Planktonic foraminifera in the latest Maastrichtian of Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic

An abrupt global warming of 3-4°C occurred near the end of the Maastrichtian at 65.45-65.10 Ma. The environmental effects of this warm event are here documented based on stable isotopes and quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera at the South Atlantic DSDP Site 525A. Stable isotopes of individual species mark a rapid increase in temperature and a reduction in the vertical water mass stratification that is accompanied by a decrease in niche habitats, reduced species diversity and/or abundance, smaller species morphologies or dwarfing, and reduced photosymbiotic activity. During the warm event, the relative abundance of a large number of species decreased, including tropical-subtropical affiliated species, whereas typical mid-latitude species retained high abundances. This indicates that climate warming did not create favorable conditions for all tropical-subtropical species at mid-latitudes and did not cause a massive retreat in the local mid-latitude population. A noticeable exception is the ecological generalist Heterohelix dentata Stenestad that dominated during the cool intervals, but significantly decreased during the warm event. However, dwarfing is the most striking response to the abrupt warming and occurred in various species of different morphologies and lineages (e.g. biserial, trochospiral, keeled globotruncanids). Dwarfing is a typical reaction to environmental stress conditions and was likely the result of increased reproduction rates. Similarly, photosymbiotic activity appears to have been reduced significantly during the maximum warming, as indicated by decreased delta13C values. The foraminiferal response to climate change is thus multifaceted resulting in decreased species diversity, decreased species populations, increased competition due to reduced niche habitats, dwarfing and reduced photosymbiotic activity.

The Cenomanian/Turronian Boundary Event at ODP Hole 103-641A

Drilling at ODP Site 641 (on the western margin of Galicia Bank, off northwestern Spain) revealed a thin, but pronounced, interval of black shale and gray-green claystone. Our high-resolution study combines the sedimentology, micropaleontology (palynomorphs and others), organic and inorganic geochemistry, and isotopic values of this layer to demonstrate the distinct nature of the sediment and prove that the sequence represents the local sedimentary expression of the global Cenomanian/Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) of Schlanger and Jenkyns (1976), Arthur and Schlanger (1979), and Jenkyns (1980), also called the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE). The most striking evidence is that the strong positive d13C excursion characterizing the CTBE sequences in shallow areas can be traced into a pronounced deep-sea expression, thus providing a good stratigraphic marker for the CTBE in various paleosettings. The isotopic excursion at Site 641 coincides with an extremely enriched trace metal content, with values that were previously unknown for the Cretaceous Atlantic. Similar to other CTBE occurrences, the organic carbon content is high (up to 11%) and the organic matter is of dominantly marine origin (kerogen type II). The bulk mineralogy of the CTBE sediments does not differ significantly from the general trend of Cretaceous North Atlantic sediments (dominance of smectite and zeolite with minor amounts of illite and scattered palygorskite, kaolinite, and chlorite); thus, no evidence for either increased volcanic activity nor a drastic climatic change in the borderlands was found. Results from Site 641 are compared with the CTBE section found at Site 398, DSDP Leg 47B (Vigo Seamount at the southern end of the Galicia Bank).

Siliceous microfossils in middle Eocene sediments of ODP Holes 120-748B and 120-749B

The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) is a major transient warming event that occurred at ~ 40 Ma and reversed a long-term cooling trend through the early and middle Eocene. We report the results of a high-resolution, quantitative study of siliceous microfossils at Ocean Drilling Program Sites 748 and 749 (Southern Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean, ~ 58°S) across a ~ 1.4 myr interval spanning the MECO event. At both sites, a significant increase in biosiliceous sedimentation is associated with the MECO event. Rich siliceous planktonic microfossil assemblages in this interval are unusual in that they are dominated by ebridians, with radiolarians as a secondary major component. Silicoflagellates and diatoms comprise only a minor fraction of the assemblage, in contrast to siliceous microfossil assemblages that characterize modern Southern Ocean sediments. Based on our new siliceous microfossil records, we interpret two ~ 300 kyr periods of elevated nutrient availability in Southern Ocean surface waters which span the peak warming interval of the MECO and the post-MECO cooling interval. A diverse assemblage of large silicoflagellates belonging to the Dictyocha grandis plexus is linked to the rapid rise in sea-surface temperatures immediately prior to peak warmth, and a pronounced turnover is observed in both ebridian and silicoflagellate assemblages at the onset of peak warming. The interval of peak warmth is also characterized by high abundance of cosmopolitan ebridians (e.g., Ammodochium spp.) and silicoflagellates (e.g., Naviculopsis spp.), and increased abundance of tropical and subtropical diatom genera (e.g., Asterolampra and Azpeitia). These observations confirm the relative pattern of temperature change interpreted from geochemical proxy data at multiple Southern Ocean sites. Furthermore, rapid assemblage changes in both autotrophic and heterotrophic siliceous microfossil groups indicate a reorganization of Southern Ocean plankton communities in response to greenhouse warming during the MECO event.

Planktonic foraminifers in DSDP Holes 30-289 and 33-315A

The work is based on samples from Deep-Sea Drilling in the Pacific Ocean and from natural sections in its continental setting. Species composition of planktonic foraminifera from Maastrichtian sediments of the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans, as well as from marginal seas of Australia and New Zealand and epicontinental basins of the northern hemisphere has been analysed. Two main issues: reconstruction of Maastrichtian climatic zonality, and reconstruction of Maastrichtian paleodepths. Four bipolar climatic zones have been distinguished. According to preservation of planktonic foraminifera and composition of their complexes three levels of dissolution have been identified.

Planktonic foraminifera in the Maastrichtian of Hor-Hahar

The lengthy warm, stable climate of the Cretaceous terminated in the Campanian with a cooling trend, interrupted in the early and latest Maastrichtian by two events of global warming, at ~70-68 Ma and at 65.78-65.57 Ma. These climatic oscillations had a profound effect on pelagic ecosystems, especially on planktic foraminiferal populations. Here we compare biotic responses in the tropical-subtropical (Tethyan) open ocean and mesotrophic (Zin Valley, Israel) and oligotrophic (Tunisia) slopes, which correlate directly with global warming and cooling. The two warming events coincide with blooms of Guembelitria, an extreme opportunist genus best known as the main survivor of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) catastrophe. In the Maastrichtian, Guembelitria bloomed in the uppermost surface water above shelf and slope environments but failed to reach the open ocean as it did at K-Pg. The coldest interval of the late Maastrichtian (~68-65.78 Ma) is marked by an acme of the otherwise rare species Gansserina gansseri, a deep-dwelling keeled globotruncanid. The G. gansseri acme event can be traced from the deep ocean even onto the Tethyan slope, marking copious production and circulation of cold intermediate water. This acme is abruptly terminated by extinction of the species, a dramatic reversal attributed to a short-term global warming episode. This extinction corresponds precisely with the second bloom of Guembelitria that began ~300 kyr prior to the K-Pg event. The antithetical relationship between blooming of Guembelitria and the G. gansseri acme reflects planktic foraminiferal sensitivity to warm-cool-warm-cool climatic oscillations marking the end of the Cretaceous.

Phytoplankton parameters in the Large Aral Sea in June 2008

Species composition, abundance, and biomass of phytoplankton in the surface water layer were determined at 10 stations in the central part of the Western Basin (WB) and at one station in the Eastern Basin (EB) of the Large Aral Sea. 42 algal species were found. Diatoms had the highest number of species. Similarity of phytoplankton composition in the WB was high, whereas phytoplankton composition in the WB and EB differed significantly. In WB abundance and biomass of phytoplankton varied from 826x10**3 to 6312x10**3 cells/l (aver. 1877x10**3 cells/l) and from 53 to 241 ?g C/l (aver. 95 ?g C/l). In EB the phytoplankton abundance was 915x10**3 cells/l and 93 ?g C/l. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton in upper 35 m was investigated at one station in WB. Maximum values of phytoplankton abundance and biomass were recorded under the thermocline at 20 m depth. Integrated biomass of phytoplankton was 14 g C/m**2.

Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera of the South Atlantic Ocean

Stratigraphic, faunal and isotopic analyses of the Maastrichtian at DSDP sites 525A and 21 in the South Atlantic reveal a planktic foraminiferal fauna characterized by two major events, an early late Maastrichtian diversification and end-Maastrichtian mass extinction. Both events are accompanied by major changes in climate and productivity. The diversification event which occurred in two steps between 70.5 and 69.1 Ma increased species richness by a total of 43% and coincided with the onset of major cooling in surface and bottom waters and increased surface productivity. The onset of the terminal decline in Maastrichtian species richness began at 67.5 Ma and the first significant decline in surface productivity occurred at 66.2 Ma, coincident maximum cooling to 13°C in surface waters and the reduction of the surface-to-deep temperature gradient to less than 5°C. Major climatic and moderate productivity changes mark the mass extinction and the last 500 kyr of the Maastrichtian. Between 200 and 400 kyr before the K-T boundary surface and deep waters warmed rapidly by 3-4°C and cooled again during the last 100 kyr of the Maastrichtian. Surface productivity decreased only moderately across the K-T boundary. Species richness began to decline during the late Maastrichtian cooling and by K-T boundary time, the mass extinction had claimed 66% of the species. Viewed within the context of Maastrichtian climate and productivity changes, the K-T mass extinction could have resulted from extreme environmental stress even without the addition of an extraterrestrial impact.

Characterization of late Campanian and Maastrichtian planktonic foraminiferal depth habitats and vital activities based on stable isotopes

Depth habitats of 56 late Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal species from cool and warm climate modes were determined based on stable isotope analyses of deep-sea samples from the equatorial Pacific DSDP Sites 577A and 463, and South Atlantic DSDP Site 525A. The following conclusions can be reached: Planoglobulina multicamerata (De Klasz) and Heterohelix rajagopalani (Govindan) occupied the deepest plankton habitats, followed by Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli), Globotruncanella havanensis (Voorwijk), Gublerina cuvillieri Kikoine, and Laeviheterohelix glabrans (Cushman) also at subthermocline depth. Most keeled globotruncanids, and possibly Globigerinelliodes and Racemiguembelina species, lived at or within the thermocline layer. Heterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg) and Rugoglobigerina, Pseudotextularia and Planoglobulina occupied the subsurface depth of the mixed layer, and Pseudoguembelina species inhabited the surface mixed layer. However, depth ranking of some species varied depending on warm or cool climate modes, and late Campanian or Maastrichtian age. For example, most keeled globotruncanids occupied similar shallow subsurface habitats as Rugoglobigerina during the warm late Campanian, but occupied the deeper thermocline layer during cool climatic intervals. Two distinct types of "vital effect" mechanisms reflecting photosymbiosis and respiration effects can be recognized by the exceptional delta13C signals of some species. (1) Photosymbiosis is implied by the repetitive pattern of relatively enriched delta13C values of Racemiguembelina (strongest), Planoglobulina, Rosita and Rugoglobigerina species, Pseudoguembelina excolata (weakest). (2) Enriched respiration 12C products are recognized in A. mayaroensis, Gublerina acuta De Klasz, and Heterohelix planata (Cushman). Isotopic trends between samples suggest that photosymbiotic activities varied between localities or during different climate modes, and may have ceased under certain environmental conditions. The appearance of most photosymbiotic species in the late Maastrichtian suggests oligotrophic conditions associated with increased water-mass stratification.

Microflora from Molasse sediments in southern Germany

1. Polleninventar: Erstmals wurde der Sporomorpheninhalt der Süssbrackwassermolasse und der Oberen Süsswassermolasse Südbayerns einer umfassenden Sichtung unterzogen. Von den überprüften 92 Fundstellen erwiesen sich 55 als sporomorphenführend. Nur 15 davon waren so ergiebig, daß ihr Inhalt quantitativ erfaßt und als Grundlage für die Erstellung eines Diagramms herangezogen werden konnte. Dennoch weist der systematische Katalog 272 Formen auf. Dies ist eine im Vergleich mit anderen, in neuerer Zeit bearbeiteten neogenen Pollenfloren Mitteleuropas sehr große Zahl, wie folgende Angaben belegen: Niederrheinische Braunkohle 175 Arten, Braunkohle der Oberpfalz 138 Arten, subalpine Flözmolasse Bayerns 93 Arten und subalpine Molasse der Ostschweiz und der zentralen und westlichen Paratethys 219 Arten. Dieser Reichtum erklärt sich unschwer aus der Größe des Untersuchungsgebietes, das vom Allgäu im Westen bis an die Salzach im Osten reichte. Überwiegend gehören die nachgewiesenen Formen gutbekannten Arten bzw. Formenkreisen an. Deshalb wurde lediglich die Aufstellung von 2 neuen Gattungen, 19 neuen Arten sowie 5 Neukombinationen nötig. Neue Genera: Nr. (165) Ludwigiapollis Nr., (248) Caesalpiniaceaepollenites, 311 Neue Spezies: (039) Polypodiaceoisporltes subtriangularis, (046) P. pityogrammoides, (067) Perinomonoletes imperfectus, (124) Cycadopltes gemmatus, (125) C. concinus, (133) Lillacidites tener, (137) Nupharipollenites microechinatus, (150) Polyporopollenites nanus, (161) Porocolpopollenites subrotundus, (165) Ludwigiapollis labiatus, (169) Sporotrapoidites cucculatus, (190) Tricolpopollenites cribosus, (192) T. variabilis, (204) Tricolporopollenites pulcher, (210) T. operculiferus, (213) T. pseudomarcodurensis, (217) T. magnolaevigatus, (245) Umbelliferaepollenites achldorfensis, (248) Caesalpiniaceaepollenites antiquus Neukombinationen: (081) Pityosporites koraensis, (128) Magnoliaepollenites magnolioides, (130) M. graciliexinus, (168) Sporotrapoidites erdtmannii, (177) Chenopodipollis psilatoides. Für die meisten der vorgefundenen Sporomorphen sind die Lieferpflanzen bereits bekannt. Dennoch gingen parallel zur Bestimmung, d.h. der Zuordnung der Funde zu Gruppen des morphographischen Sporomorphensystems, die Bemühungen auch dahin, solche Lieferpflanzen, v.a. der selteneren oder neu gefundenen Sporomorphen, zu ermitteln; einige der neuen Arten sind in ihrer Verwandtschaft eindeutig, was durch die Benennung zum Ausdruck gebracht wird (s.o). Für die Mehrzahl der neuen Spezies und für viele bisher in ihrer Verwandtschaft unklare Formen ließ sich die botanische Deutung zumindest eingrenzen. Dies gelang für 148 Formen. Es handelt sich dabei teils um subtropisch-tropische Gewächse, teils aber auch um Pflanzen gemäßigter Klimata. Für genaue Zuweisungen sind jedoch umfangreiche Rezentvergleiche nötig, die einer eigenen Bearbeitung vorbehalten bleiben müssen. Auch einige als Sammelgruppen behandelte Formenkreise erfordern für eine Aufgliederung detailliertere Untersuchungen als sie in diesem Rahmen durchführbar waren. (z. B. Tricolpopollenites asper, T. sp. 2 u.a.). Andere Formen und Gattungen wiederum erwiesen sich dagegen als viel zahlreicher und leichter differenzierbar als bisher angenommen (z. B. Pinaceen, Magnoliaceen, Cyperaceen). In diesem Zusamenhang ist auch zu erwähnen, daß von Hemitrapa zwei Arten mit offensichtlich stratigraphischer Aussagekraft unterscheidbar sind; die Interpretation von Tricolporopol1enltes wackersdorfensis sensu MOHR & GREGOR (1984) als Gleditsia muß nach vorliegenden Erkenntnissen dagegen in Frage gestellt werden. Für 36 Formspezies blieb die Lieferpflanze völlig unbekannt oder es lassen sich höchstens vage Vermutungen anstellen. 2. Biostratigraphie: Fragen der Brauchbarkeit von Mikrofloren für die stratgraphische Gliederung der jüngsten Molassesedimente Südbayerns bildeten den zweiten Schwerpunkt vorliegender Bearbeitung. a) Reichweite: Die Fülle des gefundenen Sporomorphenmaterials brachte es mit sich, daß bei etlichen Formen eine weitere stratigraphische Reichweite als bisher angenommen festgestellt wurde. Zum Teil wurde diese Revision durch die Neugliederung des Paratethys-Miozäns nötig. b) Palynologische Gliederung: Im Laufe der Untersuchungen zeigte sich bald, daß allein auf der Basis der mikrofloristischen Bearbeitung kein von anderen Fossilresten unabhängiges stratigraphisches Gliederungsschema zu finden war. Weder die von anderen Autoren favoritisierte Leitformen-Methode, noch die Aufgliederung nach Klimaelementen ergab ein brauchbares Bild. Lediglich die bekannte generelle Abnahme der miozänen, paläotropischen und thermophilen Elemente und die Zunahme der pliozänen, arktoteriären und gemäßigten während des Neogens ließ sich deutlich ausmachen. Dagegen ermöglicht die Berücksichtigung des Sporomorpheninhalts eine Ergänzung und Deutung der vertebrat-stratigraphisch ausgeschiedenen Abfolgen. Voraussetzung ist die Möglichkeit einer Zuordnung zu einer natürlichen Art, Gattung oder wenigstens Familie und daraus ableitbar wiederum die Zuordnung zu einer oder mehreren Pflanzengesellschaften. Aufgeteilt nach Diversität, Dominanz und Verhältnis von 'Feuchtpflanzen' bzw. autochthonen Gemeinschaften zu mesophilen Phanerophyten bzw. allochthonen Gemeinschaften lassen sich in Südbayern fünf Pollenbilder erkennen, die mit den MN-Einheiten der Zoostratigraphie in Beziehung gebracht werden können. Die Pollenbilder 1 und 2, ungefähr entsprechend den Säugereinheiten 4b und 5, dokumentieren gattungsreiche, polydominante Mikrofloren, deren Lieferpflanzen vor allem verschiedenen Naß- und Feuchtgesellschaften angehören. Dementprechend sind Pteridaceen, Schizaeaceen, Cyperaceen und Poaceen relativ häufig. Das Pollenbild 1 (Langenau und Rauscheröd) zeichnet sich durch eine gewisse Artenarmut aus, wohingegen im Pollenbild 2 (Hitzhofen und Rittsteig) die Diversität zunimmt und Palmenpollen neben anderen mesophilen Akzessorien eine merkliche Rolle spielt. Bemerkenswert ist in den Entnahmeprofilen das Vorkommen kohliger Sedimente. Bezeichnend für Sporomorphenbild 3 sind oligodominante Mikrofloren, zusammengesetzt aus Elementen artenarmer Au- und Sumpfwälder (Taxodiaceen, Cyperaceen) sowie mesophiler 'Pionierwälder' (Pinaceen, Leguminosen). Fehlende Kohlebildung und das Zurücktreten mesophiler, d. h. allochthoner Lieferpflanzen sind weitere Charakteristika. Dieses Sporomorphenbild mit den Fundpunkten Gallenbach und Unterneul enspricht ungefähr der Säugereinheit MN 6. Die beiden stratigraphisch jüngsten Pollendiagramme 4 und 5 setzen sich deutlich von dem vorhergehenden ab. Belegt sind nun wiederum gattungsreiche, polydominante Pflanzenge seIl schaften feuchter, aber nicht nasser Biotope, in denen es ebenfalls mancherorts zur Kohlebildung kam. Gegenüber den Sporomorphenbildern und 2 ist der Anteil mesophiler Lieferpflanzen deutlich erhöht auf Kosten der Feuchtelemente. Letzteres gilt vor allem für das Sporomorphenbild 5 (Leonberg), in dem Fagaceen Pollen (Quercus, Fagus) vorherrscht. sporomorphenbild 4 entspricht annähernd MN 8 mit den Fundpunkten Hassenhausen und Achldorf, während Leonberg, nahe Marktl gelegen, MN 9 zugehört. Auf dem Umweg über diese an der Säugetierstratigraphie 'geeichten' Mikrofloren gelingt es, stratigraphisch unsichere Fundpunkte, wenn sie nur genügend formen- und individuenreich sind (Burtenbach, Lerchenberg, Wemding), einzuordnen. Auf diese Weise ergibt sich die in Diagramm 10 dargestellte Reihung vom Liegenden zum Hangenden. Dürftige Sporomorphenfloren oder Floren, die ausschließlich autochthone Feuchtelemente zeigen, können pollenstratigraphisch nicht sicher angesprochen werden, weil ihr Pollendiagramm undeutlich bleiben muß. Entsprechend der anerkannten Unterstellung, daß Phytostratigraphie zugleich Klimastratigraphie ist, läßt die dargestellte, im Grunde auf der Ausscheidung verschiedener Ukotypen basierende Gliederung sich auch paläoklimatisch interpretieren: Danach ist das verarmte Sporomorphenbild 3 in Südbayern als Ausdruck des vegetationsgeschichtlichen Pessimums anzusehen. Da die nachgewiesenen Sippen noch höhere Wärmeansprüche besitzen, ist nicht ein Temperaturrückgang, sondern ein Absinken der Niederschlagsmenge als begrenzender Faktor am wahrscheinlichsten und auf diese Weise das Ausbleiben von Pollen mesophiler Phanerophyten des Hinterlandes einleuchtend. 3. Paläogeographie: Bei dem Versuch, mit benachbarten Gebieten stratigraphische Beziehungen herzustellen, ergab sich, daß dies zwar über eine kürzere Entfernung recht gut gelingt, daß aber vor allem zu den Mikrofloren der niederrheinischen Braunkohle ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht: In Süddeutschland lassen die Pollendiagramme auf eine raschere Veränderung in der Zusammensetzung der Wälder schließen. Mit anderen Worten: altersgleiche Mikrofloren in Nordwestdeutschland täuschen ein höheres Alter vor. Erst im Obersarmat ähneln sich die jeweiligen Sporomorphenbilder. Damit erklärt sich auch, daß frühere Bearbeiter Schwierigkeiten hatten, mikrofloristische Befunde aus Süd- und Nordwestdeutschland miteinander zu korrelieren. Als Ursache für dieses überraschende Phänomen einer mittelmiozänen Diagrammverschiebung wird die stärkere, sprich länger andauernde maritime Beeinflussung des Niederrheingebietes angesehen.

Marine diatoms in deep sea sediments

Long-term evolution is thought to take opportunities that arise as a consequence of mass extinction (as argued, for example, by Gould, 2002) and the following biotic recovery, but there is absolutely no evidence for this being the case. However, our study shows that eutrophication by oceanic mixing also played a part in the enhancement of several evolutionary events amongst marine organisms, and these results could indicate that the rates of oceanic biodiversification may be slowed if upwelling becomes weakened by future global warming. This paper defines three distinct evolutionary events of resting spores of the marine diatom genus Chaetoceros, to reconstruct past upwelling through the analysis of several DSDP, ODP and land-based successions from the North, South and equatorial Pacific as well as the Atlantic Ocean during the past 40 million years. The Atlantic Chaetoceros Explosion (ACE) event occurred across the E/O boundary in the North Atlantic, and is characterized by resting spore diversification that occurred as a consequence of the onset of upwelling following changes in thermohaline circulation through global cooling in the early Oligocene. Pacific Chaetoceros Explosion events-1 and -2 (PACE-1 and PACE-2) are characterized by relatively higher occurrences of iron input following the Himalayan uplift and aridification at 8.5 Ma and ca. 2.5 Ma in the North Pacific region. These events not only enhanced the diversification and increased abundance of primary producers, including that of Chaetoceros, other diatoms and seaweeds, but also stimulated the evolution of zooplankton and larger predators, such as copepods and marine mammals, which ate these phytoplankton and plants. Current thinking suggests new evolutionary niches open up after a mass extinction, but our study finds that eutrophication can also stimulate evolutionary diversification. Moreover, in the opposite fashion, our results show that as thermohaline circulation abates, global warming progresses and the ocean surface becomes warmer, many marine organisms will be affected by the environmental degradation.

Middle Miocene to Quaternary diatom biostratigraphy of DSDP Site 90-594

A diatom biostratigraphy is presented for middle Miocene through Quaternary sediments recovered from the Chatham Rise east of New Zealand's South Island. The upper 590 m of the 639.5-m composite-section Site 594 represents approximately 16 m.y. and is characterized by moderately to very poorly preserved diatoms of antarctic to temperate affinity. Pliocene through Quaternary assemblages are poorly preserved and dominated by antarctic-subantarctic species which provide detailed biostratigraphic control. Recognized are 11 of 14 zones of the middle upper Miocene to Quaternary Neogene Southern Ocean diatom zonation (NSD 7-NSD 20) of Ciesielski (1983; this chapter). Four Neogene Southern Ocean diatom zones (NSD 3-NSD 6) are recognized in the lower middle Miocene to middle upper Miocene of Site 594. Assemblages of this interval have a mixed high-latitude and temperate affinity; however, poor preservation limits correlation to high- and temperate-latitude zonal schemes. Neogene North Pacific diatom zones and subzones of NNPD 3 through NNPD 5 (Barron, in press, b) are correlated to Neogene Southern Ocean diatom zones NSD 3 through NSD 7: the upper portions of the Actinocyclus ingens Zone (NNPD 3) is correlative to the upper Nitzschia maleinterpretaria Zone (NSD 3); the Denticulopsis lauta Zone (NNPD 4) and Subzones a and b are correlative to the lower Coscinodiscus lewisianus Zone (NSD 4); and the D. hustedtü-D. lauta Zone (NNPD 5) and its Subzones a through d encompass the upper C. lewisianus Zone (NSD 4), N. grossepunctata Zone (NSD 5), N. denticuloides Zone (NSD 6), and the lower D. hustedtii-D. lauta Zone (NSD 7). A major disconformity spans the late Gilbert to early Gauss Chron (3.9-2.8 Ma). A second disconformity brackets the Miocene/Pliocene boundary; the section missing covers late Chron 5 and the early Gilbert chron (5.5-4.6 Ma). The remainder of the siliceous-fossil-bearing Miocene sediments at Site 594 appear to be correlative to lower paleomagnetic Chronozone 5 through upper Chronozone 16. Uppermost lower Miocene or lowermost middle Miocene sediments in the basal 50 m of Hole 594A are barren of diatoms.

Contribution of woody habitat islands to the conservation of birds and their potential ecosystem services in an extensive Colombian rangeland

The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.

Neogene diatoms of the Japan Sea

A series of excellent upper Miocene through Quaternary diatomaceous sequences recovered at four sites during Leg 127 was examined for diatoms. The diagenetic transition from opal-A to opal-CT is a diachronic horizon from the uppermost part of the Denticulopsis katayamae Zone (8.5 Ma) at Hole 797B to the uppermost part of the Neodenticula kamtschatica Zone (5.73 Ma) at Hole 795A. The diatom zonation of Koizumi (1985) best divides the upper Miocene to Quaternary sequences above the opal-A/opal-CT boundary and also is useful to date carbonate concretions including diatoms below the boundary. Forty diatom datum levels were evaluated biostratigraphically based on the sediment accumulation rate curve, and several isochronous datum levels are newly proposed for the Japan Sea area. A warm-water current did not penetrated into the Japan Sea through the Tsushima strait during the late Miocene and Pliocene time, because subtropical warm-water diatoms are essentially not present in such sediment samples. The occurrences of diatom are cyclic throughout the Quaternary sediments and are affected by eustatic sea level changes.