Efeito da força iônica da solução de equilíbrio sobre a adsorção/dessorção de chumbo em Latossolos brasileiros

A adsorção/dessorção de metais pelos solos é afetada por vários fatores, dentre os quais, a concentração salina da solução do solo. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da variação da força iônica da solução de equilíbrio (I) sobre a adsorção/dessorção de Pb por Latossolos brasileiros. Amostras do horizonte A foram colocadas para reagir com Pb(NO3)2 0,15 mmol L-1 em Ca(NO3)2 5 e 50 mmol L-1 (pH 5,5; I = 15 e 150 mmol L-1; relação solo:solução 1:100), durante 72 horas. Em seguida, as amostras foram colocadas para dessorver em Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1. Dos 17 Latossolos, apenas seis apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as quantidades adsorvidas nos dois valores de I. As correlações significativas obtidas entre as quantidades adsorvidas e alguns atributos dos solos (SiO2 e Fe2O3 do ataque sulfúrico, Fe d e Fe o, caulinita, hematita, CTC e superfície específica) foram as mesmas para os dois valores de I. A variação de I durante a adsorção teve pouco efeito sobre a dessorção de chumbo. A não-variação da quantidade adsorvida com a mudança de I indica que o Pb é adsorvido, na maioria dos Latossolos, como complexo de esfera interna. Conclui-se que, dentro destas condições experimentais, o Pb não fez parte do complexo de troca da maioria dos solos estudados.

Polymers as carriers for rhizobial inoculant formulations

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch blends as carrier materials of rhizobial inoculants regarding their capacity to maintain viable cells and promote cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nodulation. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, with three replicates. Forty different compositions of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with starch, compatibilized or not with different proportions of MgO or ZnO, were evaluated regarding their ability of maintaining rhizobial viable cells during the storage period of one month at room temperature, in an initial screening. Thereafter, selected inoculant carrier blends were evaluated regarding their ability to maintain viable rhizobial cells for a period of 165 days, and their performance as inoculant carriers was compared to a peat-based inoculant carrier under greenhouse conditions. Rhizobial cells were better maintained in blends containing 50-60% CMC. Compatibilizing agents did not increase survival of rhizobial cells for 30 days of storage. The cowpea nodulation of polymer blends was statistically the same of peat-based inoculants. CMC/starch polymer blends are efficient carriers to rhizobial inoculants for up to 165 days of storage, when compatibilized with MgO (1%).

Modos de aplicação de calcário e de micronutrientes em pomar de laranjeira 'Natal' e análise comparativa de custos

De acordo com o Agrianual (2005), a produção citrícola brasileira é de 17,7 milhões de toneladas ano-1,ocupando aproximadamente 1 milhão de hectares no território brasileiro e, deste total, 810 mil hectares localizam-se no Estado de São Paulo. A maioria dos solos brasileiros, inclusive aqueles onde foram instalados os pomares cítricos, apresenta reação ácida. Esta é, sem dúvida, a principal condição desfavorável dos solos e um dos fatores limitantes da produção em solos tropicais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito de diferentes modos de aplicação de calcário e de micronutrientes e analisar, de forma comparativa, os custos destes tratamentos em um pomar de laranjeira. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Morumbi, município de Estrela D'Oeste-SP, num Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. A variedade de laranjeira utilizada foi a 'Natal', enxertada em limão Cravo, com 6 anos de idade e espaçamento 5 x 8 m. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, com 3 repetições, com 5 tratamentos principais (sem calcário; a necessidade total de calcário (NC) incorporado; NC sem incorporação; ¹/2 NC no primeiro ano + ¹/2 NC no segundo ano e ¹/3 NC no primeiro ano, + ¹/3 NC no segundo ano, + ¹/3 NC no terceiro ano) e dois tratamentos secundários [micronutrientes via solo (FTE-BR 12: 11,5 % de ZnO e B2O3; 1% CuO; 5,4% de Fe2O3; 5,5% de MnO2; 0,2% de MoO3) e micronutrientes via foliar (sulfato de zinco a 0,5% e ácido bórico a 0,08%)], distribuídos em blocos casualizados. Não houve efeito significativo dos modos de aplicação da calagem e de micronutrientes sobre as variáveis avaliadas (produção, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável). Para massa média do fruto, o efeito significativo aconteceu apenas no primeiro ano, com a calagem em dose única e sem incorporação, e micronutrientes via solo. Concluiu-se que não houve efeito significativo dos modos de aplicação do calcário e dos micronutrientes para produção e massa média dos frutos da laranjeira 'Natal', e a receita líquida foi positiva em todos os tratamentos, sendo que o tratamento 5 [¹/3 da necessidade total de calcário (NC) no 1º ano + ¹/3 da NC no 2º ano, + ¹/3 da NC no 3º ano] apresentou o melhor valor acumulado (U$ 3.721,85 ha-1).

Desenvolvimento e fitossanidade de ameixeiras tratadas com silício em sistema orgânico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do silício (Si) aplicado via pulverização foliar em ameixeiras cv. Pluma 7, para o controle da bacteriose (Xanthomonas arborícola pv. pruni), mariposa oriental (Grapholita molesta) e pulgão-verde (Myzus persicae), bem como no desenvolvimento das plantas, em sistema orgânico de produção. Para o ensaio, foi utilizado o produto comercial AgriSil® (98% de SiO2). O experimento foi conduzido em Guarapuava-PR, durante dois ciclos consecutivos (2010/2011 e 2011/2012). As doses utilizadas foram: 0; 1; 2;4 e 8 g L-1 do produto comercial, aplicadas quinzenalmente. Nos dois ciclos de avaliação, foram observadas reduções de até 85% na incidência da bacteriose com efeito quadrático das doses de silício. Os danos causados pela mariposa oriental, o número de pulgões, o diâmetro e o comprimento de ramos das plantas de ameixeira não foram significativamente influenciados pelas aplicações de SiO2. Quanto ao teor de Si foliar, observou-se efeito linear positivo em função das doses de Si.

Recuperação de metais de catalisadores usados de hidrotratamento (NiMo E CoMo/AL2O3)

This work presents a detailed study of the leaching behavior of deactivated hydrotreating catalysts (CoMo, NiMo/Al2O3) in presence of oxalate and NH4+ ions in various media. The yield of metals recovery may be optimized by adjusting several experimental parameters (time, temperature, etc). Leaching is limited by physical factors (diffusional effects caused by coke) and by the existence of silicate/spinel-like species which are poorly soluble in leaching solutions. Coke may be eliminated by an oxidation step at temperatures between 300-400ºC. Above 400ºC, solubilization of Ni and Co is drastically reduced. 50-90% wt of sulphate species and 15-30% wt of phosphate ions are solubilized during leaching. Silicon (as SiO2) is not solubilized. The best Ni-Co-Mo recoveries are in the 70-90% wt range; Fe recovery may be quantitative, whereas Al leaching may be lower than 5% wt.

Efeito da adição de Na2O na viscosidade e devitrificação do vidro obtido a partir de cinzas volantes e Li2O

Glass-ceramic materials can be produced by the addition of LiO2 to fly ashes disposible in Southern Brazil. These glass-ceramics are based on the Al2O3-SiO2-Li 2O system. The high viscosity of the obtained glasses, however, makes forming useful articles with these materials difficult. In this study we investigate the effect of adding low cost Na2CO3 on the melt viscosity and on the nature of the developed crystalline phases. It was intended that the ultimate crystalline phase (LiAlSi3O8) should not be altered. With additions up to 3 wt. % Na2CO3, the viscosity was apparently lowered and no new crystalline phase were detected.

Estudo espectroscópico de vidros a base de aluminato de cálcio contendo Nd3+

Multicomponent ( Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, MgO) calcium aluminate-based glasses containing Nd3+ were prepared in order to evaluate their possibilities as laser host materials. The refractive index, UV-visible-near IR absorption spectrum, IR and visible luminescence spectra, and fluorescence decay time were measured. Judd-Ofelt model was used to obtain experimental intensity parameters ( omega2, omega4 and omega6), emission cross-section, radiative lifetimes, emission branching ratios and quantum efficiency.

CGAR E CGAR-EM na análise dos constituintes químicos isolados do extrato hexanico de Sebastiania argutidens (Euphorbiaceae)

The fractionation column with SiO2 of the hexane extract of Sebastiania argutidens (Euphorbiaceae) yielded fractions containing hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes. Besides, one fraction showed the presence of several methyl esters, including four uncommon long chain palmitate esthers as minor components. The characterization of these chemical constituents have been done by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Campesterol, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, glutin-5-en-3-ol were identified by HRGC co-injection with standards.

Filme fino de ZrO2 enxertado sobre a superfície de sílica gel: preparação e propriedade de adsorção de Cr(VI)

The present experiment describes an easy procedure for obtaining SiO2/ZrO2 by reacting ZrOCl2 with SiO2 with the following characteristics: S BET = 500 m² g-1 and an average pore diameter of 6 nm. The material obtained presented 1.3 wt% ZrO2 content corresponding to 140 mumol g-1. The average density of ZrO2 onto SiO2/ZrO2 matrix is 2.8x10-11 mol cm-2. The adsorption isotherm for Cr(VI) showed a maximum of adsorption value (200 mumol g-1) at pH 2. The adsorption can be described by the reaction: =Zr(OH)2 + 2HCrO4- + 2H+ [(=Zr(OH2+)2) (HCrO4-)2]. Above the zero point of charge, i.e. pH > 5.5 due to the surface charge inversion, desorption of Cr(VI) occurs according to the reaction: [(=Zr(OH2+)2) (HCrO4-)2] + 6OH- (=ZrO2)2- + 6H2O + 2CrO4(2-).

Nano vitrocerâmica de escória de aciaria

The manufacture of glass-ceramics is an alternative route for the commercial use of metallurgical slags. Such types of glass-ceramics may find commercial applications owing to their low cost, good mechanical properties and superior visual aspect. Besides, due to the elimination of that industrial residue from the environment and also due to the possibility of replacement of natural stones such as marbles and granites, the use of slags is an activity with strong ecological appeal. While the use of blast-furnace slags for the production of glass-ceramics is well known, the utilization of steel making slags constitutes a challenge, because these materials possess low concentration of SiO2. In this work a novel composition for producing glasses and glass-ceramics from a steelmaking slag is presented. The crystal nucleation kinetics, the characterization of the resulting microstructures for two different thermal treatments and mechanical properties of the glass-ceramics are discussed. A glass-ceramic having a marble aspect, fine volumetric crystallization, high degree of crystallization and improved mechanical strength was obtained.

Fundamentals and applications of spectroscopic ellipsometry

This paper describes the use of ellipsometry as a precise and accurate technique for characterizing substrates and overlayers. A brief historical development of ellipsometry and the basic principles necessary to understand how an ellipsometer works are presented. There are many examples of studies performed in addressing materials science issues, and several are presented here: measurements of thickness, optical properties, and modeling of surface roughness. These selected results obtained in our laboratory for substrates, Si/SiO2 interfaces, and polymers provide evidence that ellipsometry can play a critical role in characterizing different types of materials.

Estudo do efeito da quantidade de óxido de ferro em cinzas pesadas de carvão mineral na obtenção de vitrocerâmicos

Bottom ash has been used as raw material to glass and glass ceramic production because it is a source of SiO2 and Al2O3. However, the high concentration of iron (about 10% wt.) difficulty the control of the nucleation and the crystallization processes. The iron content was reduced by magnetic process, where the magnetite phase was mainly removed. In order to compare glass ceramics obtained from original and low iron bottom ashes, microstructural and dilatometric characterizations were performed.

Recuperação de metais de catalisadores mássicos e monometálicos

This work presents a study on the dissolution of some commercial monometallic and non-supported deactivated catalysts in HF + H2O2 mixtures (and, eventually, other media) under mild experimental conditions, after a previous oxidation step. The samples were neither crushed nor grinded. The best experimental conditions were dependent on the nature of the support and of the active phase. For example, the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was dissolved in about 10 minutes, without agitation and heating; however, dissolution of the Pd/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3, Ni/SiO2, Cu/Al2O3 and V2O5 samples required a temperature of 60 ºC and an agitation of 400 rpm. A careful addition of a NaOH solution allowed a quantitative precipitation of aluminium as criolite (Na3AlF6) or precipitation of Si as Na2SiF6; NaF was obtained as a by-product. As expected, processing of Pd/C, V2O5 and CuO.Cr2O3 samples was relatively simple. Metals recovery from catalysts reached a quantitative level in all samples studied; it is particularly interesting that platinum and palladium could be easily recovered in a single step process, thus separing them from aluminium.

Reciclagem química de zeólitas comerciais desativadas

Pyro and hydrometallurgical processes were applied to the treatment of spent commercial zeolites (a molecular sieve and a ZSM-5 sample). Both catalysts were employed in pilot plant units. They were kept in their original shape, they were not regenerated and were not subjected neither to mechanical stress nor to overheating zones during their time on-stream. Two recycling processes were tested: (i) direct solubilization of samples in mixtures of HF + H2O2 (60 ºC, 1 h). Although silicon was solubilized, insoluble matter was found in both samples, particularly in the molecular sieve, due to its high amounts of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals; (ii) fusion with KHSO4 (5 h, 600 ºC) with KHSO4/zeolite mass ratio 6:1. After fusion the solid was solubilized in water (100 ºC), leaving silicon as SiO2 residue. In both processes, solubilized metals were isolated by conventional selective precipitation techniques. Analysis of final products by common analytical methods shows that metals present in the original catalysts were recovered with very high yields except when the molecular sieve was treated with HF + H2O2. This reactant mixture proved to be suitable for processing zeolites with a low alkaline and alkaline-earth metal content whereas fusion with KHSO4 appeared to be adequate for all types of zeolites.

Propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais do PbTiO3: teoria do funcional de densidade aplicada a modelos periódicos

Calculations based on density functional theory at the B3LYP hybrid functional level applied to periodic models have been performed to characterize the structural and electronic properties of PbTiO3. Two different slab terminations (PbO and TiO2) have been considered to obtain and discuss the results of band structure, density of states, charge distribution on bulk and surface relaxation. It is observed that the relaxation processes are most prominent for the Ti and Pb surface atoms. The electron density maps confirm the partial covalent character of the Ti-O bonds. The calculated optical band gap and other results are in agreement with experimental data.