Developing a Libyan information privacy framework

This thesis considers how an information privacy system can and should develop in Libya. Currently, no information privacy system exists in Libya to protect individuals when their data is processed. This research reviews the main features of privacy law in several key jurisdictions in light of Libya's social, cultural, and economic context. The thesis identifies the basic principles that a Libyan privacy law must consider, including issues of scope, exceptions, principles, remedies, penalties, and the establishment of a legitimate data protection authority. This thesis concludes that Libya should adopt a strong information privacy law framework and highlights some of the considerations that will be relevant for the Libyan legislature.

The Arab Spring and its social media audiences : English and Arabic Twitter users and their networks

2011 ‘Arab Spring’ are likely to overstate the impact of Facebook and Twitter on these uprisings, it is nonetheless true that protests and unrest in countries from Tunisia to Syria generated a substantial amount of social media activity. On Twitter alone, several millions of tweets containing the hashtags #libya or #egypt were generated during 2011, both by directly affected citizens of these countries, and by onlookers from further afield. What remains unclear, though, is the extent to which there was any direct interaction between these two groups (especially considering potential language barriers between them). Building on hashtag datasets gathered between January and November 2011, this paper compares patterns of Twitter usage during the popular revolution in Egypt and the civil war in Libya. Using custom-made tools for processing ‘big data’, we examine the volume of tweets sent by English-, Arabic-, and mixed-language Twitter users over time, and examine the networks of interaction (variously through @replying, retweeting, or both) between these groups as they developed and shifted over the course of these uprisings. Examining @reply and retweet traffic, we identify general patterns of information flow between the English- and Arabic-speaking sides of the Twittersphere, and highlight the roles played by users bridging both language spheres.

The BRICS and R2P : contestation, re-interpretation and norm entrepreneurship

The intra-state humanitarian crises in Libya and Syria have led to renewed debate over the content and implementation of pillar three of the responsibility to protect (R2P). This paper examines the BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) current perspectives on R2P and their recent efforts to shape the concept’s evolution. While Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” (RwP) proposal has been widely discussed, the central focus here is on the lesser-known, semi-official Chinese idea of “Responsible Protection” (RP). Like RwP, RP proposes decision-making criteria and accountability mechanisms for UN-authorised military intervention under R2P’s third pillar. This paper argues that although RP draws heavily on previous R2P proposals such as the original 2001 ICISS report and Brazil’s RwP, by amalgamating and re-packaging these earlier ideas in a more restrictive form the Chinese initiative represents a new and distinctive interpretation of R2P. However, as it currently stands, some aspects of RP appear to be framed too strictly to provide workable guidelines for determining the permissibility of R2P military intervention, and would, therefore, benefit from clarification and refinement. Of broader significance, China’s RP and Brazil’s RwP initiatives point to the growing willingness of rising, non-Western powers to articulate and promote their own normative preferences on sovereignty, intervention and global governance. This development has potential implications both for R2P’s evolution and for the structure of the international system.

China's "Responsible Protection" concept : re-interpreting the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and military intervention for humanitarian purposes

This article assesses the extent to which the recently formulated Chinese concept of “Responsible Protection” (RP) offers a valuable contribution to the normative debate over R2P’s third pillar following the controversy over military intervention in Libya. While RP draws heavily on previous proposals such as the original 2001 ICISS report and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” (RwP), by amalgamating and re-packaging these earlier ideas in a more restrictive form the initiative represents a new and distinctive interpretation of R2P. However, some aspects of RP are framed too narrowly to provide workable guidelines for determining the permissibility of military intervention for civilian protection purposes, and should therefore be clarified and refined. Nevertheless, the Chinese proposal remains significant because it offers important insights into Beijing’s current stance on R2P. More broadly, China’s RP and Brazil’s RwP initiatives illustrate the growing willingness of rising, non-Western powers to assert their own normative preferences on sovereignty, intervention and global governance.

Protection of intellectual property in Islamic Shari'a and the development of the Libyan intellectual property system

This thesis introduces a theory of intellectual property (IP) law informed by Islamic Shari'a. The sources and objectives of Islamic Shari'a support the theoretical framework underpinning IP laws. However, they strongly emphasise the importance of development goals in intellectual property policy making. This thesis argues that an optimal IP system from an Islamic perspective shall not overprotect IP holders but should instead endeavor to empower people to access knowledge resources to enhance access to education, public health and economic opportunities. Taking Libya as a case study, this thesis makes recommendations for the improvement of IP law that have important broader implications for developing countries.

Digital Spring? New media and new politics on the campus

Whilst the dynamics informing processes have taken time to become clear, civic resistance initiated by young people using new media began in Egypt in 2010 against the Mubarak regime, soon widened to Tunisia, Yemen and Libya. Known as the 'Arab Spring', this phenomenon re-ignited discussion about the political role of digital space and its democratic potential. While parallels between authoritarian regimes and universities and educational institutions might seem overdrawn to some readers, I suggest there is value in considering the 'Digital Spring' (apropos the 'Arab Spring') as a metaphor to suggest the possibility that similar processes are taking place in schools and universities. This invites discussion about the political significance of digital space and its democratic potential in those institutions. To assess how some young people engage in digitally mediated politics within schools and universities, I identify five propositions which amalgamate descriptive and normative elements derived from Habermas and Dahlgren. These propositions offer an ideal taxonomy of normative and descriptive elements to establish whether digital technology promotes participation and debate in ways that sustain democratic practice.

Fast growth of polycrystalline graphene by chemical vapor deposition of ethanol on copper

High conductive graphene films can be grown on metal foils by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We here analyzed the use of ethanol, an economic precursor, which results also safer than commonly-used methane. A comprehensive range of process parameters were explored in order to obtain graphene films with optimal characteristics in view of their use in optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Commercially-available and electro-polished copper foils were used as substrates. By finely tuning the CVD conditions, we obtained few-layer (2-4) graphene films with good conductivity (-500 Ohm/sq) and optical transmittance around 92-94% at 550 nm on unpolished copper foils. The growth on electro-polished copper provides instead predominantly mono-layer films with lower conductivity (>1000 Ohm/sq) and with a transmittance of 97.4% at 550 nm. As for the device properties, graphene with optimal properties as transparent conductive film were produced by CVD on standard copper with specific process conditions.

Kaukainen rakkaus : Saavuttamattomuuden semantiikka Kaija Saariahon oopperassa

L Amour de loin: The semantics of the unattainable in Kaija Saariaho s opera Kaija Saariaho (born 1952) is one of the most internationally successful Finnish composers there has ever been. Her first opera L Amour de loin (Love from afar, 1999-2000) has been staged all over the world and has won a number of important prizes. The libretto written for L Amour de loin by Amin Malouf (born 1949) sets the work firmly in the culture of courtly love and the troubadours, which flourished in Occitania in the South of France during the Middle Ages. The male lead in the opera is the troubadour Jaufré Rudel, who lived in the twelfth century and is known to have taken part in the Second Crusade in 1147-1148. This doctoral thesis L Amour de loin: The semantics of the unattainable in Kaija Saariaho s opera, which comes within the field of musicology and opera research, examines the dimensions of meaning contained in Kaija Saariaho s opera L Amour de loin. This hermeneutic-semiotic study is the first doctoral thesis dealing with Saariaho to be completed at the University of Helsinki. It is also the first thesis-level study of Saariaho s opera to be completed anywhere in the world. The study focuses on the libretto and music of the opera, that is to say the dramatic text (L Amour de loin 1980), and examines on the one hand the dimensions of meaning produced by the dramatic text and on the other, the way in which they fix the dramatic text in a historical and cultural context. Thus the study helps to answer questions about the dimensions of meaning contained in the dramatic text of the opera and how they can be interpreted. The most important procedural viewpoint is Lawrence Kramer s hermeneutic window (1990), supplemented by Raymond Monelle s semiotic theory of musical topics (2000, 2006) and the philosophical concept of Emmanuel Levinas (1996, 2002) in which the latter acts as an instrument for semantic interpretation to build up an analysis. The analytical section of the study is built around the three characters in the opera, Jaufré Rudel, Clémence the Countess of Tripoli, and the Pilgrim. The study shows that the music of Saariaho, who belongs to the third generation of Finnish modernists, has become distanced from the post-serial aesthetic towards a more diatonic form of expression. There is diatonicity, for instance, in the sonorous individuality of the male lead, which is based on the actual melodies of the historical Jaufré Rudel. The use of outside material in this context is exceptional in the work of Saariaho. At the same time, Saariaho s opera contains a wealth of expressive devices she has used in her earlier work. It became apparent during the study that, as a piece of music, L Amour de loin is a many layered and multi-dimensional work that does not unambiguously represent any single stylistic trend or aesthetic. Despite the composer s post-serial background and its abrasive relationship with opera, L Amour de loin is firmly attached to the tradition of western opera. The analysis based on the theory of musical topics that was carried out in the study, shows that topics referring to death and resurrection, used in opera since the seventeenth century, appear in L Amour de loin. The troubadour topic, mainly identified with the harp, also emerges in the work. The study also shows that the work is firmly attached to the tradition of western opera in other aspects, too, such as the travesti or trouser role played by the Pilgrim, and the idea of deus ex machina derived from Ancient Greek theatre. The study shows that the concept of love based on the medieval practices of courtly love, and the associated longing for another defined by almost 1,000 years of western culture, are both manifested in the semantics of Kaija Saariaho s opera which takes its place in the contemporary music genre.

Frescos caballerescos y artúricos en el norte de Italia : tres castillos en los alrededores de Trento

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

[Discurso do Deputado Áureo Melo : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 30 de outubro de 1964]

Alerta para o não cumprimento do decreto do Presidente Castello Branco que regulou o horário único para os servidores da NOVACAP. Comenta o projeto apresentado pelo Deputado Eurico de Oliveira dispondo sobre o retorno da capital da República para o Rio de Janeiro.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 138 A]

O Senador Mauro Benevides (PMDB-CE) assume a Presidência da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) e preside a primeira sessão plenária do período de debates do novo anteprojeto. A Reforma Agrária terá dez artigos. A Deputada Raquel Capiberibe (PSB-AP) relata que o texto não reflete as aspirações do povo. O Deputado Vicente Bogo (PMDB-RS) relata que a reforma agrária atingirá o latifundiário e o pequeno proprietário. O Deputado Tadeu França (PMDB-PR) defende que as propriedades dos Estados do sul tenham, no máximo, mil hectares e, nas demais regiões, hum mil e quinhentos hectares. O Deputado Carlos Cardinal (PDT-RS) reivindica recursos para que hajam desapropriações rápidas. O Deputado Waldyr Pugliesi (PMDB-PR) esclarece que foram aprovados dispositivos que implicariam a derrogação de alguns artigos do Estatuto da Terra, uma lei criada no Governo Castello Branco, concluindo que a nova Constituição terá que avançar e jamais retroagir.

Eigenmannia trilineata (Teleostomi, Sternopyginae). Nueva especie hallada en el Río de la Plata.

Revisando los gimnótidos del Río de la Plata, se halló una forma afin a Eigenmannia virescens con la que ha sido confundida.

Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch y Schneider) (Teleostomi, Sternopyginae). Primera cita para la Argentina.

Revisando la colección de gimnótidos del MACN, se hallaron dos ejemplares de Sternopygus macrurus procedentes del Riacho de Oro, afluente del río Paraguay, en la provincia de Formosa. Se amplío la distribución de esta especie al norte de la Argentina.

Os tempos da escrita na obra de Clarice Lispector

Apoiados nos ensinamentos de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan, partimos de um pressuposto: as obras concebidas por Clarice Lispector no intervalo de tempo entre 1964 e 1973 colocam em evidência a operação que inscreve o ser falante no campo da linguagem. Talvez por isso, nesse contexto, seja possível perceber a consolidação de uma mudança em seu estilo, considerando que, de acordo com uma determinada vertente da crítica literária, existem pelo menos dois ciclos estilísticos ao analisarmos o conjunto da obra da escritora. Esses dois ciclos são determinados quando se opera uma torção na voz narrativa, que se desloca da terceira para a primeira pessoa. Essa torção tem como marco o livro A Paixão Segundo G.H. e se consolida em 1973, com o livro Água Viva. Supomos que a mudança no estilo de Clarice Lispector corresponde à torção que engaja o ser falante nas vicissitudes do corpo, em sua origem. Assim, é por povoar o mundo dos afetos que a repercussão de determinadas leituras nos leva à seguinte constatação: haveria escritos cuja temporalidade remonta à suspensão da fantasia, motivo pelo qual se prestam a transmitir o real da experiência de uma primeira inscrição, por via do encontro entre leitor e texto. Tratar-se-iam de escritos cuja temporalidade remete ao instante em que a morte se inscreve nas malhas corporais, resultantes do que escapa ao simbólico, o real. Na intimidade do pulsional, tais práticas testemunham o momento em que a língua materna (Lalangue) faz marca no corpo, desembocando no tempo da inscrição do traço unário; o que permite ao sujeito falar, fazendo frente, por via de uma nomeação, à falta de um significante no campo do Outro, . No decorrer do presente trabalho, vimos que Lacan, ao entrelaçar saber inconsciente e poesia, assim o fez na tentativa de transmitir a fugacidade de um instante no qual o inconsciente aflora. Ao se colocar no lugar de agente da poesia, Lacan é levado a especificar a verdade como sendo poética, situando a poesia como fundamentalmente ligada ao seu estilo e à transmissibilidade da psicanálise. Com Clarice Lispector, algo se transmite. E foi com ela que retomamos importantes textos de Jacques Lacan sobre o tema da escrita, dentre os quais, a lição sobre Lituraterra e o seminário Le sinthome. Acompanhamos o seu percurso a respeito do traço unário, desde o seminário da identificação, deixando-nos interrogar sobre a potência de uma imagem que está para além do que é representável. Por isso, ao final de nosso trabalho, enfatizamos o estatuto de uma escrita que se produz por via de um ato que conjuga o traço unário ao objeto a em sua vertente olhar.