5 resultados para Krankenversicherung, private

em Digital Peer Publishing


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Die effektiv zu zahlende Prämie bestimmt sich in der Privaten Krankenversicherung als Summe aus Tarifbeiträgen, (optimalen) Selbsttragungen und Beitragsrückerstattungen. Letztere dienen der sekundären Prämiendifferenzierung. Ändert nun ein Versicherer sein Rückerstattungssystem, so hat dieses ohne Anpassung der primären Prämiendifferenzierung Auswirkungen auf die gesamte Belastung der Versicherten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden auf Basis theoretischer Überlegungen zur optimalen Selbsttragung in der Krankenversicherung die finanziellen Folgen der Änderung eines realen Beitragsrückerstattungssystems untersucht. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass stärker differenzierende Systeme nicht in jeder Modellvariante zu einer differenzierteren Gesamtbelastung als weniger differenzierende Systeme führen – die durchgeführte Umstellung selbst aber die Belastung der Versicherten um ca. 4% erhöht.

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Die Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenversicherung (PKV) in den Risikostrukturausgleich (RSA) der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) wird häufig diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Studie wird anhand einer quantitativen Analyse unter Verwendung der Daten des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) abgeschätzt, welche Transfersumme aus dem System der PKV in das System der GKV fließen würden, wenn ein übergreifender RSA eingerichtet würde. Die Summe läge bei 9,9 Mrd. Euro pro Jahr unter Annahme der Beitragsbemessungsgrenze des Jahres 2006. Einbezogen wurden dabei nur die Unterschiede auf der Einnahmenseite des RSA. Einschränkend muss gesehen werden, dass unklar bleibt, welche Krankenversicherungsunternehmen be- oder entlastet würden und über welches Verfahren die Transfersumme aufgebracht werden könnte.

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This article provides a legal and economic analysis of private copying levies in the EU, against the background of the Copyright Directive (2001/29), a number of recent rulings by the European Court of Justice and the recommendations presented by mediator Vitorino earlier this year. It concludes that notwithstanding these rulings and recommendations, there remains a lack of concordance on the relevance of contractual stipulations and digital rights management technologies (DRM) for setting levies, and the concept of harm. While Mr Vitorino and AG Sharpston (in the Opinion preceding VG Wort v. Kyocera) use different lines of reasoning to argue that levies raised on authorised copies would lead to double payment, the Court of Justice’s decision in VG Wort v. Kyocera seems to conclude that such copies should nonetheless be levied. If levies are to provide fair compensation for harm resulting from acts of private copying, economic analysis suggests one should distinguish between various kinds of private copies and take account of the extent to which the value said copies have for consumers can be priced into the purchase. Given the availability of DRM (including technical protection measures), the possibility of such indirect appropriation leads to the conclusion that the harm from most kinds of private copies is de minimis and gives no cause for levies. The user value of copies from unauthorised sources (e.g. from torrent networks or cyber lockers), on the other hand, cannot be appropriated indirectly by rightholders. It is, however, an open question in references for preliminary rulings pending at the Court of Justice whether these copies are included in the scope of the private copying exception or limitation and can thus be levied for. If they are not, as currently happens in several EU Member States, legal and economic analysis leads to the conclusion that the scope of private copying acts giving rise to harm susceptible of justifying levies is gradually diminishing.

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Enforcement of copyright online and fighting online “piracy” is a high priority on the EU agenda. Private international law questions have recently become some of the most challenging issues in this area. Internet service providers are still uncertain how the Brussels I Regulation (Recast) provisions would apply in EU-wide copyright infringement cases and in which country they can be sued for copyright violations. Meanwhile, because of the territorial approach that still underlies EU copyright law, right holders are unable to acquire EU-wide relief for copyright infringements online. This article first discusses the recent CJEU rulings in the Pinckney and Hejduk cases and argues that the “access approach” that the Court adopted for solving jurisdiction questions could be quite reasonable if it is applied with additional legal measures at the level of substantive law, such as the targeting doctrine. Secondly, the article explores the alternatives to the currently established lex loci protectionis rule that would enable right holders to get EU-wide remedies under a single applicable law. In particular, the analysis focuses on the special applicable law rule for ubiquitous copyright infringements, as suggested by the CLIP Group, and other international proposals.