Two Clara dos Anjos and one Rosa: identity and representation of black woman in Brazilian Literature

This article presents an analysis of identity and representations of black women in the tales Keep Secret Esmeralda Ribeiro, Rosa and Fusilier and Voices d'Rachel de Queiroz Africa. The story of Esmeralda Ribeiro black author, published in Cadernos Negros: the best short stories (1998) reexamines Clara dos Anjos, Lima Barreto's novel character written between 1904 and 1922. In this work, the author lays bare, in a confessional tone, the daily life of Rio suburbs, from the perspective of racial prejudice, and is the protagonist as a passive woman, submissive, an object. Emerald, black writer, gives Clara a condition of the subject, building an identity as a woman and as a black. It is the chronicle of belonging. Rosa and the Marine and Voices of Africa Rose protagonist appointing chronic-tale first is the outcome of its history in the second text, both published in the first Rachel de Queiroz of chronic compilation entitled The Maiden and Moura Pie (1948 ). Rachel is the text representation of black women because they can not as white women have the lived experience as black to build identity and can do it in generalizing way considering his wife condition and his experience in the feminine universe. There are relations between the texts that go beyond the theme, Space Rio suburb and similarities between Rosa and Clara, Cassi and the Marines. You can see the works a dialogue between sex and race interests, identities and stereotypes, relationships that materialize in Literature.

"From the hidden side of dictatorship to the filter of memory: contemporary Brazilian literature - resistance and exile"

The article analyzes several aspects related to memoirs texts from the banished people of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985), mainly the domino effect of the narratives about resistance, the intertextuality among these works and the role of the banished ones in the effort of constructing a revolution which passed over national limits. Using autobiographical works such as the trilogy started by Fernando Gabeira with O que é isso, companheiro? [What is this, comrade?], the narratives of Alfredo Sirkis (Os carbonários and Roleta chilena) [The carbonari and Chilean roulette], Flávio Tavares (Memórias do esquecimento) [Memoirs of forgetfulness], Alex Polari (Em busca do tesouro) [In search of the treasure], and Carlos Eugênio Paz (Viagem à luta armada) [Trip to the armed struggle], among others, and as theoretical references authors like Andreas Huyssen, Beatriz Sarlo, Leonor Arfuch, Tzvetan Todorov and Michael Pollak, the article aims at reflecting about the memories of the banished and the political prisoners as a bruising affirmation of a crucial period of the Brazilian History and collective memory.

AN AFRO-BRAZILIAN LOOK FOR O CORTIÇO

This article is a re-reading of the novel O cortiço, by Aluísio Azevedo, from theoretical reflections about the concepts that involve Afro-Brazilian literature. In that work, the representation of black woman takes us to the stereotypes of race and gender: seductive woman, responsible for the white man misguided. Methodologically, we get the category “black literature”, by Zilá Bernd (1987), closer to the engaged proposal of “Afro-Brazilian literature”, by Eduardo de Assis Duarte (2011), to discuss about the possibilities for revision of the Brazilian colonial past in the literary texts. Therefore, we used an approach of literary text reading that emphasizes the cultural intertexts of the artistic representations. According to the comparative studies, the dialogue between texts and culture promotes the critical rereading of the past, because the literary text becomes illuminated by a post-colonial look.

ESPAÇO URBANO E VIOLÊNCIA NA NARRATIVA BRASILEIRA CONTEMPORÂNEA

The purpose of this article and visualize that the space represented in contemporary Brazilian literature is predominantly urban. Thus, this study examines some of the relationships between space and violence in contemporary Brazilian narrative by the fact that our literature has followed a migration process, assuming, therefore, a predominantly urban area. Thus, through a mould several of narrative and analysis emanating, we find that the contemporary Brazilian literature demonstrate a growing city, indicating that the relationship between urban experience and literature, in modernity, become more radical and forceful .

GODOFREDO RANGEL AND AUTRAN DOURADO: THE ARTIST AND APPRENTICE

The name Godofredo Rangel has been fixed itself in the history of Brazilian literature mainly as Monteiro Lobato's eternal friend and correspondent. Nevertheless, his memory is revered by writers of the same strain as Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Autran Dourado. The latter, above all, in more than one occasion, declared having had in Rangel a master in writing, whose guidance had been fundamental to the development of his literary vocation. In the novel Um artista aprendiz (n.t.: An apprentice artist), from 1989, Dourado narrates the trajectory of a novice writer, whose  encounter with the literary personality of Godofredo Rangel, fictionalized by the author in the character of Sílvio sousa, is also decisive. This study consists of the comparison between the testimony of Autran Dourado about Godofredo Rangel and the fictional matter of the novel, searching in them the elements to understand what Dourado and others considered as being a work of mastery in the literary art.

"SÃO PAULO-SAMPA-SP": THE MULTIPLE FACES OF THE METROPOLIS

The city is a symbol of human sociability , meeting place and common life - and in this sense , their model is the Greek polis . But it is also a symbol of human diversity , in which masses of people live who do not know , do not recognize or even hostile to , and here the model is not the Greek city , but Babel. The perceptions of the city built in songs and literary texts are in agreement with the adjectives that easily come to mind when one thinks of São Paulo: bumpy, sprawling, dizzying. São Paulo does not provoke admiration, as elsewhere - at least not in the word admiration is benign and gentle . Causes astonishment, this feeling that overcomes the admiration in fright - a result of gigantism, the omnipresent sense of urgency, the unsettling awareness of being in an urban labyrinth that extends to infinity. This research aims to highlight that forms the largest Brazilian metropolis is described both in music and Brazilian literature , at which point it will be possible to establish directions for the different readings of urban space.

THE GROPING ESSAY OF SAMUEL RAWET

Samuel Rawet has intended, by his essays, to bring questions about somepreocupations – and its ethical consequences, principally, according to my point of view on thispaper– which is imbricated to his fictional works. On his essays, as a matter of fact, the authorproposes questions and searchs for possible answers, despite these answers seem to be temporariesand anguishing answers to some concerns the author brings us as well as on his fictional works; or,we should say, mainly fictional, as in Rawet’ works the genre (form) we use to call a essay isdeeply influenced by the genre chronics. Thus, his essays are parallels to the short stories andnovels, in terms of development of latent questions which are commom to all his writings, toward apersonal and special perception of the world that reminds, inside out, Martin Buber’s philosophy.Regarding to this, we may say that his essay and fiction are complementary to each other – in spiteof being also independent to each other. These questions and its relation to the ethical concernsexpressed all over Rawet’s literature lead to important questions regarding the studies of his oeuvreas meaningful part of jewish-brazilian literature.

WOMAN IN SILENT EMANCIPATION: PARCIALITY OF VICTORY IN BARREN LIVES [VIDAS SECAS]

Brazilian literature critics’ theorizations concerning feminine emancipation in the modern novel tend to consider a single form of resistance, the exacerbation of sexuality, which leads characters to discrimination and subsequent punishment, often culminates into their deaths. In this sense, a hypothesis to be followed is one to state that this type of criticism underestimates the feminine power, especially in women who reached “respectability” through marriage, i.e., there are other kinds of escape to masculine oppression that do not necessarily include the use of the body. Therefore, the objective of this work is to examine a case study, of sinha Vitória in Barren lives [Vidas secas], a revealing example of empowerment potentialities of married women, through other expedients, such as intellectual superiority. Theoretically, this article dialogs with both canonical studies, including Candido (1992) and Mourão (1971), as well as contemporary ones, like Bueno (2006) and Brunacci (2008). Setting form and arriving at the ambiguity in the name sinha Vitória, the analysis could observe the assumed relevance of the character in the family, as a decision-making authority, representing an intellectual and ideological compass. However, within the unmeasured inequalities of the northeastern society in the first half of the XX Century, this highlighted position in the family and sagacity to read the surrounding world do not prevent the social oppression of her nucleus by the powerful farmers, making her victory a merely partial one.

Children's Literature and Brazilian identity of black children

This article aims to analyze how the black child is characterized in relation to the stereotypes created around the black, in the course of Brazilian history in children's narratives, from a sociological approach to the literary text and the assumptions of comparative literature. To this end, we selected some childish narratives that feature characters black children, and you can see that these works reveal the transformations that occurred in Brazilian society with regard to black. This work is based on the theoretical support in the works of Rosangela Malachias and Florestan Fernandes, among others. The analysis was organized to observe the difficulties of identifying the black child before the European cultural dictates about the standard model of beauty. In general, one can observe that the production of works whose characters are black children intensified after the 1988 Constitution and the Law 10.639/2003. The literary discourse aimed at children, so undergoes changes before changes in society and shows a new socio-historical context in which minorities gain more space, but respect for differences yet to occur effectively in social relations that the black is really valued.

Female authorship Literature: Women in the history and in the memory

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of Brazilian women’s search for equality, concerning cultural and social areas over five centuries. Oppression, submission and silence used to be common words for women during this period in the history. The extreme patriarchal system and the sexism in different areas of society prevented the female rights from expressing their opinions. This study process involved the research on significant articles, books and magazines related to gender equalities. The present achievements of women in the country are due to the work of feminist movements supported in Cultural Studies and Gender Theories that led women to represent an equal role in the society. As a result, women in the twentieth century got rid of the sexist oppression and besides producing remarkable writings, they improved their identities revealing themselves as skilful people able to contribute to the literary canon as well as diligent professional in education, politics and different areas of society in the postwar period.

THE POETRY OF HELENA KOLODY IN THE PARANÁ LITERATURE CONTEXT

Helena Kolody is a Brazilian poet, daughter of Ukrainian emigrants and was born on October 12th, 1912, in Cruz Machado, state of Paraná. Died on 14th February, 2004, in Curitiba, PR. With twelve published books, a lot of anthologies and complete works, Kolody while realizes a poetic “doing”, looks for the synthesis of her production. She chooses synthetic form poems such as: distiches, tercets, quartets, ephigrams, “tankas and haicais” (Japanese poetry). The recurrent themes into the Kolody’s lyric are: the time; the loneliness; the memory; the transitority; the permanency; the double; the travel among others. The “kolodiana’s work” shows themes and images that contribute to propose (re) significations in Paraná Literature context.

FEATURES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN GOTA D’ÁGUA

This paper aims to analyze elements of the play Gota d’água, written by Chico Buarque and Paulo Pontes from televised script by Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, based on the tragedy Euripides’ Medea. The work preserves the central plot of the Greek text, but presents aspects of Brazilian reality and strong social content, dealing with themes that remain fairly current, such as right to housing, the situation of dependence of the poor class, the search for survival and maintenance power of action and decision in the hands of those who hold the capital. In the plot, recreated in suburban Rio, the representation of poor Brazilian workers emerges, with poverty being approached from a different profile than that spread by recent works of national literature, in which another facet of the lower social classes is highlighted, linking them to crime and violence, as well as the representation even more common, with an emphasis on black or northeastern origin. To this analysis we have purposed our considerations are guided primarily by studies of Antonio Candido (1970, 1989 and 2006) and Roberto Schwarz (1982 and 2000), joining artistic text and social series via character category, with characterization, a priori, through labor relations. Our approach lays not on Joana, representing Medea, the protagonist of that Greek tragedy, but especially from Egeu, minor character in the Euripides’ play, who, however, plays an important role in that modern version, being imperative in the wake of reflections of Brazilian society. On the other hand, we have observed that the entrepreneur Creonte Vasconcelos, who represents the power of capital, and Jasão de Oliveira, a dubious character, who suffers more transformations during the plot, hesitating between the miserable universe of his origin and the economic power, rising socially, becoming a product of the cultural industry and leading us to think about the use of the most capable people by the capitalist system.