Spektroskopie und Ultraspurenanalyse von Plutonium mittels Resonanzionisations-Massenspektrometrie

Die Resonanzionisations-Massenspektrometrie (RIMS) ist sowohl für spektroskopische Untersuchungen seltener Isotope als auch für den Ultraspurennachweis langlebiger radioaktiver Elemente einsetzbar. Durch die mehrstufige resonante Anregung atomarer Energieniveaus mit anschließender Ionisation mit Laserlicht wird eine sehr hohe Elementselektivität und Ionisationseffizienz erreicht. Der nachfolgende massenselektive Ionennachweis liefert eine gute Isotopenselektivität zusammen mit einer effektiven Untergrundunterdrückung. Ein wichtiger Bestandteil der RIMS-Apparatur ist ein zuverlässig arbeitendes, leistungsstarkes Lasersystem für die Resonanzionisation. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein von einem hochrepetierenden Nd:YAG-Laser gepumptes, aus drei Titan-Saphir-Lasern bestehendes System fertig aufgebaut und in den Routinebetrieb überführt. Die Titan-Saphir-Laser liefern im Durchstimmbereich von 730 - 880 nm eine mittlere Leistung von bis zu 3 W pro Laser bei einer Linienbreite von 2 - 3 GHz. Sie lassen sich computergesteuert in ihren Wellenlängen durchstimmen. Die mittels Resonanzionisation erzeugten Ionen werden dann in einem Flugzeit-Massenspektrometer entsprechend ihrer Masse aufgetrennt und mit einem Kanalplattendetektor nachgewiesen.Als Voraussetzung für die isotopenselektive Ultraspurenanalyse von Plutonium wurden mit diesem Lasersystem die Isotopieverschiebungen eines effizienten, dreistufigen Anregungsschema für Plutonium bestimmt. Die Laserleistungen reichen zur vielfachen Sättigung der ersten beiden Anregungsschritte und zur zweifachen Sättigung des dritten Anregungsschritts aus.Außerdem wurden die Ionisationsenergien von Pu-239 und Pu-244 zur Untersuchung ihrer Isotopenabhängigkeit bestimmt. Die beiden Ionisationsenergien sind im Rahmen der erreichten Genauigkeit bei einem Meßwert von IP239-IP244 = 0,24(82) cm^-1 gleich.Die Nachweiseffizienz der RIMS-Apparatur für Plutonium wurde in Effizienzmessungen zu 10^-5 bestimmt. Durch die gute Untergrundunterdrückung ergab sich daraus eine Nachweisgrenze von 10^6 Atomen bei der Messung eines Plutoniumisotops. Die Bestimmung der Isotopenverhältnisse von Proben mit einer zertifizierten Isotopenzusammensetzung lieferte eine gute Übereinstimmung der Meßwerte mit den angegebenen Zusammensetzungen.Die RIMS-Apparatur wurde zur Bestimmung des Gehalts und der Isotopenzusammensetzung von Plutonium in Meerwasser- und Staubproben eingesetzt.Auf Grund der Isotopenzusammensetzung konnte gezeigt werden, daß das Plutonium bei den meisten Proben aus dem Fallout von oberirdischen Kernwaffentests stammte. Des weiteren wurde Plutonium in Urinproben bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenzen lagen bei diesen Umweltproben bei 10^6 bis 10^7 Atomen Plutonium und damit um zwei Größenordnungen niedriger als die Nachweisgrenze für Pu-239 bei der alpha-Spektroskopie, der Standardmethode für den Plutoniumnachweis.

A new double laser pulse pumping scheme for transient collisionally excited plasma soft X-ray lasers

Within this thesis a new double laser pulse pumping scheme for plasma-based, transient collisionally excited soft x-ray lasers (SXRL) was developed, characterized and utilized for applications. SXRL operations from ~50 up to ~200 electron volt were demonstrated applying this concept. As a central technical tool, a special Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser front-end was developed for the generation of fully controllable double-pulses to optimally pump SXRLs.rnThis Mach-Zehnder device is fully controllable and enables the creation of two CPA pulses of different pulse duration and variable energy balance with an adjustable time delay. Besides the SXRL pumping, the double-pulse configuration was applied to determine the B-integral in the CPA laser system by amplifying short pulse replica in the system, followed by an analysis in the time domain. The measurement of B-integral values in the 0.1 to 1.5 radian range, only limited by the reachable laser parameters, proved to be a promising tool to characterize nonlinear effects in the CPA laser systems.rnContributing to the issue of SXRL pumping, the double-pulse was configured to optimally produce the gain medium of the SXRL amplification. The focusing geometry of the two collinear pulses under the same grazing incidence angle on the target, significantly improved the generation of the active plasma medium. On one hand the effect was induced by the intrinsically guaranteed exact overlap of the two pulses on the target, and on the other hand by the grazing incidence pre-pulse plasma generation, which allows for a SXRL operation at higher electron densities, enabling higher gain in longer wavelength SXRLs and higher efficiency at shorter wavelength SXRLs. The observation of gain enhancement was confirmed by plasma hydrodynamic simulations.rnThe first introduction of double short-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping for SXRL pumping below 20 nanometer at the laser facility PHELIX in Darmstadt (Germany), resulted in a reliable operation of a nickel-like palladium SXRL at 14.7 nanometer with a pump energy threshold strongly reduced to less than 500 millijoule. With the adaptation of the concept, namely double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping (DGRIP) and the transfer of this technology to the laser facility LASERIX in Palaiseau (France), improved efficiency and stability of table-top high-repetition soft x-ray lasers in the wavelength region below 20 nanometer was demonstrated. With a total pump laser energy below 1 joule the target, 2 mircojoule of nickel-like molybdenum soft x-ray laser emission at 18.9 nanometer was obtained at 10 hertz repetition rate, proving the attractiveness for high average power operation. An easy and rapid alignment procedure fulfilled the requirements for a sophisticated installation, and the highly stable output satisfied the need for a reliable strong SXRL source. The qualities of the DGRIP scheme were confirmed in an irradiation operation on user samples with over 50.000 shots corresponding to a deposited energy of ~ 50 millijoule.rnThe generation of double-pulses with high energies up to ~120 joule enabled the transfer to shorter wavelength SXRL operation at the laser facility PHELIX. The application of DGRIP proved to be a simple and efficient method for the generation of soft x-ray lasers below 10 nanometer. Nickel-like samarium soft x-ray lasing at 7.3 nanometer was achieved at a low total pump energy threshold of 36 joule, which confirmed the suitability of the applied pumping scheme. A reliable and stable SXRL operation was demonstrated, due to the single-beam pumping geometry despite the large optical apertures. The soft x-ray lasing of nickel-like samarium was an important milestone for the feasibility of applying the pumping scheme also for higher pumping pulse energies, which are necessary to obtain soft x-ray laser wavelengths in the water window. The reduction of the total pump energy below 40 joule for 7.3 nanometer short wavelength lasing now fulfilled the requirement for the installation at the high-repetition rate operation laser facility LASERIX.rn

Resonanzionisation zum Nachweis und zur Erzeugung radioaktiver Ionenstrahlen

Die resonante Laserionisation hat sich als ein universales Verfahren für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen etabliert, die eine selektive Ionisation bei hoher Effizienz erfordern. Hierzu wurden zwei Lasersysteme mit unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen und Schwerpunkten entwickelt und in dieser Arbeit angewendet. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Entwicklung der hochauflösenden Resonanzionisations-Massenspektrometrie zum Ultraspurennachweis von 41Ca vorgestellt. Hierzu wurden drei kontinuierliche Diodenlaser mit einem Quadrupolmassenspektrometer kombiniert. Bei einer Nachweiseffizienz von 1 × 10^−5 konnte eine Nachweisgrenze von 2 × 10^-13 41Ca/totCa erreicht werden. Das in den Routinebetrieb überführte Meßverfahren ermöglichte die Teilnahme an einem interdisziplinären Netzwerk zur Osteoporose-Forschung. In Vergleichsmessungen der Resonanzionisations-Massenspektrometrie mit allen derzeit existierenden Meßverfahren zum 41Ca-Ultraspurennachweis konnte eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung erzielt werden. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beinhaltet die Adaption eines durchstimmbaren, hochrepetierenden Titan:Saphir-Lasersystem für den Einsatz an Laserionenquellen zur selektiven Erzeugung radioaktiver Ionenstrahlen. Das entwickelte Lasersystem ermöglicht eine effiziente, resonante Anregung des Großteils der Elemente im Periodensystem. Hierzu wurde eine kombinierte Frequenzverdopplungs- und Frequenzverdreifachungseinheit zur Erzeugung höherer Harmonischer aufgebaut. Die Anwendbarkeit eines solchen reinen Festkörper-Lasersystems wurde in zahlreichen off-line Testmessungen sowohl in Mainz als auch an den ISOL Einrichtungen am TRIUMF und ORNL gezeigt und führte zum ersten on-line Einsatz am TRIUMF.

Time-of-flight two-photon photoemission spectromicroscopy with femtosecond laser radiation

Time-of-flight photoemission spectromicroscopy was used to measure and compare the two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectra of Cu and Ag nanoparticles with linear dimensions ranging between 40 nm and several 100 nm, with those of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces. 2PPE was induced employing femtosecond laser radiation from a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser in the spectral range between 375 nm and 425 nm with a pulse width of 200 fs and a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The use of a pulsed radiation source allowed us to use a high-resolution photoemission electron microscope as imaging time-of-flight spectrometer, and thus to obtain spectroscopic information about the laterally resolved electron signal. Ag nanoparticle films have been deposited on Si(111) by electron-beam evaporation, a technique leading to hemispherically-shaped Ag clusters. Isolated Cu nanoparticles have been generated by prolonged heating of a polycrystalline Cu sample. If compared to the spectra of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces, the Cu and Ag nanoparticle spectra are characterized by a strongly enhanced total 2PPE yield (enhancement factor up to 70), by a shift (about 0.1 eV) of the Fermi level onset towards lower final state energies, by a reduction of the work function (typically by 0.2 eV) and by a much steeper increase of the 2PPE yield towards lower final state energies. The shift of the Fermi level onset in the nanoparticle spectra has been explained by a positive unit charge (localized photohole) residing on the particle during the time-scale relevant for the 2PPE process (few femtoseconds). The total 2PPE yield enhancement and the different overall shape of the spectra have been explained by considering that the laser frequency was close to the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The synchronous oscillations induced by the laser in the metal electrons enhance the near-zone (NZ) field, defined as the linear superposition of the laser field and the field produced in the vicinity of the particles by the forced charge oscillations. From the present measurements it is clear that the NZ field behavior is responsible for the 2PPE enhancement and affects the 2PPE spatial and energy distribution and its dynamics. In particular, its strong spatial dependence allows indirect transitions through real intermediate states to take place in the metal clusters. Such transitions are forbidden by momentum conservation arguments and are thus experimentally much less probable on homogeneous surfaces. Further, we investigated specially tailored moon-shaped small metal nanostructures, whose NZ field was theoretically predicted, and compared the calculation with the laterally resolved 2PPE signal. We could show that the 2PPE signal gives a clear fingerprint of the theoretically predicted spatial dependence of the NZ field. This potential of our method is highly attractive in the novel field of plasmonics.

Grazing incidence pumped Zr x-ray laser for spectroscopy on Li-like ions

X-ray laser fluorescence spectroscopy of the 2s-2p transition in Li-like ions is promising to become a widely applicable tool to provide information on the nuclear charge radii of stable and radioactive isotopes. For performing such experiments at the Experimental Storage Ring ESR, and the future NESR within the FAIR Project, a grazing incidence pumped (GRIP) x-ray laser (XRL) was set up at GSI Darmstadt using PHELIX (Petawatt High Energy Laser for heavy Ions eXperiments). The experiments demonstrated that lasing using the GRIP geometry could be achieved with relatively low pump energy, a prerequisite for higher repetition rate. In the first chapter the need of a plasma XRL is motivated and a short history of the plasma XRL is presented. The distinctive characteristic of the GRIP method is the controlled deposition of the pump laser energy into the desired plasma density region. While up to now the analysis performed were mostly concerned with the plasma density at the turning point of the main pump pulse, in this thesis it is demonstrated that also the energy deposition is significantly modified for the GRIP method, being sensitive in different ways to a large number of parameters. In the second chapter, the theoretical description of the plasma evolution, active medium and XRL emission properties are reviewed. In addition an innovative analysis of the laser absorption in plasma which includes an inverse Bremsstrahlung (IB) correction factor is presented. The third chapter gives an overview of the experimental set-up and diagnostics, providing an analytical formula for the average and instantaneous traveling wave speed generated with a tilted, on-axis spherical mirror, the only focusing system used up to now in GRIP XRL. The fourth chapter describes the experimental optimization and results. The emphasis is on the effect of the incidence angle of the main pump pulse on the absorption in plasma and on output and gain in different lasing lines. This is compared to the theoretical results for two different incidence angles. Significant corrections for the temperature evolution during the main pump pulse due to the incidence angle are demonstrated in comparison to a simple analytical model which does not take into account the pumping geometry. A much better agreement is reached by the model developed in this thesis. An interesting result is also the appearance of a central dip in the spatially resolved keV emission which was observed in the XRL experiments for the first time and correlates well with previous near field imaging and plasma density profile measurements. In the conclusion also an outlook to the generation of shorter wavelength XRL’s is given.

Structuring of polymer surface by evaporation of sessile microdrops

In this thesis, we investigated the evaporation of sessile microdroplets on different solid substrates. Three major aspects were studied: the influence of surface hydrophilicity and heterogeneity on the evaporation dynamics for an insoluble solid substrate, the influence of external process parameters and intrinsic material properties on microstructuring of soluble polymer substrates and the influence of an increased area to volume ratio in a microfluidic capillary, when evaporation is hindered. In the first part, the evaporation dynamics of pure sessile water drops on smooth self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols or disulfides on gold on mica was studied. With increasing surface hydrophilicity the drop stayed pinned longer. Thus, the total evaporation time of a given initial drop volume was shorter, since the drop surface, through which the evaporation occurs, stays longer large. Usually, for a single drop the volume decreased linearly with t1.5, t being the evaporation time, for a diffusion-controlled evaporation process. However, when we measured the total evaporation time, ttot, for multiple droplets with different initial volumes, V0, we found a scaling of the form V0 = attotb. The more hydrophilic the substrate was, the more showed the scaling exponent a tendency to an increased value up to 1.6. This can be attributed to an increasing evaporation rate through a thin water layer in the vicinity of the drop. Under the assumption of a constant temperature at the substrate surface a cooling of the droplet and thus a decreased evaporation rate could be excluded as a reason for the different scaling exponent by simulations performed by F. Schönfeld at the IMM, Mainz. In contrast, for a hairy surface, made of dialkyldisulfide SAMs with different chain lengths and a 1:1 mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic end groups (hydroxy versus methyl group), the scaling exponent was found to be ~ 1.4. It increased to ~ 1.5 with increasing hydrophilicity. A reason for this observation can only be speculated: in the case of longer hydrophobic alkyl chains the formation of an air layer between substrate and surface might be favorable. Thus, the heat transport to the substrate might be reduced, leading to a stronger cooling and thus decreased evaporation rate. In the second part, the microstructuring of polystyrene surfaces by drops of toluene, a good solvent, was investigated. For this a novel deposition technique was developed, with which the drop can be deposited with a syringe. The polymer substrate is lying on a motorized table, which picks up the pendant drop by an upward motion until a liquid bridge is formed. A consecutive downward motion of the table after a variable delay, i.e. the contact time between drop and polymer, leads to the deposition of the droplet, which can evaporate. The resulting microstructure is investigated in dependence of the processes parameters, i.e. the approach and the retraction speed of the substrate and the delay between them, and in dependence of the intrinsic material properties, i.e. the molar mass and the type of the polymer/solvent system. The principal equivalence with the microstructuring by the ink-jet technique was demonstrated. For a high approach and retraction speed of 9 mm/s and no delay between them, a concave microtopology was observed. In agreement with the literature, this can be explained by a flow of solvent and the dissolved polymer to the rim of the pinned droplet, where polymer is accumulated. This effect is analogue to the well-known formation of ring-like stains after the evaporation of coffee drops (coffee-stain effect). With decreasing retraction speed down to 10 µm/s the resulting surface topology changes from concave to convex. This can be explained with the increasing dissolution of polymer into the solvent drop prior to the evaporation. If the polymer concentration is high enough, gelation occurs instead of a flow to the rim and the shape of the convex droplet is received. With increasing delay time from below 0 ms to 1s the depth of the concave microwells decreases from 4.6 µm to 3.2 µm. However, a convex surface topology could not be obtained, since for longer delay times the polymer sticks to the tip of the syringe. Thus, by changing the delay time a fine-tuning of the concave structure is accomplished, while by changing the retraction speed a principal change of the microtopolgy can be achieved. We attribute this to an additional flow inside the liquid bridge, which enhanced polymer dissolution. Even if the pendant drop is evaporating about 30 µm above the polymer surface without any contact (non-contact mode), concave structures were observed. Rim heights as high as 33 µm could be generated for exposure times of 20 min. The concave structure exclusively lay above the flat polymer surface outside the structure even after drying. This shows that toluene is taken up permanently. The increasing rim height, rh, with increasing exposure time to the solvent vapor obeys a diffusion law of rh = rh0  tn, with n in the range of 0.46 ~ 0.65. This hints at a non-Fickian swelling process. A detailed analysis showed that the rim height of the concave structure is modulated, unlike for the drop deposition. This is due to the local stress relaxation, which was initiated by the increasing toluene concentration in the extruded polymer surface. By altering the intrinsic material parameters i.e. the polymer molar mass and the polymer/solvent combination, several types of microstructures could be formed. With increasing molar mass from 20.9 kDa to 1.44 MDa the resulting microstructure changed from convex, to a structure with a dimple in the center, to concave, to finally an irregular structure. This observation can be explained if one assumes that the microstructuring is dominated by two opposing effects, a decreasing solubility with increasing polymer molar mass, but an increasing surface tension gradient leading to instabilities of Marangoni-type. Thus, a polymer with a low molar mass close or below the entanglement limit is subject to a high dissolution rate, which leads to fast gelation compared to the evaporation rate. This way a coffee-rim like effect is eliminated early and a convex structure results. For high molar masses the low dissolution rate and the low polymer diffusion might lead to increased surface tension gradients and a typical local pile-up of polymer is found. For intermediate polymer masses around 200 kDa, the dissolution and evaporation rate are comparable and the typical concave microtopology is found. This interpretation was supported by a quantitative estimation of the diffusion coefficient and the evaporation rate. For a different polymer/solvent system, polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA)/ethylacetate (EA), exclusively concave structures were found. Following the statements above this can be interpreted with a lower dissolution rate. At low molar masses the concentration of PEMA in EA most likely never reaches the gelation point. Thus, a concave instead of a convex structure occurs. At the end of this section, the optically properties of such microstructures for a potential application as microlenses are studied with laser scanning confocal microscopy. In the third part, the droplet was confined into a glass microcapillary to avoid evaporation. Since here, due to an increased area to volume ratio, the surface properties of the liquid and the solid walls became important, the influence of the surface hydrophilicity of the wall on the interfacial tension between two immiscible liquid slugs was investigated. For this a novel method for measuring the interfacial tension between the two liquids within the capillary was developed. This technique was demonstrated by measuring the interfacial tensions between slugs of pure water and standard solvents. For toluene, n-hexane and chloroform 36.2, 50.9 and 34.2 mN/m were measured at 20°C, which is in a good agreement with data from the literature. For a slug of hexane in contact with a slug of pure water containing ethanol in a concentration range between 0 and 70 (v/v %), a difference of up to 6 mN/m was found, when compared to commercial ring tensiometry. This discrepancy is still under debate.

Characterization and optimization of an x-ray laser for the spectroscopy of Li-like heavy-ions

Recent developments in the theory of plasma-based collisionally excited x-ray lasers (XRL) have shown an optimization potential based on the dependence of the absorption region of the pumping laser on its angle of incidence on the plasma. For the experimental proof of this idea, a number of diagnostic schemes were developed, tested, qualified and applied. A high-resolution imaging system, yielding the keV emission profile perpendicular to the target surface, provided positions of the hottest plasma regions, interesting for the benchmarking of plasma simulation codes. The implementation of a highly efficient spectrometer for the plasma emission made it possible to gain information about the abundance of the ionization states necessary for the laser action in the plasma. The intensity distribution and deflection angle of the pump laser beam could be imaged for single XRL shots, giving access to its refraction process within the plasma. During a European collaboration campaign at the Lund Laser Center, Sweden, the optimization of the pumping laser incidence angle resulted in a reduction of the required pumping energy for a Ni-like Mo XRL, which enabled the operation at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Using the experiences gained there, the XRL performance at the PHELIX facility, GSI Darmstadt with respect to achievable repetition rate and at wavelengths below 20 nm was significantly improved, and also important information for the development towards multi-100 eV plasma XRLs was acquired. Due to the setup improvements achieved during the work for this thesis, the PHELIX XRL system now has reached a degree of reproducibility and versatility which is sufficient for demanding applications like the XRL spectroscopy of heavy ions. In addition, a European research campaign, aiming towards plasma XRLs approaching the water-window (wavelengths below 5 nm) was initiated.

Molecular dynamics simulations of silicate and borate glasses and melts : structure, diffusion dynamics and vibrational properties

Molecular dynamics simulations of silicate and borate glasses and melts: Structure, diffusion dynamics and vibrational properties. In this work computer simulations of the model glass formers SiO2 and B2O3 are presented, using the techniques of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical calculations, based on density functional theory (DFT). The latter limits the system size to about 100−200 atoms. SiO2 and B2O3 are the two most important network formers for industrial applications of oxide glasses. Glass samples are generated by means of a quench from the melt with classical MD simulations and a subsequent structural relaxation with DFT forces. In addition, full ab initio quenches are carried out with a significantly faster cooling rate. In principle, the structural properties are in good agreement with experimental results from neutron and X-ray scattering, in all cases. A special focus is on the study of vibrational properties, as they give access to low-temperature thermodynamic properties. The vibrational spectra are calculated by the so-called ”frozen phonon” method. In all cases, the DFT curves show an acceptable agreement with experimental results of inelastic neutron scattering. In case of the model glass former B2O3, a new classical interaction potential is parametrized, based on the liquid trajectory of an ab initio MD simulation at 2300 K. In this course, a structural fitting routine is used. The inclusion of 3-body angular interactions leads to a significantly improved agreement of the liquid properties of the classical MD and ab initio MD simulations. However, the generated glass structures, in all cases, show a significantly lower fraction of 3-membered planar boroxol rings as predicted by experimental results (f=60%-80%). The largest boroxol ring fraction of f=15±5% is observed in the full ab initio quenches from 2300 K. In case of SiO2, the glass structures after the quantum mechanical relaxation are the basis for calculations of the linear thermal expansion coefficient αL(T), employing the quasi-harmonic approximation. The striking observation is a change change of sign of αL(T) going along with a temperature range of negative αL(T) at low temperatures, which is in good agreement with experimental results.

Vergleichende, prospektive Untersuchung der Arzneimittelcompliance, Funktionskapazität und Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit Rheuma, die mit Methotrexat peroral oder subkutan behandelt werden

Um einen positiven Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf bei Patienten mit Rheumatoider Arthritis zu nehmen, ist die Compliance mit dem Basistherapeutikum Methotrexat unerlässlich. Therapietreue mit Methotrexat kann die Krankheitsprogression verhindern und irreversiblen Knochenerosionen vorbeugen. Methotrexat wird sowohl in subkutaner als auch in peroraler Applikationsform verordnet. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Compliance mit der Anwendung von Methotrexat Fertigspritzen und Tabletten mit einer elektronischen Messmethode (MEMS™) bestimmt. Hauptziel der Studie war die Bestimmung der Taking Compliance mit Methotrexat. Untersucht wurde hinsichtlich eines Unterschieds zwischen der Applikationsform und der Erkrankungsdauer. Daneben wurde die Dosing Compliance mit peroralem Methotrexat erfasst, sowie Einschätzungen der Patienten bezüglich der Compliance, Funktionskapazität, Lebensqualität und Zufriedenheit erhoben. Die Compliancestudie erfolgte in Kooperation mit dem Netzwerk ADAPTHERA. 74 Studienpatienten wurden 3 Gruppen zugeteilt: Gruppe 1 Methotrexat p.o.; Gruppe 2 Methotrexat s.c. und Erkrankungsdauer <24 Monate; Gruppe 3 Methotrexat s.c. und Erkrankungsdauer >24 Monate. Die Beobachtungsdauer betrug bei peroraler Applikationsform 9 Monate und bei subkutaner 6 Monate. Im Median wurde eine Taking und Dosing Compliance von 100% gemessen. Anhand der subjektiven Einschätzung der Patienten zur Funktionskapazität konnten geringe Einschränkungen für die Patienten im Alltag verzeichnet werden. 25% des Studienkollektivs litt unter einem reduzierten Wohlbefinden. Die Studie konnte zeigen, dass Patienten von einer frühzeitigen Therapie und einer hohen Compliancerate profitieren.