Between Equity and Differentiation: An Analytical Schema of the Social Function of Education

The educational sphere has an internal function relatively agreed by social scientists. Nonetheless, the contribution that educational systems provide to the society (i.e., their social function) does not have the same degree of consensus. Taking into consideration such theoretical precedent, the current article raises an analytical schema to grasp the social function of education considering a sociological perspective. Starting from the assumption that there is an intrinsic relationship between the internal and social functions of social systems, we suggest there are particular stratification determinants modifying the internal pedagogical function of education, which impact on its social function by creating simultaneous conditions of equity and differentiation. Throughout the paper this social function is considered a paradoxical mechanism. We highlight how this paradoxical dynamic is deployed in different structural levels of the educational sphere. Additionally, we discuss eventual consequences of this paradoxical social function for the inclusion possibilities that educational systems offer to individuals.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 635 - "The Social Function of Philosophy" (p. IX 11)

"The Social Function of Philosophy" (GS 4, S. 332-351), veröffentlicht in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science VIII, 1939, S.322-337, a) englischer Vortragstext, Typoskript 16 Blatt, b) dass., Typoskript, 28 Blatt, c) dass., Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 42 Blatt, d) deutsche Fassung des Vortragstextes, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 26 Blatt, e) dass., Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 26 Blatt, f) deutsche Übersetzung von Kurt Jürgen Huch und Alfred Schmidt des in der Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung veröffentlichten Textes mit dem Titel: "Die gesellschaftliche Funktion der Philosophie", veröffentlicht in Max Horkheimer, "Kritische Theorie", Bd. II, 1968, S. 292-312, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 33 Blatt;

Living with osteoarthritis: Patient expenditures, health status, and social impact

Objective. To determine out-of-pocket expenditures related to osteoarthritis (OA) and to explore whether demographic details, health status scores (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form [SF-36] and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]), or perception of social effect were expenditure determinants. Methods. A prospective cohort study of community-dwelling subjects with OA completed 4 consecutive 3-month cost diaries. In addition, subjects completed the SF-36 and WOMAC at baseline and at 12 months. Social impact at baseline was collected. Four groups categorized by age and sex were compared. Patients undergoing joint replacement were excluded. Results. Differences in health status were defined more by age than by sex, especially for physical function. The costs to the patients were high, particularly for women, who spent more on medications and special equipment. Women also reported receiving more assistance from family and friends. Higher disease-related expenditures were associated with greater pain levels, poorer social function and mental health, and longer duration of disease. Significant independent predictors of total patient expenditures related to OA were being female and having joint stiffness. Conclusion. Despite having heavily subsidized health care and access to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, out-of-pocket costs for patients with OA in Australia are considerable. Higher expenditures for patients with OA are related to more advanced disease, especially for women.

Physiological reactivity and the perception of emotional stimuli as they relate to social adaptive functioning after traumatic brain injury / y Melonie Jane Hopkins.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often affects social adaptive functioning and these changes in social adaptability are usually associated with general damage to the frontal cortex. Recent evidence suggests that certain neurons within the orbitofrontal cortex appear to be specialized for the processing of faces and facial expressions. The orbitofrontal cortex also appears to be involved in self-initiated somatic activation to emotionally-charged stimuli. According to Somatic Marker Theory (Damasio, 1994), the reduced physiological activation fails to provide an individual with appropriate somatic cues to personally-relevant stimuli and this, in turn, may result in maladaptive behaviour. Given the susceptibility of the orbitofrontal cortex in TBI, it was hypothesized that impaired perception and reactivity to socially-relevant information might be responsible for some of the social difficulties encountered after TBL Fifteen persons who sustained a moderate to severe brain injury were compared to age and education matched Control participants. In the first study, both groups were presented with photographs of models displaying the major emotions and either asked to identify the emotions or simply view the faces passively. In a second study, participants were asked to select cards from decks that varied in terms of how much money could be won or lost. Those decks with higher losses were considered to be high-risk decks. Electrodermal activity was measured concurrently in both situations. Relative to Controls, TBI participants were found to have difficulty identifying expressions of surprise, sadness, anger, and fear. TBI persons were also found to be under-reactive, as measured by electrodermal activity, while passively viewing slides of negative expressions. No group difference,in reactivity to high-risk card decks was observed. The ability to identify emotions in the face and electrodermal reactivity to faces and to high-risk decks in the card game were examined in relationship to social monitoring and empathy as described by family members or friends on the Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire (BAFQ). Difficulties identifying negative expressions (i.e., sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) predicted problems in monitoring social situations. As well, a modest relationship was observed between hypo-arousal to negative faces and problems with social monitoring. Finally, hypo-arousal in the anticipation of risk during the card game related to problems in empathy. In summary, these data are consistent with the view that alterations in the ability to perceive emotional expressions in the face and the disruption in arousal to personally-relevant information may be accounting for some of the difficulties in social adaptation often observed in persons who have sustained a TBI. Furthermore, these data provide modest support for Damasio's Somatic Marker Theory in that physiological reactivity to socially-relevant information has some value in predicting social function. Therefore, the assessment of TBI persons, particularly those with adaptive behavioural problems, should be expanded to determine whether alterations in perception and reactivity to socially-relevant stimuli have occurred. When this is the case, rehabilitative strategies aimed more specifically at these difficulties should be considered.

La influencia de León Duguit en la reforma social de 1936 en Colombia: El sistema jurídico, la función social de la propiedad y la teoría de los servicios públicos

El documento muestra la sólida influencia de la corriente doctrinal del profesor francés León Duguit (1859 – 1928), en la reforma constitucional colombiana de 1936, desde tres perspectivas: El sistema jurídico, la función social de la propiedad y los servicios públicos. Para el primer tercio del siglo XX, en Colombia, al igual que sucedía en Norteamérica y los países europeos que encauzaban nuestra tradición jurídica, las tesis individualistas sobre el modelo de Estado y el derecho, habían envejecido, y se planteaban nuevas interpretaciones del sistema jurídico imperante y del papel del Estado en la sociedad, en Colombia, el francés, León Duguit secundaría de manera decisiva, aunque no exclusiva, tal proceso.

Contra los métodos en el Derecho Internacional: una crítica a partir de su contribución para la realización de la función social de la dogmática jurídica

Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar la utilidad de los métodos para el cumplimiento de la función social de la dogmática jurídica. En este contexto, los métodos son presentados como instrumentos para formular respuestas más precisas en el ámbito de la práctica jurídica. Se intentará demostrar la imposibilidad ontológica de logro en esta tarea. Los métodos no pueden conferir más certidumbre a los argumentos dogmáticos. Para poder demostrarlo, a través de investigación bibliográfica, se expondrá el debate sobre el método en la actualidad de la academia jurídica internacional, para después dedicarse a un ejemplo que sirve de punto de partida para el análisis del problema: la indeterminación del contenido de la costumbre internacional. Con base en los métodos más conocidos, se investigan las respuestas que pueden ofrecer al problema práctico de la costumbre. El resultado es negativo, lo que comprueba la hipótesis inicial: hay que abandonar el sueño de un método teórico de modelo deductivo para dar certidumbre a la "ciencia" del Derecho.

A Administração Reconstrutiva na Falência de empresas com Função Social Relevante

A função social da empresa e, a finalidade do instituto da falência, são analisadas perante os reais interesses da coletividade na preservação dos empreendimentos que, embora bons irradiadores de beneficios sociais e econômicos à comunidade, enfrentam dificuldades financeiras. Diversas formas de como conduzir a gestão administrativa da empresa, enquanto beneficiária da proteção legal, são contempladas e, sugerida a adoção de uma gestão reconstrutiva, focada na recuperação da empresa enquanto beneficio ao conjunto da coletividade.

As origens doutrinárias e a interpretação da função social dos contratos no código civil brasileiro

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa.

A função social da propriedade : do CC/1916 ao CC/2000

A disciplina da função social da propriedade e o seu tratamento no âmbito do Direito Civil constituem o tema central deste trabalho. O estudo do tema proposto parte do exame do que denominamos pressupostos teóricos da função social da propriedade, onde situamos a origem da noção função social avançando para o exame de suas diversas manifestações, tendo por base os diplomas legais vigentes e os diferentes contextos jurídicos examinados, o que remete à especial consideração do CC/1916, da CF/88 e do CC/2002. Tal perspectiva exige, ainda, ainda uma abordagem dos fenômenos jurídicos que são subjacentes a esses instrumentos legais. Estabelecida a base teórica, prossegue-se com a verificação de sua aplicação prática, o que se revela na análise da contribuição da doutrina para a compreensão da regra do art. 1.228, § 1.º, CC/2002, bem como mediante uma exegese particular dessa norma e, ainda, no exame da contribuição da jurisprudência, o que abrange a interpretação das diferentes concepções da função social da propriedade recolhidas nas decisões dos Tribunais locais. De tudo resulta a tentativa de precisar as diferentes expressões da função social da propriedade como elemento de harmonização dos interesses sociais e individuais direcionado à concretização da justiça social.

Conceito jurídico de empresa: uma interpretação à luz da sua função social

A monografia trata acerca da influência que a função social da empresa exerce sobre o conceito de empresa. O entendimento sobre a função social da empresa não é pacífico, mas é consensual que a Constituição de 1988 o consagrou como princípio da ordem econômica. A constitucionalização do direito privado é determinante para os efeitos do princípio da função social da empresa. O ponto central do trabalho é verificar se existe um conceito de empresa que se adeque ao princípio da função social da empresa exigido pela Constituição. Dentre as teorias dos atos de comércio, da empresa e da firma, esta última tende a explicar o fenômeno da empresa de modo mais congruente com a função social da empresa.

Terrenos de marinha: terras públicas com função social? um estudo da orla marítima de natal

This work has as its theme the social function of terrenos de marinha. Theresearch universe is the terrenos de marinha of Natal coastline, focusing on thefulfillment of its social function. Prescribed by law since the colonial period with thepurpose of protecting the coast and free movement of people and goods, theywere swathes of land not available to private use by individuals. With the transitionfrom the allotments system to the purchase and sale, regard to land access,crystallized with the creation of the Land Law in the nineteenth century, the land isheld as merchandise and terrenos de marinha, following this logic, also acquireexchange value and become capable of enjoyment by private individuals, with thecondition of tax payments to the state. This is seen until the twentieth century,when in 1988, primarily because of the Federal Constitution promulgation, begins anew cycle when is possible to use on terrenos de marinha the principle of thesocial function of property. From this perspective this study aims to identify thesocial function of terrenos de marinha in Natal, focusing on the public destinationand the use value of the city coastline. To this end, it was made a data collection inthe on-line information system of the Federal Heritage Department of Rio Grandedo Norte (SPU / RN) and in the terrenos de marinha areas, in order to find out ifthey had public or private use, or if they were empty lots, as well as if thepopulation access to the shore exist. Interviews with managers of the SPU weremade. The empirical study showed that the social function of terrenos de marinhain the city of Natal still didn´t happen, considering the constant existence of vacantlots in their areas, the lack of access in significant portions of the coastline and thereduced areas directed to common use along the coastline, minimizing its potentialof enjoyment by the population. It concludes by pointing to the existence of a newtransition phase on the terrenos de marinha, in witch, gradually, come up lawprovisions in the legal system and public policies to expand the purely taxcollection function attributed to this land for two centuries. In this direction, thesocial function of terrenos de marinha is embodied in concomitant adjustment ofthe tax collection function and the rescue of coastline use value, national heritageand a place for sociability and social relations development

Desenvolvimento Urbano e Cidades Inclusivas: Estudo Analítico do Princípio Constitucional da Função Social das Cidades

The reality of Latin America points out that the industrialization and urbanization are complementary processes associated each other. Thus, by consequence of the demographic growth, observes the aggravation of an urbanization completely disordered and without infrastructure capable of guaranteeing rights and basic services to the population. In parallel, the dissemination of information, the valorization of human dignity, promoted by social welfare, and expectations of consumption aggravates the tensions among social actors, leading to the Theory of the Right to Development to worry about the (re)construction of cities. Before this reality, the Federal Constitution of 1988 proposed a participatory urban policy, grounded in the ideal of confrontation of social exclusion of a more comprehensive, represented by the principle of the social function of cities, which must be stratified into four inclusion´s central axes, namely: the social in the strict sense, the economic, the cultural and the policy. The Analysis of each of these dimensions, keeping the focus on reality and the Brazilian legal system, composes specific objectives of this work. Thus, through deductive research, with use of technique bibliographical and interdisciplinary, this dissertation aims to make connections between social function and development, proposing an analytical concept for the proposing an analytical concept for the principle of social function of cities, through the study of its basic elements. With this, purports to demonstrate how results, firstly, that the juridical study, to fully understand the process of marginalization, must maintain multidisciplinary perspective, own social sciences. Also aims to demonstrate that the dimensions of inclusion are formed by fundamental rights, individual and collective, of liberties and of social guarantees and that without respect to all of them there is no way to talk about implementation of urban development and nor, consequently, about inclusive cities. At the end, after checking the main legal instruments of urban policy that emphasize the community participation, provided for in the Statute of the Cities, and that potentiate the breakup of the circles of exclusion, the work want contribute to the clarification and the awaken to the importance of a new perspective democratic of development in the country, grounded in the appreciation of the individual for realization of modern management, decentralized and that, therefore, inserts the effective participation of urban communities in the acting of the State

A função social do contrato como concretização de direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas

This dissertation deals with the social function of the contract, based on constitutional principles, especially those relating to fundamental rights. The social function of the contract (general clause) is described in the Civil Code so intentionally generic, no precise criteria to define it. Because of the fluidity of this principle, it is justified its closer study, seeking to assess its various meanings and looking away from the legal uncertainty that an unlimited conceptual vagueness can cause. The social function of the contract arises from a transformation experienced in private law from the inflows received from the Constitutional Law, the result of an evolutionary process by which it became the state structure, leaving the foundations of the classical liberal state and moving toward a vision guided by existential human values that give the keynote of the Welfare State. Arose, then the concern about the effectiveness of fundamental rights in relations between individuals, which is studied from the inapplicability of fundamental rights in private relations (U.S. doctrine of State action), passing to the analysis of the Theory of indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights (of German creation and majority acceptance), reaching the right horizontal efficacy Theory of fundamental rights, prevailing Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence. It has also been investigated the foundations of the social contract, pointing out that, apart from the provisions of the constitutional legislation, that base the principle on screen, there have also been noticed foundations in the Federal Constitution, in devices like the art. 1, III, the dignity of the human person is the north of the relationship between contractors. Also art. 3rd, I CF/88 bases the vision of social covenants, equipping it for the implementation of social solidarity, as one of the fundamental objectives of the Republic. Still on art. 170 of the Constitution it is seen as a locus of reasoning in the social function of the contract, the maintenance of the economic order. It is also studied the internal and external aspects of the social function of the contract, being the first part the one that considers the requirement of respect for contractual loyalty, through the objective good faith, as a result of the dignity of the hirer may not be offended by the other through the contract. On the other hand, the external facet of the social function of the contract, in line with the constitutional mandate of solidarity, indicates the need for contractors to respect the rights of society, namely the diffuse, collective and individual third party. In this external appearance, it is also pointed the notion of external credit protection, addressing the duty of society to respect the contract. There has been shown some notions of the social contract in comparative law. Then, there has been investigated the content of principle study, through their interrelationships with other provisions of private and constitutional law, namely equality, objective good faith, private autonomy and dignity of the human person. We study the application of the social contract in contractual networks as well as the guidance of conservation of contracts, especially those denominated long-term captive contracts, considering the theory of substantive due performance, concluding with an analysis of the social contract in code of Consumer Protection