Protegendo a floresta, reconfigurando espaços na Amazônia: o caso do Projeto de Assentamento Extrativista Santa Maria Auxiliadora, Humaitá (AM)

Este trabalho trata do processo de implementação do Projeto de Assentamento Extrativista (PAE) Santa Maria Auxiliadora, localizado em Humaitá (AM). São debatidas as políticas públicas de assentamentos rurais e os desafios da mediação entre racionalidades distintas na percepção e na utilização da terra e da natureza. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com as técnicas de observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Verificou-se o dilema do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra), que, sob as pressões da política agrária nacional, visando o desempenho quantitativo, deveria conduzir a implementação do PAE de forma a atender às peculiaridades da comunidade. Observa-se que o assentamento planejado é reconfigurado com a dinâmica da vida da comunidade, tendo os agora "assentados" como importantes agentes de ressignificação e territorialização desse espaço.

OS MÚLTIPLOS SIGNIFICADOS DA ALFORRIA EM UMA ÁREA MINERADORA PERIFÉRICA DA AMÉRICA PORTUGUESA: RIO DE CONTAS, BAHIA – SÉCULO XVIII

Analiso neste artigo as leituras que libertos e senhores fizeram da alforria e o que representavam os diferentes tipos de manumissão na experiência de liberdade em uma área mineradora periférica da América portuguesa: a vila de Rio de Contas, capitania da Bahia. Após discutir o tipo de fonte que tem sido privilegiado na maioria dos estudos sobre o tema, analiso qual tipo de alforria foi mais relevante em Rio de Contas para entender os sentidos que escravos e senhores lhe atribuíram.

Perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em menores de quinze anos de idade, Manaus (AM), 1998-2005

OBJETIVO: Analisar a situação epidemiológica da hanseníase em crianças, em zona urbana. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 474 casos de hanseníase, em menores de 15 anos, detectados na zona urbana de Manaus (AM), de 1998 a 2005. A partir dos dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação foram analisados o perfil da endemia e a qualidade do atendimento nos serviços de saúde, utilizando os indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais Programa Nacional de Eliminação da Hanseníase. RESULTADOS: Os casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos corresponderam a 10,4% do total de casos detectados no período. O coeficiente de detecção nessa faixa etária manteve-se no nível hiperendêmico entre 1998 e 2003, reduzindo a partir do ano de 2004 mas mantendo endemicidade muito alta. A forma clínica mais freqüente foi a tuberculóide, seguida da dimorfa. As formas paucibacilares corresponderam a 70,7% dos casos e no momento do diagnóstico, o grau de incapacidades foi avaliado em 94,7% dos pacientes, dos quais 2,9% apresentaram incapacidades físicas. A maioria dos casos (99,4%) foi tratada com o esquema poliquimioterápico da Organização Mundial da Saúde. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de seu decréscimo, o coeficiente de detecção da hanseníase nas crianças em Manaus mantém nível de endemicidade muito alto.

Development of a simple analytical method for the simultaneousdetermination of paracetamol, paracetamol-glucuronide andp-aminophenol in river water

Paracetamol is among the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. Although its occurrence in the environment is well documented, data about the presence of its metabolites and transformation products is very scarce. The present work describes the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol, its principal metabolite (paracetamol-glucuronide) and its main transformation product (p-aminophenol) based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The method was applied to analysis of river waters, showing to be suitable to be used in routine analysis. Different SPE sorbents were compared and the use of two Oasis WAX cartridges in tandem proved to be the most adequate approach for sample clean up and pre-concentration. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection in the range 40–67 ng/L were obtained, as well as mean recoveries between 60 and 110% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 6%. Finally, the developed SPE-HPLC/DAD method was successfully applied to the analysis of the selected compounds in samples from seven rivers located in the north of Portugal. Nevertheless all the compounds were detected, it was the first time that paracetamol-glucuronide was found in river water at concentrations up to 3.57 μg/L.

Optimization of River Water Quality Surveys by Multivariate Analysis of Physicochemical, Bacteriological and Ecotoxicological Data

This study aims to optimize the water quality monitoring of a polluted watercourse (Leça River, Portugal) through the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). These statistical methodologies were applied to physicochemical, bacteriological and ecotoxicological data (with the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the green alga Chlorella vulgaris) obtained with the analysis of water samples monthly collected at seven monitoring sites and during five campaigns (February, May, June, August, and September 2006). The results of some variables were assigned to water quality classes according to national guidelines. Chemical and bacteriological quality data led to classify Leça River water quality as “bad” or “very bad”. PCA and CA identified monitoring sites with similar pollution pattern, giving to site 1 (located in the upstream stretch of the river) a distinct feature from all other sampling sites downstream. Ecotoxicity results corroborated this classification thus revealing differences in space and time. The present study includes not only physical, chemical and bacteriological but also ecotoxicological parameters, which broadens new perspectives in river water characterization. Moreover, the application of PCA and CA is very useful to optimize water quality monitoring networks, defining the minimum number of sites and their location. Thus, these tools can support appropriate management decisions.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw water from the Atibaia river, Campinas, Brazil

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis are waterborne parasites that have caused several outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease associated with drinking water. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these protozoa in water in the Southeast of Brazil, an investigation was conducted to verify the presence of cysts and oocysts in superficial raw water of the Atibaia River. The water samples were submitted to membrane filtration (3.0 mum) and elution was processed by (1) scraping and rinsing of membrane (RM method) and (2) acetone-dissolution (ADM method). Microbiologic and chemical parameters were analyzed. Aliquots of the pellets were examined by immunofluorescence (Merifluor, Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio). All water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, in spite of the high turbidity. Higher recovery rates occurred in samples treated by the RM method than by the ADM technique. The goal for future work is the assessment of viability of cysts and oocysts to determine the public health significance of this finding.

Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, collected from a natural nursery in the Cocó river estuary, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Oysters are edible organisms that are often ingested partially cooked or even raw, presenting therefore a very high risk to the consumers' health, especially in tropical regions. The presence of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters sampled at an estuary in the Brazilian northeastern region was studied, with 300 oysters tested through an 8-months period. The salinity of the water at the sampling point varied between 3% and 27‰. V. cholerae was the most frequently detected species (33.3% of the samples), and of the 22 V. cholerae isolates, 20 were identified as non-O1/non-O139, with two of the colonies presenting a rough surface and most of remaining ones belonging to the Heiberg II fermentation group. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from just one of the samples. Other bacteria such as Providencia spp., Klebsiella spp. and Morganella morganii were also isolated.

Low efficacy of azithromycin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

An open trial to evaluate the azithromycin efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was carried out in Manaus (AM), where Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is the main etiologic agent. Forty-one patients with skin lesions of less than 12 weeks duration, without specific treatment for the last three months and a positive imprint to Leishmania sp. were included. From these, 31 (75.6%) were male with median age of 30.2. All of them received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for ten days. At 25th day, 16 (39%) presented therapeutic failure and received intramuscular pentavalent antimonial, four were considered lost, 21, that had improved or were inaltered received another ten-day series of azithromycin and were monthly followed, but nine (21.9%) of them presented a poor clinical response and switched to intramuscular pentavalent antimonial on day 55. Of the 12 remaining cases evaluated on day 55, despite of clinical improvement, three asked for antimony therapy and 9 (21.9%) continued the follow-up but, only three were cured on 55th, 85th and 115th days, and six did not come back for final evaluation. The intention-treatment overall response rate was 22% and whole cure was seen in three (7.3%) of cases. Thus, azithromycin showed a low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

Failure of both azithromycin and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

A non-randomized controlled clinical trial was carried outin order to evaluate both azithromycin and antimony efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Forty nine patients from both genders, aged 14 to 70, with cutaneous ulcers for less than three months and a positive imprint for Leishmania spp. amastigotes were recruited into two groups. Group I (26 patients) received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for 20 days and Group II (23 patients) received a daily-single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg of meglumine antimony, also for 20 days. Azithromycin cured three of 24 (12.5%) patients on days 60, 90 and 120 respectively whereas therapeutic failure was considered in 21 of 24 (87.5%) cases. In group II, antimony cured eight of 19 (42.1%) cases as follows: three on day 30, one each on day 60 and day 90, and three on day 120. Therapeutic failure occurred in 11 of 19 (57.9%) individuals. The efficacy of antimony for leishmaniasis was better than azithromycin but analysis for the intention-to-treat response rate did not show statistical difference between them. Although azithromycin was better tolerated, it showed a very low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.

Jean Renoir. The River: Uma história ou um lugar? Passagem pela Índia

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação

Pesquisa de Vibrio cholerae 01 em amostras fecais da população urbana de Manacapuru, AM

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar portadores assintomáticos do vibrião colérico em Manacapuru, AM, 1249 amostras fecais foram obtidas por swab retal e submetidas à análise bacteriológica. Vibrio cholerae O1 não foi detectado. Foram isolados e identificados: V. funissii em 12 (0,9%) amostras, V. fluvialis, em 4 (0,3%) e V. hollisae em 1 (0,1%).