Hardware-in-the-loop implementation of single- and dual-phase shift control for dual active bridge converters in EV applications

Isolated DC-DC converters play a significant role in fast charging and maintaining the variable output voltage for EV applications. This study aims to investigate the different Isolated DC-DC converters for onboard and offboard chargers, then, once the topology is selected, study the control techniques and, finally, achieve a real-time converter model to accomplish Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) results. Among the different isolated DC-DC topologies, the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has the advantage of allowing bidirectional power flow, which enables operating in both Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) modalities. Recently, DAB has been used in the offboard chargers for high voltage applications due to SiC and GaN MOSFETs; this new technology also allows the utilization of higher switching frequencies. By empowering soft switching techniques to reduce switching losses, higher switching frequency operation is possible in DAB. There are four phase shift control techniques for the DAB converter. They are Single Phase shift, Extended Phase shift, Dual Phase shift, Triple Phase shift controls. This thesis considers two control strategies; Single-Phase, and Dual-Phase shifts, to understand the circulating currents, power losses, and output capacitor size reduction in the DAB. Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) experiments are carried out on both controls with high switching frequencies using the PLECS software tool and the RT box supporting the PLECS. Root Mean Square Error is also calculated for steady-state values of output voltage with different sampling frequencies in both the controls to identify the achievable sampling frequency in real-time. DSP implementation is also executed to emulate the optimized DAB converter design, and final real-time simulation results are discussed for both the Single-Phase and Dual-Phase shift controls.

Development of the Simulation Model for the CoSES Laboratory Test Microgrid in Modelica

Evolution of the traditional consumer in a power system to a prosumer has posed many problems in the traditional uni-directional grid. This evolution in the grid model has made it important to study the behaviour of microgrids. This thesis deals with the laboratory microgrid setup at the Munich School of Engineering, built to assist researchers in studying microgrids. The model is built in Dymola which is a tool for the OpenModelica language. Models for the different components were derived, suiting the purpose of this study. The equivalent parameters were derived from data sheets and other simulation programs such as PSCAD. The parameters were entered into the model grid and tested at steady state, firstly. This yielded satisfactory results that were similar to the reference results from MATPOWER power flow. Furthermore, fault conditions at several buses were simulated to observe the behaviour of the grid under these conditions. Recommendations for further developing this model to include more detailed models for components, such as power electronic converters, were made at the end of the thesis.

Optimal energy management of smart households with electric vehicles, energy storage and distributed generation

In this thesis, the optimal operation of a neighborhood of smart households in terms of minimizing the total energy cost is analyzed. Each household may comprise several assets such as electric vehicles, controllable appliances, energy storage and distributed generation. Bi-directional power flow is considered for each household . Apart from the distributed generation unit, technological options such as vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid are available to provide energy to cover self-consumption needs and to export excessive energy to other households, respectively.

Optical power stabilization of a laser diode for qnd measurement

La realizzazione di stati non classici del campo elettromagnetico e in sistemi di spin è uno stimolo alla ricerca, teorica e sperimentale, da almeno trent'anni. Lo studio di atomi freddi in trappole di dipolo permette di avvicinare questo obbiettivo oltre a offrire la possibilità di effettuare esperimenti su condesati di Bose Einstein di interesse nel campo dell'interferometria atomica. La protezione della coerenza di un sistema macroscopico di spin tramite sistemi di feedback è a sua volta un obbiettivo che potrebbe portare a grandi sviluppi nel campo della metrologia e dell'informazione quantistica. Viene fornita un'introduzione a due tipologie di misura non considerate nei programmi standard di livello universitario: la misura non distruttiva (Quantum Non Demolition-QND) e la misura debole. Entrambe sono sfruttate nell'ambito dell'interazione radiazione materia a pochi fotoni o a pochi atomi (cavity QED e Atom boxes). Una trattazione delle trappole di dipolo per atomi neutri e ai comuni metodi di raffreddamento è necessaria all'introduzione all'esperimento BIARO (acronimo francese Bose Einstein condensate for Atomic Interferometry in a high finesse Optical Resonator), che si occupa di metrologia tramite l'utilizzo di condensati di Bose Einstein e di sistemi di feedback. Viene descritta la progettazione, realizzazione e caratterizzazione di un servo controller per la stabilizzazione della potenza ottica di un laser. Il dispositivo è necessario per la compensazione del ligh shift differenziale indotto da un fascio laser a 1550nm utilizzato per creare una trappola di dipolo su atomi di rubidio. La compensazione gioca un ruolo essenziale nel miglioramento di misure QND necessarie, in uno schema di feedback, per mantenere la coerenza in sistemi collettivi di spin, recentemente realizzato.

Design of a wearable platform for PPG analysis with multicore low-power processor

Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors allow for noninvasive and comfortable heart-rate (HR) monitoring, suitable for compact wearable devices. However, PPG signals collected from such devices often suffer from corruption caused by motion artifacts. This is typically addressed by combining the PPG signal with acceleration measurements from an inertial sensor. Recently, different energy-efficient deep learning approaches for heart rate estimation have been proposed. To test these new solutions, in this work, we developed a highly wearable platform (42mm x 48 mm x 1.2mm) for PPG signal acquisition and processing, based on GAP9, a parallel ultra low power system-on-chip featuring nine cores RISC-V compute cluster with neural network accelerator and 1 core RISC-V controller. The hardware platform also integrates a commercial complete Optical Biosensing Module and an ARM-Cortex M4 microcontroller unit (MCU) with Bluetooth low-energy connectivity. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, a deep learning-based approach for PPG-based HR estimation has been deployed. Thanks to the reduced power consumption of the digital computational platform, the total power budget is just 2.67 mW providing up to 5 days of operation (105 mAh battery).

Prototipazione FPGA di sottosistemi integrati per power management basati su ISA RISC-V

Fino a 15 anni fa, era possibile aumentare il numero di transistor su un singolo chip e contemporaneamente la sua frequenza di clock mantenendo la densità di potenza costante. Tuttavia dal 2004 non è più possibile mantenere invariata la potenza dissipata per unità d’area a causa di limitazioni fisiche. Al fine di aumentare le performance dei processori e di impedire una diminuzione delle frequenze di clock, i processori moderni integrano on-die dei Power Controller Subsystems (PCS) come risorsa hardware dedicata che implementa complesse strategie di gestione di temperatura e potenza. In questo progetto di tesi viene progettata l'architettura dell'interfaccia di comunicazione di ControlPULP, un PCS basato su ISA RISC-V, per la connessione verso un processore HPC. Tale interfaccia di comunicaione integra il supporto hardware per lo scambio di messaggi secondo la specifica SCMI. L'interfaccia sviluppata viene successivamente validata attraverso simulazione ed emulazione su supporto hardware FPGA. Tale supporto hardware viene inoltre utilizzato per la caratterizzazione dell'utilizzo di risorse dell'architettura progettata. Oltre allo sviluppo dell'interfaccia hardware viene sviluppato e caratterizzato un firmware per la decodifica dei messaggi SCMI conforme ai requisiti di esecuzione su un sistema real-time.

Development and Automatization of a Planar Jet Wind Tunnel for the X-wire Calibration

The scope of this study is to design an automatic control system and create an automatic x-wire calibrator for a facility named Plane Air Tunnel; whose exit creates planar jet flow. The controlling power state as well as automatic speed adjustment of the inverter has been achieved. Thus, the wind tunnel can be run with respect to any desired speed and the x-wire can automatically be calibrated at that speed. To achieve that, VI programming using the LabView environment was learned, to acquire the pressure and temperature, and to calculate the velocity based on the acquisition data thanks to a pitot-static tube. Furthermore, communication with the inverter to give the commands for power on/off and speed control was also done using the LabView VI coding environment. The connection of the computer to the inverter was achieved by the proper cabling using DAQmx Analog/Digital (A/D) input/output (I/O). Moreover, the pressure profile along the streamwise direction of the plane air tunnel was studied. Pressure tappings and a multichannel pressure scanner were used to acquire the pressure values at different locations. Thanks to that, the aerodynamic efficiency of the contraction ratio was observed, and the pressure behavior was related to the velocity at the exit section. Furthermore, the control of the speed was accomplished by implementing a closed-loop PI controller on the LabView environment with and without using a pitot-static tube thanks to the pressure behavior information. The responses of the two controllers were analyzed and commented on by giving suggestions. In addition, hot wire experiments were performed to calibrate automatically and investigate the velocity profile of a turbulent planar jet. To be able to analyze the results, the physics of turbulent planar jet flow was studied. The fundamental terms, the methods used in the derivation of the equations, velocity profile, shear stress behavior, and the effect of vorticity were reviewed.

Design and Performance Analysis of the Electrical Power System of a Petrochemical Facility

This thesis deals with the sizing and analysis of the electrical power system of a petrochemical plant. The activity was carried out in the framework of an electrical engineering internship. The sizing and electrical calculations, as well as the study of the dynamic behavior of network quantities, are accomplished by using the ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) software. After determining the type and size of the loads, the calculation of power flows is carried out for all possible network layout and different power supply configurations. The network is normally operated in a double radial configuration. However, the sizing must be carried out taking into account the most critical configuration, i.e., the temporary one of single radial operation, and also considering the most unfavorable power supply conditions. The calculation of shortcircuit currents is then carried out and the appropriate circuit breakers are selected. Where necessary, capacitor banks are sized in order to keep power factor at the point of common coupling within the preset limits. The grounding system is sized by using the finite element method. For loads with the highest level of criticality, UPS are sized in order to ensure their operation even in the absence of the main power supply. The main faults that can occur in the plant are examined, determining the intervention times of the protections to ensure that, in case of failure on one component, the others can still properly operate. The report concludes with the dynamic and stability analysis of the power system during island operation, in order to ensure that the two gas turbines are able to support the load even during transient conditions.