NEW WILDLIFE HOSTS OF Leptospira interrogans IN CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Leptospira interrogans has been identified to cause leptospirosis, a widespread zoonotic disease that has been identified in domestic and wild animals. This work analyzed kidneys from two species of wild rodents from the state of Campeche, Mexico. Analyses were made by PCR using specific primers for detection of Leptospira interrogans DNA. The rodent species that tested positive were Heteromys gaumeri and Ototylomys phyllotis, both of which are new hosts for the bacteria in Southeastern Mexico. These records provide new insights into the disease’s transmission that should be studied carefully in order to identify other potential host species, including humans, which are at risk of becoming infected if they are in contact with infected wildlife.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE CHRONIC PHASE OF CHAGAS DISEASE

Introduction:In order to examine the effectiveness of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in combating the oxidative insult caused by Trypanosoma cruzi during the development of the chronic phase of Chagas disease, Swiss mice were infected intraperitoneally with 5.0 × 104 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi QM1strain.Methods:Mice were given supplements of two different doses of vitamin C for 180 days. Levels of lipid oxidation (as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS), total peroxide, vitamin C, and reduced glutathione were measured in the plasma, TBARS, total peroxide and vitamin C were measured in the myocardium and histopathologic analysis was undertaken in heart, colon and skeletal muscle.Results:Animals that received a dose equivalent to 500 mg of vitamin C daily showed increased production of ROS in plasma and myocardium and a greater degree of inflammation and necrosis in skeletal muscles than those that received a lower dose or no vitamin C whatsoever.Conclusion:Although some research has shown the antioxidant effect of vitamin C, the results showed that animals subject to a 500 mg dose of vitamin C showed greater tissue damage in the chronic phase of Chagas disease, probably due to the paradoxical actions of the substance, which in this pathology, will have acted as a pro-oxidant or pro-inflammatory.

Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia

A study on the presence of Babesia in humans was performed in Puerto Berrío (Latitude 6.50deg. Longitude: -74.38deg. River: Magdalena. Area: 74.410km², Colombia-South America). Indirect immunofluorescence, thin and thick blood smears were used to study 194 individuals. Patients were grouped according to their risk-factors for Babesia infection: (group 1) individuals with fever, chills, sweating and other malaria-type symptoms; (group 2) symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from local cattle ranches, which were enrolled in an active form, and (group 3) workers from the local slaughterhouse. Seven individuals were serologically positive for Babesia: Three individuals presented IgM antibodies against B. bovis, while one had IgG against this species; one individual had IgM against B. bigemina, another had IgG and a third both IgM and IgG against this species. Only one individual was parasitologically positive for Babesiaand serologically positive for Babesia bovis (IgM 1:64)

Scorpionism due to Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Margarita Island, northeastern Venezuela

The first two cases of scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus neoespartanus (Buthidae) are described. The accidents took place within human environments (one inside a home and the other inside a school), in the village of La Sierra, Margarita Island, State of Nueva Esparta, northeastern Venezuela. Both cases were moderately severe and developed pancreatic involvement and electrocardiographic abnormalities. This report allows inclusion of Margarita Island among the endemic areas of scorpionism in Venezuela.

COMPARACION FLORISTICA DE DOCE PARCELAS EN BOSQUE DE TIERRA FIRME EN LA AMAZONIA PERUANA

Floristic composition of twelve plots, 25 m by 25 m, was studied in the Peruvian Amazonia in order to investigate if it were possible to use a part of the flora as an indicator of the changes observed in other components of the flora. Floristic similarities among the plots were calculated using six different taxonomic or physiognomic groups: ferns, the families Melastomataceae and Myristicaceae, trees thicker than 2.5 cm diameter at breast hight (DBH), trees between 2.5 cm and 5 cm DBH, and trees thicker than 5 cm DBH. The similarities were used for agglomerati ve classifications of the plots and for analyzing the correlations among the different groups of plants with Mantel's test. The results indicate that floristic changes were similar in all of the groups and therefore every group can potentially be used as an indicator.

La agricultura en la Amazonia ribereña del río Ucayali: ¿una zona productiva pero poco rentable?

La riqueza de los suelos aluviales a lo largo de los ríos amazónicos permite altos rendimientos en los cultivos. En el Perú, esta característica ha sido sustento de propuestas que sugieren concentrar la agricultura amazónica en sus riberas. Sin embargo, la viabilidad económica de la agricultura ribereña sigue siendo desconocida. Este artículo usa un modelo agroeconómico y analiza la rentabilidad de la agricultura ribereña del río Ucayali en las cercanías de Pucallpa. Se da énfasis a la importancia de las distintas condiciones agronómicas y del mercadeo propias de la zona. Los resultados muestran que la rentabilidad de los sistemas agrícolas ribereños difiere con el tipo de tierra utilizado y con el carácter temporal o permanente de la actividad que realizan los agricultores. Además, la rentabilidad está condicionada a las variaciones propias de la agricultura ribereña, particularmente las inundaciones tempranas. Así los buenos rendimientos de sus suelos aluviales no garantizan la rentabilidad en todos sus cultivos y sistemas.

Primeiro registro de Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) em Roraima, Brasil

Aedes albopictus é registrado pela primeira vez no estado de Roraima, Brasil. Entre junho de 2006 e maio de 2007 foram coletadas três pupas e dez larvas, duas das quais chegaram à fase adulta, durante atividades de vigilância rotineiras em três bairros urbanos da cidade de Boa Vista. Embora essa espécie não seja incriminada como vetor primário do dengue, a sua presença pode favorecer a ligação entre os ciclos silvestre e urbano da febre amarela e de outras arboviroses no Brasil.

Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical genera Cerqueirellum Py-Daniel, 1983, Coscaroniellum Py-Daniel, 1983 and Shelleyellum Py-Daniel & Pessoa, 2005 (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Females of simuliid black flies are haematophagous insects and vectors of several pathogenic agents of human diseases such as the filarial worms Mansonella ozzardi and Onchocerca volvulus. The genus Cerqueirellum is one of the most important groups of vectors of mansonellosis and onchocerciasis diseases in South America, and the genera Coscaroniellum and Shelleyellum are phylogenetically close to Cerqueirellum. There is not yet an agreement among authors about the generic classification of the species which compose these three genera, being all lumped by some taxonomists within Psaroniocompsa. A cladistic analysis of all species of Coscaroniellum, Cerqueirellum, and Shelleyellum, based on 41 morphological characters were done. Species closely related to Cerqueirellum were included in the analysis. The genera Cerqueirellum, Coscaroniellum and Shelleyellum were demonstrated as consistent basal entities and well-defined monophyletic clades.

Novas espécies e novas ocorrências de Xenofrea (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)

Novos registros: Xenofrea apicalis Melzer, 1931 para o Paraguai e X. triangularis Martins & Galileo, 2005 para o Brasil (Rondônia). Novas espécies: X. fasciolata sp. nov. e X. camixaima sp. nov. (Brasil: Rondônia e Bolívia: Santa Cruz); X. clarkei sp. nov., X. punctata sp. nov., X. nana sp. nov. (Bolívia: Santa Cruz); X. obscura sp. nov. (Argentina: Entre Ríos e Bolívia: Santa Cruz).

Composición y estructura de la ictiofauna del Río Ceballos-Saldán (Córdoba, Argentina)

Los ríos presentan un gradiente longitudinal desde su naciente hasta su desembocadura, con los consiguientes cambios en sus características ambientales y en la composición específica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir esa variación longitudinal en las características de la fauna de peces del Río Ceballos-Saldán. Los muestreos se realizaron en cinco puntos, ubicados antes y después de las ciudades más importantes, durante un año. Los ensambles de peces fueron descriptos a través de la composición específica, abundancia, riqueza, diversidad y dominancia, atributos que fueron estimados para cada localidad de muestreo. Se aplicaron diferentes modelos especie/abundancia a cada ensamble de peces a lo largo del curso. Se capturaron 1.914 individuos pertenecientes a 17 especies. Once corresponden a primeras citas para este río. El orden más representativo fue el de los Siluriformes y la especie más abundante fue Hypostomus cordovae (Günther, 1880). La abundancia total fue el único atributo que varió significativamente a lo largo del curso, siendo menor antes de la ciudad de Río Ceballos. Los ensambles de peces fueron significativamente descriptos por tres modelos diferentes de abundancia poblacional, a lo largo del río.

Abundancia y distribución de la fauna íctica en la cuenca del río Suquía (Córdoba, Argentina)

En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización de los ensambles de peces de la cuenca del río Suquía. Los peces fueron recolectados, desde 1998 al 2002, en dieciséis sitios ubicados en los principales ríos dentro de la cuenca: arroyo San Francisco, río Cosquín, río Yuspe, río San Antonio y río Suquía. Se estimó la abundancia relativa de cada especie, riqueza, diversidad y dominancia en cada sitio estudiado. Se aplicó un Análisis Discriminante para determinar diferencias en la composición de las especies entre los ríos de la cuenca y antes y después de los principales centros urbanos. Veintiuna especies de peces fueron recolectadas en toda la cuenca, pertenecientes a doce familias y seis órdenes. Las especies mostraron diferentes patrones de variación. El Análisis Discriminante indicó marcadas diferencias de la ictiofauna entre los ríos. Si bien ellos compartieron un número elevado de especies, los patrones de abundancia de las mismas variaron entre sitios. Los resultados también demostraron el impacto negativo que ejerce la ciudad de Córdoba sobre los ensambles de peces. Este trabajo provee nuevos datos a cerca del estado de la ictiofauna del río Suquía y constituye un punto de partida que permitirá la aplicación de programas de monitoreo y evaluación con el fin de conocer la calidad de los recursos acuáticos.

Estructura de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados del arroyo Achiras (Córdoba, Argentina): análisis previo a la construcción de una presa

La regulación de ríos y arroyos mediante diques modifica parámetros que influyen directamente sobre la biota. En la cuenca endorreica Achiras-del Gato ha finalizado recientemente la construcción de una presa de mediana envergadura que alterará las características limnológicas del sistema y la estructura de las comunidades bentónicas. Este estudio aporta los primeros registros del macrobentos de este sistema lótico y analiza la variación espacio-temporal de la estructura de la comunidad en tramos pedemontanos del arroyo Achiras. Durante un año, antes de la construcción de la presa, se colectaron muestras de zoobentos y se registraron variables abióticas en correderas y rabiones de dos sitios del arroyo, uno situado río arriba del área del dique y otro aguas abajo de la misma. Para cada sitio, hábitat y estación del año se determinó abundancia, frecuencia, riqueza taxonómica, Índice de Shannon y equidad, y se analizaron mediante ANOVA de una y tres vías. Los atributos de las comunidades de referencia se complementaron con la determinación de taxa exclusivos e indicadores y detectores ecológicos. En el primer sitio se registraron 73 taxa, Simulium fue más abundante y Leptohyphes eximius Eaton, 1882, más frecuente. En el segundo se hallaron 75 taxa, Caenis fue más abundante y Cricotopus sp. 3 más frecuente. La abundancia y la riqueza fueron significativamente mayores en primavera, y la diversidad en rabiones de invierno. Se determinó que los atributos de la comunidad estuvieron afectados por la época de muestreo. El arroyo Achiras posee un régimen hídrico freático-pluvial, con caudales bajos en invierno y altos en verano, por lo que se esperan cambios en la biota nativa y la integridad del sistema en respuesta a la reducción de la variabilidad hidráulica cuando el funcionamiento de la presa altere el caudal natural.

Morphometric differences in two calanoid sibling species, Boeckella gracilipes and B. titicacae (Crustacea, Copepoda)

Calanoid copepods are abundant in South American inland waters and include widespread species, such as Boeckella gracilipes (Daday, 1902), which occurs from the Ecuador to Tierra del Fuego Island. This species occurs under various environmental conditions, and is found in oligotrophic lakes in Patagonia (39-54°S) and in shallow mountain lakes north of 39°S. The aim of the present study is to conduct a morphometric comparison of male specimens of B. titicacae collected in Titicaca and B. gracilipes collected in Riñihue lakes, with a third population of B. gracilipes collected in shallow ponds in Salar de Surire. Titicaca and Riñihue lakes are stable environments, whereas Salar de Surire is an extreme environment. These ponds present an extreme environment due to high exposure to solar radiation and high salinity levels. The results of the study revealed differences among the three populations. These results agree well with systematic descriptions in the literature on differences between the populations of Titicaca and Riñihue lakes, and population of Salar de Surire differs slightly from the other two populations. It is probable that the differences between the population of Salar de Surire and the other two populations result from the extreme environment in Salar de Surire. High exposure to solar radiation, high salinity and extreme variations in temperature enhance genetic variations that are consequently expressed in morphology.

Trichomycete Fungi (Zygomycota) Associated with the Digestive Tract of Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello and Simulium ulyssesi (Py-Daniel & Coscarón) (Diptera: Simuliidae) Larvae, in Central Amazônia, Brazil

Trichomycete fungi are associated with digestive tract of black fly larvae. These fungi have not been studied in Brazil, knowing them and their relationship with black flies could be an alternative to control vector populations. The objectives of this study were to survey the Trichomycete fungi associated with larvae of Simulium goeldii and S. ulyssesi, and to determine if there is specificity and/or difference in the infection rates in these species. Black flies were collected in Central Amazônia, Brazil. Three genera of Trichomycetes were found: Harpella, Genistellospora and Smittium. All these fungi were common to both black fly species.

Trichomycetes (Zygomycota) in the digestive tract of arthropods in Amazonas, Brazil

Eight species of Harpellales and three species of Eccrinales (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes) were found associated with the digestive tract of arthropods from terrestrial and aquatic environments in the central Amazon region of Brazil. New species of Harpellales include: Harpella amazonica, Smittium brasiliense, Genistellospora tropicalis in Simuliidae larvae and Stachylina paucispora in Chironomidae larvae. Axenic cultures of S. brasiliense were obtained. Probable new species of Enterobryus (Eccrinales), Harpella, and Stachylina (Harpellales) are described but not named. Also reported are the previously known species of Eccrinales, Passalomyces compressus and Leidyomyces attenuatus in adult Coleoptera (Passalidae), and Smittium culisetae and Smittium aciculare (Harpellales) in Culicidae and Simuliidae larvae, respectively. Comments on the distribution of some of these fungi and their hosts in the Neotropics are provided.