O influxo da dialética humanista e a reforma da teoria escolástica dos tópicos no Tractatus de locis dialecticis de Alonso de Veracruz

En el Tractatus de locis dialecticis, Alonso de la Veracruz (1507-1584) promueve una reforma de la teoría de los tópicos que se caracteriza por la combinación de algunos de los elementos más expresivos de tradiciones rivales y aparentemente antagónicas como es el caso de la dialéctica humanista y de la lógica escolástica. Para determinar si tales elementos estarían articulados de manera integrada y coherente en la teoría propuesta por Fray Alonso, evaluamos la compatibilidad entre las definiciones escolástica y agricoliana de tópico, visto que ambas igualmente fueron asimiladas por el Tractatus de locis dialecticis. En el estudio aquí presentado, defendemos que Alonso de la Veracruz concilia tales definiciones, concibiendo los tópicos bajo una perspectiva prioritariamente epistémica. En seguida, averiguamos lo que llevó a Fray Alonso a enaltecer las innovaciones de la dialéctica humanista y, al mismo tiempo, insistir en el uso de las proposiciones máximas, ignorando diversas críticas a ellas dirigidas por Rodolfo Agrícola. Acreditamos que tal dificultad puede ser dilucidada mediante la hipótesis de que Alonso de la Veracruz habría optado por el mantenimiento de las máximas en razón del importante papel por ellas ejercido en la fundamentación de las inferencias entimemáticas. Finalmente, investigamos las razones por las cuales la taxonomía alonsina de los tópicos no es inviabilizada por la presencia de trazos de las teorías escolástica y humanista de los tópicos. En ese contexto, asumimos que la clasificación de los tópicos sustentada por Fray Alonso no es corrompida por su carácter híbrido, una vez que ella compatibilizaría las doctrinas más relevantes de las tradiciones escolástica y humanista.

Fray Alonso de la Veracruz : ensayo de síntesis

El artículo presenta una síntesis de la obra escrita de Veracruz y, en parte, también de su acción. De tal modo, se exponen sus escritos filosóficos, en materia de lógica (Recognitio Summularum y Dialectica Resolutio) y de filosofía natural (Physica Speculatio), y las relecciones en las que se ocupó de los títulos de la conquista y la condición de los indios (De dominio infidelium y De decimis). También es propósito del trabajo proporcionar, a quien quiera continuar con el tema, una guía de buena parte de la abundante literatura secundaria que se ha ocupado de Fray Alonso de la Veracruz. Veracruz es un importante representante de la escolástica novohispana del siglo XVI, y simboliza el comienzo del trasplante filosófico que bajo el signo de la escolástica se extendería en Iberoamérica hasta el siglo XVIII y parte del XIX.

Walter Bernard Redmond: Bibliography of the philosophy in the iberian colonies of América. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.

Fil: Ares, Consuelo.

Walter Redmond y la lógica escolástica en el Perú colonial

Fil: Torchia Estrada, Juan Carlos.

As sombras das luzes e os pecados da escolástica

When we compare the policy actions taken in the reigns of Dom João V in the first half of the eighteenth century and Dom José I (assisted by Marquês de Pombal) in the third quarter of the same century, we can observe the transition from scholastic, first reign vision gradually paths to an economic -scientific bias, reflecting a position toward the lights. Three narratives were chosen demonstrate this movement by the relations established between them: O Caramuru, the conservative position, and O Uraguai and O Desertor, takes position in favor of Lights.

La querella de la escolástica hispanoamericana : crisis, polémica y normalización

El artículo expone la visión (positiva o negativa) que se ha tenido de la escolástica hispanoamericana desde el siglo XVI hasta el XX. Además de la época en que la escolástica tiene plena e incuestionada vigencia, el proceso tuvo tres momentos: 1. La crisis de la escolástica en el siglo XVIII; 2. Las polémicas que suscitó su apreciación en los siglos XIX y XX; 3. Una final etapa de "normalización" de los estudios de la filosofía colonial en el último tercio del siglo XX.

Recepção e desenvolvimento da Escolástica Barroca na América Latina, séculos 16-18 : notas sobre a contribuição de Walter Bernard Redmond

Este artigo apresenta algumas das principais linhas do projeto de pesquisa «Scholastica colonialis», que tem o objetivo de investigar de forma exaustiva o desenvolvimento da filosofia escolástica barroca na América Latina, durante parte significativa do período colonial, isto é, séculos 16-18. Até hoje, a principal proposta de pesquisa sobre os materiais existentes e os méritos da filosofia «colonial» e «barroca» foi aquela exemplificada pelos estudos de Walter B. Redmond. Assim, busca-se expor, resumidamente, o status quaestionis que a síntese de seus trabalhos permite concluir.

O projeto museográfico da exposição Cartografia de uma história - São Paulo colonial: mapas e relatos

Este artigo apresenta o projeto museográfico da exposição Cartografia de uma história, inaugurada no Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo em março de 2005. O projeto museográfico foi concebido e elaborado a partir do diálogo entre as propostas da equipe de pesquisa e os dados do perfil dos visitantes do Museu, constituindo-se assim um trabalho integrado, que buscava tratar de forma lúdica o ato de descobrir.

Monocoryne colonialis sp nov., a colonial candelabrid hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Candelabridae) from the North Pacific

Monocoryne colonialis sp. nov. is described from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The new species is unusual among candelabrid hydroids in having a colonial growth form, differing from its congeners in the shape and size of hydranths, in having stolons that anastomose, and by having tentacles not fused or only partly fused into bract-like structures.

Biopolitics meets Terrapolitics: Political Ontologies and Governance in Settler-Colonial Australia

Crises persist in Australian Indigenous affairs because current policy approaches do not address the intersection of Indigenous and European political worlds. This paper responds to this challenge by providing a heuristic device for delineating Settler and Indigenous Australian political ontologies and considering their interaction. It first evokes Settler and Aboriginal ontologies as respectively biopolitical (focused through life) and terrapolitical (focused through land). These ideal types help to identify important differences that inform current governance challenges. The paper discusses the entwinement of these traditions as a story of biopolitical dominance wherein Aboriginal people are governed as an “included-exclusion” within the Australian political community. Despite the overall pattern of dominance, this same entwinement offers possibilities for exchange between biopolitics and terrapolitics, and hence for breaking the recurrent crises of Indigenous affairs.

Larval activity levels and delayed metamorphosis affect post-larval performance in the colonial, ascidian Diplosoma listerianum

It is becoming widely recognized that extending the larval period of marine invertebrates, especially of species with non-feeding larvae, can affect post-larval performance. As these carry-over effects are presumed to be caused by the depletion of larval energy reserves, we predicted that the level of larval activity would also affect post-larval performance. This prediction was tested with the cosmopolitan colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum in field experiments in southern Australia. Diplosoma larvae, brooded in the parent colony, are competent to settle immediately after spawning, and they remain competent to metamorphose for > 15 h. Some larvae were induced to metamorphose 0 to 6 h after release, whilst others were induced to swim actively by alternating light and dark periods for up to 3 h prior to metamorphosis. Juvenile colonies were then transplanted to a subtidal field site in Port Phillip Bay and left to grow for up to 3 wk. Extending the larval period and increasing the amount of swimming both produced carry-over effects on post-larval performance. Colonies survived at different rates among experiments, but larval experience did not affect survival rates. Delays in metamorphosis and increased swimming activity did, however, reduce colony growth rates dramatically, resulting in 50% fewer zooids per colony. Moreover, such colonies produced initial zooids with smaller feeding structures, with the width of branchial baskets reduced by 10 to 15%. These differences in branchial basket size persisted and were still apparent in newly budded zooids 3 wk after metamorphosis. Our results suggest that, for D. listerianum, larval maintenance, swimming, and metamorphosis all use energy from a common pool, and increases in the allocation to maintenance or swimming come at the expense of post-larval performance.

Offspring size affects the post-metamorphic performance of a colonial marine invertebrate

The positive relationship between offspring size and offspring fitness is a fundamental assumption of life-history theory, but it has received relatively little attention in the marine environment. This is surprising given that substantial intraspecific variation in offspring size is common in marine organisms and there are clear links between larval experience and adult performance. The metamorphosis of most marine invertebrates does not represent a newbeginning, and larval experiences can have effects that carry over to juvenile survival and growth. We show that larval size can have equally important carryover effects in a colonial marine invertebrate. In the bryozoan Bugula neritina, the size of the non-feeding larvae has a prolonged effect on colony performance after metamorphosis. Colonies that came from larger larvae survived better, grew faster, and reproduced sooner or produced more embryos than colonies that came from smaller larvae. These effects crossed generations, with colonies from larger larvae themselves producing larger larvae. These effects were found in two populations (in Australia and in the United States) in contrasting habitats.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of indolylalkaloid toxins from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata: Functional characterization of PwTX-I

Colonial spiders evolved a differential prey-capture behaviour in concert with their venom chemistry, which may be a source of novel drugs. Some highly active tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TH beta C) toxins were recently isolated from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata; the spiders use these toxins as part of their chemical arsenal to kill and/or paralyze preys. The major TH beta C compound isolated from this venom was identified as 6-hydroxytrypargine, also known as PwTX-I. Most natural compounds of animal origin occur in low abundance, and the natural abundance of PwTX-I is insufficient for complete functional characterization. Thus, PwTx-I was synthesized using a Pictet-Spengler condensation strategy, and the stereoisomers of the synthetic toxin were separated by chiral chromatography. The fraction of venom containing a mixture of three natural TH beta C toxins and enantiomers of PwTx-I were analyzed for inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B and for toxicity to insects. We reveal that the mixture of the natural TH beta C toxins, as well as the enantiomers of PwTx-I, were non-competitive inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B and caused potent paralysis of honeybees. The (-)-PwTX-I enantiomer is 2-fold more potent than the (+)-PwTX-I enantiomer in the assays performed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.