Intuitionistic common knowledge or belief

Starting off from the usual language of modal logic for multi-agent systems dealing with the agents’ knowledge/belief and common knowledge/belief we define so-called epistemic Kripke structures for intu- itionistic (common) knowledge/belief. Then we introduce corresponding deductive systems and show that they are sound and complete with respect to these semantics.

Patientensicherheit in der Shuntchirurgie

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Hämodialysepatienten, die operativ mit einem Gefäßzugang versorgt werden müssen, sind eine vulnerable Patientengruppe, die aufgrund von Multimorbidität, der intensiven und oft fragmentierten Behandlung und vieler Schnittstellen ein erhöhtes Risiko für vermeidbare unerwünschte Ereignisse tragen. Fragestellung. Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Patientensicherheit mit Fokus auf die Shuntchirurgie. Material und Methoden. Auswertung und Aufarbeitung aktueller Daten zur Patientensicherheit und Instrumenten zu ihrer Förderung. Ergebnisse. Fehler im nicht operativen Management verursachen einen wesentlichen Anteil der unerwünschten Ereignisse. Checklisten, präoperative Seitenmarkierung, Zählkontrollen und interprofessionelle Teamtrainings sind wichtige Instrumente der Patientensicherheit im OP. Standardisierungen von postoperativen Übergaben durch einfache Protokolle können erheblich zur Reduktion von Fehlern und Schädigungen beitragen. Die Sicherheitskultur einer Abteilung ist ein Umgebungsfaktor, der für die Effektivität dieser Sicherheitsbarrieren wesentlich ist. Schlussfolgerungen. Es existieren wirksame Instrumente, die die Patientensicherheit in der Shuntchirurgie fördern. Gerade an den Schnittstellen zur weiteren Versorgung können durch die konsequente Implementierung und Nutzung dieser Maßnahmen und ein aktives Sicherheitsmanagement unerwünschte Ereignisse vermieden werden. Die interprofessionelle und interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und der Einbezug der Patienten sind wichtige Ressource für die Behandlungssicherheit, die stärker genutzt werden sollten.

Inversion, Obviation, and Animacy in Native Languages of the Americas: Elements for a Cross-linguistic Survey

Native languages of the Americas whose predicate and clause structure reflect nominal hierarchies show an interesting range of structural diversity not only with respect to morphological makeup of their predicates and arguments but also with respect to the factors governing obviation status. The present article maps part of such diversity. The sample surveyed here includes languages with some sort of nonlocal (third person acting on third person) direction-marking system.

Proximal Femoral Osteotomies with the Paediatric Hip Plate (LCP): Valgus osteotomy.

OBJECTIVE Proximal femoral osteotomy with stable fixation and sufficient correction. Low complication rates due to exact preoperative planning. INDICATIONS Congenital or traumatic femoral neck pseudarthrosis. Coxa vara. CONTRAINDICATIONS None. In severe deformities, a single femoral osteotomy may not solve the problem; thus, additional correction, e.g., a pelvic osteotomy, is required. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Correct planning of the correction angle. Lateral approach. Subperiosteal detachment of vastus lateralis muscle. Place guide wire on the femoral neck to judge anteversion. Insert positioning wire 5 mm distal to trochanteric physis. Insert 2.8 mm Kirschner wire in the femoral neck. Osteotomy of the femur after marking the rotation by Kirschner wires or oscillating saw. Slide LC plate over Kirschner wires. Replace Kirschner wires with screws. Reduction of the femoral shaft to the plate with bone forceps. Definitive fixation of the plate to the femoral shaft by cortex or locking screws. Readaptation of vastus lateralis muscle over the plate. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT Partial weightbearing for 4-6 weeks depending on the age of the patient without any external fixation (e. g. cast) is possible. RESULTS Recent studies support the authors' findings of sufficient correction and stable fixation after proximal femoral osteotomy with the LCP pediatric hip plate. Low complication rates and stable fixation.

Car, parce que, puisque’ revisited: Three empirical studies on French causal connectives

In French, a causal relation is often conveyed by the connectives car, parce que or puisque. Since the seminal work of the Lambda-l Group (1975), it has generally been assumed that parce que, used to relate semantic content, contrasts with car and puisque, both used to connect either speech act or epistemic content. However, this analysis leaves a number of questions unanswered. In this paper, I present a reanalysis of this trio, using empirical methods such as corpus analysis and constrained elicitation. Results indicate that car and parce que are interchangeable in many contexts, even if they are still prototypically used in their respective domain in writing. As for puisque, its distribution does not overlap with car, despite their similar domains of use. I argue that the specificity of puisque with respect to the other two connectives is to introduce a cause with an echoic meaning.

Advances in Research on Semantic Roles

Especially in functional-typological linguistics, semantic roles have been studied thoroughly, because they constitute a good starting point for any study on argument marking due to their semantically defined nature. However, the very concept of semantic roles is far from being without problems, and there is still no consensus on how the roles are best defined. In this volume, the notion will be discussed from novel perspectives with the aim of providing new insights into our understanding of semantic roles. Two of the papers deal with semantic role clusters, one with semantic roles in verbless constructions, one with diachrony of semantic roles and two with individual semantic roles that have not been studied in too much detail in previous studies. The book may not offer answers to all questions the readers may have, but at least it raises interesting further questions relevant to arriving at a better understanding of semantic roles.

Referential hierarchies: A new look at some historical and typological patterns

This paper proposes a diachronic typology for the various patterns that have been referred to as Hierarchical Alignment or Inverse Alignment. Previous typological studies have tried to explain such patterns as grammatical reflections of a universal Referential Hierarchy, in which first person outranks second person outranks third person and humans outrank other animates outrank inanimates. However, our study shows that most of the formal properties of hierarchy-sensitive constructions are essentially predictable from their historical sources. We have identified three sources for hierarchical person marking, three for direction marking, two for obviative case marking, and one for hierarchical constituent ordering. These sources suggest that there is more than one explanation for hierarchical alignment: one is consistent with Givón’s claim that hierarchical patterns are a grammaticalization of generic topicality; another is consistent with DeLancey’s claim that hierarchies reflect the deictic distinction between present (1/2) and distant (3) participants; another is simply a new manifestation of a common asymmetrical pattern, the use of zero marking for third persons. More importantly, the evolution of hierarchical grammatical patterns does not reflect a consistent universal ranking of participants – at least in those cases where we can see (or infer) historical stages in the evolution of these properties, different historical stages appear to reflect different hierarchical rankings of participants, especially first and second person. This leads us to conclude that the diversity of hierarchical patterns is an artifact of grammatical change, and that in general, the presence of hierarchical patterns in synchronic grammars is not somehow conditioned by some more general universal hierarchy.

Decomposing hierarchical alignment: Co-arguments as conditions on alignment and the limits of referential hierarchies as explanations in verb agreement

Apart from common cases of differential argument marking, referential hierarchies affect argument marking in two ways: (a) through hierarchical marking, where markers compete for a slot and the competition is resolved by a hierarchy, and (b) through co-argument sensitivity, where the marking of one argument depends on the properties of its co-argument. Here we show that while co-argument sensitivity cannot be analyzed in terms of hierarchical marking, hierarchical marking can be analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity. Once hierarchical effects on marking are analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity, it becomes possible to examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in exactly the same way as one can examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in cases of differential argument marking and indeed any other condition on alignment (such as tense or clause type). As a result, instances of hierarchical marking of any kind turn out not to present a special case in the typology of alignment, and there is no need for positing an additional non-basic alignment type such as “hierarchical alignment”. While hierarchies are not needed for descriptive and comparative purposes, we also cast doubt on their relevance in diachrony: examining two families for which hierarchical agreement has been postulated, Algonquian and Kiranti, we find only weak and very limited statistical evidence for agreement paradigms to have been shaped by a principled ranking of person categories.