EÇA DE QUEIRÓS POR ANTONIO CANDIDO:“ENTRE CAMPO E CIDADE”

RESUMO: Em 1945, na ocasião do centenário do nascimento de Eça de Queirós,Antonio Candido escreveu um artigo intitulado “Entre Campo e Cidade”, noqual propôs uma interpretação para a obra completa do autor português. Otexto fora publicado no Livro do centenário de Eça de Queiroz e posteriormen-te, em 1964, coligido no volume Tese antítese. “Entre campo e cidade” aindahoje é importantíssimo para a compreensão da obra queirosiana, pois estabele-ce um contraponto à crítica tradicional canônica que, quase sempre, exigiu umposicionamento ideológico claro de Eça frente a diversos temas e entendeutudo aquilo que fora escrito depois de Os Maias (1888) como produçõesdesviadas da melhor inspiração crítica realista percebida em obras anteriorescomo O crime do padre Amaro (1871) e O primo Basílio (1886). Candidopropõe uma leitura dos escritos de Eça de Queirós a partir da perspectivadialética, fato que, além de superar a concepção polarizada do Eça esquerdistadas primeiras obras versus o Eça direitista dos textos derradeiros – posições quedireta ou indiretamente a crítica tradicional sempre veiculou - supõe a liberda-de de criação autoral sem a necessária adesão a esta ou aquela vertente ideoló-gica. Como atualmente a produção queirosiana ainda é alvo da polarizaçãointerpretativa, “Entre campo e cidade” torna-se, de fato, atualíssimo, principal-mente àqueles que buscam a revisão da crítica literária canônica que, em muitoscasos, fechou-se em interpretações cristalizadas e relegou este ou aquele escri-tor ou, no caso de Eça, esta ou aquela obra ao limbo da “má” literatura. Opresente trabalho pretende mostrar as particularidades do texto de AntonioCandido, bem como sua interessante proposta ao analisar as obras de Eça deQueirós, principalmente aquelas escritas na última década de vida do autor.

LITERATURA OUTSIDER PARA UMA CIDADE ESTABELECIDA: A INFLUÊNCIA DO CAMPO LITERÁRIO E DO CAMPO CURRICULAR NA CONSTRUÇÃO DO PROJETO DA CIDADE DE CURITIBA NA DÉCADA DE 1990 E INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XXI

There were various writers came out of a literature field with the different points of view of the Curitiba in the 1990s and at the beginning of the XXI century, come of them criticizing the city's project of the moment.  We study here whether this literature was absorbed somehow either by the Official Curriculum of the municipal educational structure or by the Curriculum Practice of that period. Different curriculum materials accepted by the municipal schools were analyzed as well as the teachers that had taught  at that period were interviewed for the purpose of the present investigation.  In general way we realized that the Official Curriculum represented ideas of the city and a literature that re-enforced the “established” model of the city (established/outsiders, Norbert Elias's concepts), for example, so-called “paranist” literature. As for the Curriculum Practice, data that were collected until now show us that almost all of the interviewed  teachers weren't aware of pro-paranist character of the ideas as well as didn't work with literature possibilities that would contain opposite to oficial interpretation of the city.    

Ecce homo - Chinua Achebe's image of Conrad

In his famous essay, "An image of Africa: racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", the late Nigerian writer, scholar and critic Chinua Achebe points out how the permanent place held by Joseph Conrad and his novel in the literary pantheon has contributed towards perpetuating "comforting myths" where Africa and its people serve as a coarse foil against which to show Western civilisation's refinement and achievements (ACHEBE In ARMSTRONG, 2006, p. 339). A ferocious "Ecce homo", this seems to be the bottom line of Achebe's unapologetically emotional criticism. Tainted by irredeemable eurocentrism and racism, Joseph Conrad should then be finally overthrown by critics and ostracised by the public. But, relevant and (always) timely as it is, should cultural criticism, especially when championed by an eminent, authoritative African scholar as Achebe, refuse Conrad the benefit of the doubt? Literature, genuine literature, we believe, won't pass the test of time unless it proves to be more than ideological prestidigitation and strikes a chord that is more than decorous compassion. It is by looking at Heart of Darkness as first and foremost a work of art that we attempt to outline an alternative image to the racist Conrad presented by Achebe.

FEATURES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN GOTA D’ÁGUA

This paper aims to analyze elements of the play Gota d’água, written by Chico Buarque and Paulo Pontes from televised script by Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, based on the tragedy Euripides’ Medea. The work preserves the central plot of the Greek text, but presents aspects of Brazilian reality and strong social content, dealing with themes that remain fairly current, such as right to housing, the situation of dependence of the poor class, the search for survival and maintenance power of action and decision in the hands of those who hold the capital. In the plot, recreated in suburban Rio, the representation of poor Brazilian workers emerges, with poverty being approached from a different profile than that spread by recent works of national literature, in which another facet of the lower social classes is highlighted, linking them to crime and violence, as well as the representation even more common, with an emphasis on black or northeastern origin. To this analysis we have purposed our considerations are guided primarily by studies of Antonio Candido (1970, 1989 and 2006) and Roberto Schwarz (1982 and 2000), joining artistic text and social series via character category, with characterization, a priori, through labor relations. Our approach lays not on Joana, representing Medea, the protagonist of that Greek tragedy, but especially from Egeu, minor character in the Euripides’ play, who, however, plays an important role in that modern version, being imperative in the wake of reflections of Brazilian society. On the other hand, we have observed that the entrepreneur Creonte Vasconcelos, who represents the power of capital, and Jasão de Oliveira, a dubious character, who suffers more transformations during the plot, hesitating between the miserable universe of his origin and the economic power, rising socially, becoming a product of the cultural industry and leading us to think about the use of the most capable people by the capitalist system.