Teaching-learning process and teaching methodology in Portuguese for the deaf under the perspective of inclusive education

For years, the discrepancies faced by deaf students in the teaching of the Portuguese language were due to the lack of hearing. Recently, these failures have been attributed to the use of inadequate teaching methodologies and to the lack of communication through Libras between the deaf and the hearers. This article aims at reporting a research study that analyzed the teaching-learning processes from the point of view of a deaf elementary student in Viçosa/MG. The project was primarily developed by a qualitative approach, by utilizing the bibliographical review, the participant observation and the field diary. Results showed the communicative interactions were restrained, since teachers and hearing students were not fluent in Libras, and there was no interpreter available. The methodology was mostly expositive, with a predominance of oral resources. The findings demonstrated the challenges faced by the deaf students are numerous, since the school does not offer the structure to meet their needs, and the teachers do not have the required education to work in an inclusive school environment. This article reports some methodological proposals for the teaching of Portuguese that were elaborated and applied within an inclusive context, all following PCN orientations. It reinforces the need to invest in teacher training to meet the demands of inclusive education to improve the quality of the classes offered to the deaf in regards to the teaching-learning process for Portuguese.

DEAF INDIVIDUALS USERS OF SIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING PORTUGUESE: THE ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL CLASSES

This essay shows the report of a series of searches that deal the acquisition of a first and a second language by deaf children, in inclusive contexts. Due to hearing deprivation, and for not having a whole acoustic duct, deaf people end up not acquiring naturally the language that is common for Brazilians in general. Among the searches carried out, those that deal the written expression of deaf undergraduates, whose path in the acquisition of the language(s) did not follow the model prescribed by current theoreticians. The search shows that the analyzed students did not acquire sign language as first language in the first phase of childhood and Portuguese as second language, contradicting the bilingual model adopted in Brazil

SOCIOLINGUIST VARIATION: A CASE STUDY IN THE BRAZILIAN SIGN LANGUAGE

Brazilian sign language is a language still rarely studied by the sociolinguistics few years due to its legislation and scientific recognition. However, this is a language in Brazil since the imperial years according to the records available at the National Institute for Deaf Education. Aiming to contribute to other sociolinguistic investigations of nature, we investigated the occurrence of linguistic variation in the specific case of the signals used to father and mother in the capital city of Florianópolis. The results showed changes in language use of two signals, what was once considered standard variant is shown in the process of disuse, new variants are emerging and prestigious yet been possible to confirm a process of historical change related to cultural transformations and social life.

Deafness like a communicative difference

Thinking from a theoretical perspective, this paper discusses the deafness as communicative difference, starting from the notion of culture articulated by Cultural Studies and Foucault’s conception of discourse as social practice. The study shows that the difference between deaf and non-deaf is in language, communication plan and the means of exchanging dialogue, marked by oral-auditive and visual-space communicative channels, contrasting majority deafness representations that appoint arguments based on nature, biological and linguistic terms. Such representations have the effect of the search for the erasure and correction the other, regarded as deviant and abnormal.

Reflexões sobre o Estatuto das Línguas nos Contextos Bi-multilíngues de Educação para Surdos no Brasil

RESUMO: A educação de surdos hoje no Brasil vive um período de transição,  de conflitos e contradições: por um lado o discurso da diferença cada vez mais presente na fala de educadores e em parte da legislação educacional em vigor; por outro lado a “diferença” surda continua sendo representada nas práticas escolares em geral sob a ótica da normalização que insiste em invisibilizar as especificidades linguísticas e culturais dessa minoria, apesar dos avanços alcançados pelo decreto 5626. Com esse cenário em mente objetivamos refletir sobre as pressões normativas guiadas por ideologias monolíngues (BLACKLEDGE, 2000) que tentam formatar um suposto uso ideal de português e de Libras. O capítulo está dividido em três partes: primeiro, apresentamos algumas considerações no âmbito da legislação acerca do estatuto de Libras no Brasil. Em seguida, tematizamos o processo de (in)visibilização das línguas de sinais com vistas a mostrar que a (re)construção do conceito de língua como algo fixo, também, em relação às línguas de sinais, pode ser usado para sedimentar desigualdades em relação ao surdo na escola. Por fim, refletimos, a partir de alguns dados de pesquisa, sobre as tensões existentes entre as línguas nos contextos bi-multilíngues que caracterizam a escolarização de surdos e as ideologias linguísticas que geram efeitos de hierarquização sobre os usos de Libras e de Português.

Arbitrariedade e Iconicidade na constituição dos Itens Lexicais da Libras

O presente artigo evidencia a questão da relação dos fenômenos linguísticos de arbitrariedade e iconicidade na constituição dos itens lexicais da Libras, buscando refletir possíveis mudanças, variações ou evoluções considerando o primeiro registro do dicionário iconográfico no século XIX. O registro histórico da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, doravante Libras, data do século XIX, com o dicionário iconográfico, reproduzido por Flausino José da Gama, como sendo um meio de divulgar e disseminar a língua de sinais. Após este primeiro registro outros dicionários e manuários foram elaborados visando atender distintos objetivos, ora para ensinar uma língua para os surdos, ora para estabelecer a comunicação e ora visando a integração na sociedade.  O reconhecimento da Língua Brasileira de Sinais como uma língua natural e a sua regulamentação a nível nacional é fruto do século XXI, portanto a Libras ainda tem um longo percurso investigativo nas diversas áreas a ser explorada. Na área da linguística o que nos instiga a pesquisar são os conceitos linguísticos de arbitrariedade e iconicidade, uma vez que para muitos o fato de alguns itens lexicais remeter a forma provoca uma ilusória interpretação de que todo e qualquer sinal em libras é icônico. Estes conceitos são objeto de investigação em várias línguas de sinais, tanto no oriente como no ocidente, visando uma melhor compreensão da estrutura e formação das línguas de sinais. Assim, o debate sobre iconicidade e arbitrariedade serão norteadores para nossa discussão sobre a relação destes fenômenos linguísticos na constituição da Libras.

2020: A New Era of Sign Language Literature

 Summary: Sign language is the primary daily language of many Deaf people, yet sign language is not always included as a part of Deaf Education. Teachers of the Deaf in France in the late 1700s and early 1800s established using sign language in the classroom and yet generations later educators chose to revert back to oralism, not including any sign language when teaching Deaf children. And the trend continues to this day. Researchers in the 1960s, 70s and 80s proved that sign languages are natural languages, and yet this fact did not change the difficulties schools still have in reassuring parents and administrators that the Deaf students will learn to communicate, read and write a sign language as with your fellow listeners regarding oral languages that speak. Now, in the 21st century most educators and researchers are aware that sign languages are sophisticated languages with grammar, syntax and large vocabularies. Yet accepting sign languages as written languages has taken longer. Those who support the idea of writing sign languages feel that the availability of written literature and poetry in sign languages will lead to improved literacy in oral languages and in the long run, increase acceptance by the hearing world. Showing that sign languages have a written form helps establish sign languages as foreign languages in schools. With the advent of the internet and social media, writing sign languages is spreading quickly. The year 2020 is the beginning of a new era of sign language literature.Keywords: Sign Language; Literature; SignWriting; Deaf; Education.