils vegetation, southeastern Brazil

Ferruginous "campos rupestres" are a particular type of vegetation growing on iron-rich primary soils. We investigated the influence of soil properties on plant species abundance at two sites of ferruginous "campos rupestres" and one site of quartzitic "campo rupestre", all of them in "Quadrilátero Ferrífero", in Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. In each site, 30 quadrats were sampled to assess plant species composition and abundance, and soil samples were taken to perform chemical and physical analyses. The analyzed soils are strongly acidic and presented low fertility and high levels of metallic cations; a principal component analysis of soil data showed a clear segregation among sites due mainly to fertility and heavy metals content, especially Cu, Zn, and Pb. The canonical correspondence analysis indicated a strong correlation between plant species abundance and soil properties, also segregating the sites.

Biological activity of metal-edds (ethylenediaminedisuccinate) complexes in K562 and PBMC cells

The effect of S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (edds) on the quenching of metal-catalyzed (metal = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) oxidation of ascorbic acid was tested in vitro via oxidation of the fluorescent probe 1,2,3-dihydrorhodamine dihydrochloride. The pro-oxidant activity of iron was not fully suppressed, even at a four-fold molar excess of the ligand. The effect of serum on the toxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and K562 cells was investigated. The cytotoxic effect of Fe-edds was abrogated in the presence of Trolox or serum proteins. The probable pathways of cell toxicity were investigated through blocking of the monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) in association with cell cycle studies by flow cytometry. Cells treated with metal complexes and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, a known MCT inhibitor, showed recovery of viability, suggesting that MCT proteins may be involved in the internalization of metal-edds complexes. The free acid induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 (PBMC) and S (K562) phases, suggesting direct DNA damage or interference in DNA replication.

Fontes de minerais orgânicos e inorgânicos para leitões desmamados

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos de fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas de microminerais sobre o desempenho, os parâmetros sanguíneos e a deposição de minerais em tecidos e órgãos de leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 54 leitões de genética comercial, desmamados com idade média de 24 dias e peso médio de 7,35±0,88kg, num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos, nove repetições e três animais por parcela. Os tratamentos foram representados pelo uso de rações suplementadas com minerais de fontes orgânicas ou inorgânicas (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Se) no período dos 24 aos 57 dias de idade. Foram avaliados o consumo diário de ração, o ganho diário de peso, a conversão alimentar, os parâmetros hematológicos e a deposição de minerais em tecidos e órgãos. As fontes orgânicas de minerais nas rações fornecidas dos 24 aos 57 dias de idade melhoraram o ganho diário de peso (P=0,06) e a conversão alimentar (P=0,05) e aumentaram o número de hemáceas (P=0,10), contudo não influenciaram a deposição de minerais no músculo masseter, fígado, coração, baço e rim. Portanto, o suplemento de minerais de fontes orgânicas foi mais eficiente para o desempenho dos leitões na fase de creche.

Plant growth limitation and nutrient loss following piled burning in slash and burn agriculture

In the forest zone of Cameroon, small-scale family farmers practicing traditional slash and burn practices achieve a clear field by piled burning of the branches and trunks of cleared vegetation. Plant growth inhibition on ash patches, and the risk of nutrient loss from these areas, was evaluated on field plots on which 0.5 t m(-2) or 1.0 t m(-2) of wood was piled and burnt, and in laboratory studies. The ash produced by burning was strongly alkaline, and laboratory bio-assessment studies showed that the saline, high pH conditions produced in ash patches prevented germination and plant growth for up to two wet seasons, as is observed in the field. Field and laboratory studies demonstrated rapid release (1 wet season) of K and S from the ash and the loss of a substantial portion of these nutrients from the soil profile by leaching. In contrast, leaching carries Mg from the ash gradually (3 to 4 wet seasons), while Ca, Cu, Zn and P are leached slowly. The nutrients contained in ash patches are considered at risk of loss both through leaching (K and S) and by erosion of ash (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and P). Farmers should be encouraged to spread ash patches prior to cultivation in order to exploit the nutrient content of ash and to lessen the risk of nutrient loss.

Evaluating the use of predatory insects as bioindicators of metals contamination due to sugarcane cultivation in neotropical streams

Streams located in areas of sugarcane cultivation receive high concentrations of metal ions from soils of the adjacent areas causing accumulation of metals in the aquatic sediment. This impact results in environmental problems and leads to bioaccumulation of metal ions in aquatic organisms. In the present study, metal concentrations in different predatory insects were studied in streams near sugarcane cultivation and compared to reference sites. Possible utilisation of predatory insects as bioindicators of metal contamination due to sugarcane cultivation from 13 neotropical streams was evaluated. Ion concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in adult Belostomatidae (Hemiptera) and in larvae of Libellulidae (Odonata) were analysed. Nine streams are located in areas with sugarcane cultivation, without riparian vegetation (classified as impacted area) and four streams were located in forested areas (reference sites). Metal concentrations in insects were higher near sugarcane cultivations than in control sites. Cluster analysis, complemented by an ANOSIM test, clearly showed that these insect groups are good potential bioindicators of metal contamination in streams located in areas with sugarcane cultivation and can be used in monitoring programmes. We also conclude that Libellulidae appeared to accumulate higher concentrations of metals than Belostomatidae.

Regulation of antioxidant enzymes gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during stationary phase

Gene expression of three antioxidant enzymes, Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,ZnSOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) was investigated in stationary phase Saccharomyces cerevisiae during menadione-induced oxidative stress. Both GR and Cu,ZnSOD mRNA steady state levels increased, reaching a plateau at about 90 min exposure to menadione. GR mRNA induction was higher than that of Cu,ZnSOD (about 14-fold and 9-fold after 90 min, respectively). A different pattern of response was obtained for MnSOD mRNA, with a peak at about 15 min (about 8-fold higher) followed by a decrease to a plateau approximately 4-fold higher than the control value. However, these increased mRNA levels did not result in increased protein levels and activities of these enzymes. Furthermore, exposure to menadione decreased MnSOD activity to half its value, indicating that the enzyme is partially inactivated due to oxidative damage. Cu,ZnSOD protein levels were increased 2-fold, but MnSOD protein levels were unchanged after exposure to menadione in the presence of the proteolysis inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. These results indicate that the rates of Cu,ZnSOD synthesis and proteolysis are increased, while the rates of MnSOD synthesis and proteolysis are unchanged by exposure to menadione. Also, the translational efficiency for both enzymes is probably decreased, since increases in protein levels when proteolysis is inhibited do not reflect the increases in mRNA levels. Our results indicate that oxidative stress modifies MnSOD, Cu,ZnSOD, and GR gene expression in a complex way, not only at the transcription level but also at the post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.

Contribuição para o estudo da composição mineral de alguns vinhos açorianos comercializados

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Agronómica, 22 de Fevereiro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Growth and Raman scattering characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

In the present work we report the results of the growth, morphological and structural characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films prepared by sulfurization of DC magnetron sputtered Cu/Zn/Sn precursor layers. The adjustment of the thicknesses and the properties of the precursors were used to control the final composition of the films. Its properties were studied by SEM/EDS, XRD and Raman scattering. The influence of the sulfurization temperature on the morphology, composition and structure of the films has been studied. With the presented method we have been able to prepare CZTS thin films with the kesterite structure.