L'a(rche)tipico Brian O'Nolan. Comico e riso dalla tradizione al post-

This study aims at analysing Brian O'Nolans literary production in the light of a reconsideration of the role played by his two most famous pseudonyms ,Flann Brien and Myles na Gopaleen, behind which he was active both as a novelist and as a journalist. We tried to establish a new kind of relationship between them and their empirical author following recent cultural and scientific surveys in the field of Humour Studies, Psychology, and Sociology: taking as a starting point the appreciation of the comic attitude in nature and in cultural history, we progressed through a short history of laughter and derision, followed by an overview on humour theories. After having established such a frame, we considered an integration of scientific studies in the field of laughter and humour as a base for our study scheme, in order to come to a definition of the comic author as a recognised, powerful and authoritative social figure who acts as a critic of conventions. The history of laughter and comic we briefly summarized, based on the one related by the French scholar Georges Minois in his work (Minois 2004), has been taken into account in the view that humorous attitude is one of man’s characteristic traits always present and witnessed throughout the ages, though subject in most cases to repression by cultural and political conservative power. This sort of Super-Ego notwithstanding, or perhaps because of that, comic impulse proved irreducible exactly in its influence on the current cultural debates. Basing mainly on Robert R. Provine’s (Provine 2001), Fabio Ceccarelli’s (Ceccarelli 1988), Arthur Koestler’s (Koestler 1975) and Peter L. Berger’s (Berger 1995) scientific essays on the actual occurrence of laughter and smile in complex social situations, we underlined the many evidences for how the use of comic, humour and wit (in a Freudian sense) could be best comprehended if seen as a common mind process designed for the improvement of knowledge, in which we traced a strict relation with the play-element the Dutch historian Huizinga highlighted in his famous essay, Homo Ludens (Huizinga 1955). We considered comic and humour/wit as different sides of the same coin, and showed how the demonstrations scientists provided on this particular subject are not conclusive, given that the mental processes could not still be irrefutably shown to be separated as regards graduations in comic expression and reception: in fact, different outputs in expressions might lead back to one and the same production process, following the general ‘Economy Rule’ of evolution; man is the only animal who lies, meaning with this that one feeling is not necessarily biuniquely associated with one and the same outward display, so human expressions are not validation proofs for feelings. Considering societies, we found that in nature they are all organized in more or less the same way, that is, in élites who govern over a community who, in turn, recognizes them as legitimate delegates for that task; we inferred from this the epistemological possibility for the existence of an added ruling figure alongside those political and religious: this figure being the comic, who is the person in charge of expressing true feelings towards given subjects of contention. Any community owns one, and his very peculiar status is validated by the fact that his place is within the community, living in it and speaking to it, but at the same time is outside it in the sense that his action focuses mainly on shedding light on ideas and objects placed out-side the boundaries of social convention: taboos, fears, sacred objects and finally culture are the favourite targets of the comic person’s arrow. This is the reason for the word a(rche)typical as applied to the comic figure in society: atypical in a sense, because unconventional and disrespectful of traditions, critical and never at ease with unblinkered respect of canons; archetypical, because the “village fool”, buffoon, jester or anyone in any kind of society who plays such roles, is an archetype in the Jungian sense, i.e. a personification of an irreducible side of human nature that everybody instinctively knows: a beginner of a tradition, the perfect type, what is most conventional of all and therefore the exact opposite of an atypical. There is an intrinsic necessity, we think, of such figures in societies, just like politicians and priests, who should play an elitist role in order to guide and rule not for their own benefit but for the good of the community. We are not naïve and do know that actual owners of power always tend to keep it indefinitely: the ‘social comic’ as a role of power has nonetheless the distinctive feature of being the only job whose tension is not towards stability. It has got in itself the rewarding permission of contradiction, for the very reason we exposed before that the comic must cast an eye both inside and outside society and his vision may be perforce not consistent, then it is satisfactory for the popularity that gives amongst readers and audience. Finally, the difference between governors, priests and comic figures is the seriousness of the first two (fundamentally monologic) and the merry contradiction of the third (essentially dialogic). MPs, mayors, bishops and pastors should always console, comfort and soothe popular mood in respect of the public convention; the comic has the opposite task of provoking, urging and irritating, accomplishing at the same time a sort of control of the soothing powers of society, keepers of the righteousness. In this view, the comic person assumes a paramount importance in the counterbalancing of power administration, whether in form of acting in public places or in written pieces which could circulate for private reading. At this point comes into question our Irish writer Brian O'Nolan(1911-1966), real name that stood behind the more famous masks of Flann O'Brien, novelist, author of At Swim-Two-Birds (1939), The Hard Life (1961), The Dalkey Archive (1964) and, posthumously, The Third Policeman (1967); and of Myles na Gopaleen, journalist, keeper for more than 25 years of the Cruiskeen Lawn column on The Irish Times (1940-1966), and author of the famous book-parody in Irish An Béal Bocht (1941), later translated in English as The Poor Mouth (1973). Brian O'Nolan, professional senior civil servant of the Republic, has never seen recognized his authorship in literary studies, since all of them concentrated on his alter egos Flann, Myles and some others he used for minor contributions. So far as we are concerned, we think this is the first study which places the real name in the title, this way acknowledging him an unity of intents that no-one before did. And this choice in titling is not a mere mark of distinction for the sake of it, but also a wilful sign of how his opus should now be reconsidered. In effect, the aim of this study is exactly that of demonstrating how the empirical author Brian O'Nolan was the real Deus in machina, the master of puppets who skilfully directed all of his identities in planned directions, so as to completely fulfil the role of the comic figure we explained before. Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen were personae and not persons, but the impression one gets from the critical studies on them is the exact opposite. Literary consideration, that came only after O'Nolans death, began with Anne Clissmann’s work, Flann O'Brien: A Critical Introduction to His Writings (Clissmann 1975), while the most recent book is Keith Donohue’s The Irish Anatomist: A Study of Flann O'Brien (Donohue 2002); passing through M.Keith Booker’s Flann O'Brien, Bakhtin and Menippean Satire (Booker 1995), Keith Hopper’s Flann O'Brien: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Post-Modernist (Hopper 1995) and Monique Gallagher’s Flann O'Brien, Myles et les autres (Gallagher 1998). There have also been a couple of biographies, which incidentally somehow try to explain critical points his literary production, while many critical studies do the same on the opposite side, trying to found critical points of view on the author’s restless life and habits. At this stage, we attempted to merge into O'Nolan's corpus the journalistic articles he wrote, more than 4,200, for roughly two million words in the 26-year-old running of the column. To justify this, we appealed to several considerations about the figure O'Nolan used as writer: Myles na Gopaleen (later simplified in na Gopaleen), who was the equivalent of the street artist or storyteller, speaking to his imaginary public and trying to involve it in his stories, quarrels and debates of all kinds. First of all, he relied much on language for the reactions he would obtain, playing on, and with, words so as to ironically unmask untrue relationships between words and things. Secondly, he pushed to the limit the convention of addressing to spectators and listeners usually employed in live performing, stretching its role in the written discourse to come to a greater effect of involvement of readers. Lastly, he profited much from what we labelled his “specific weight”, i.e. the potential influence in society given by his recognised authority in determined matters, a position from which he could launch deeper attacks on conventional beliefs, so complying with the duty of a comic we hypothesised before: that of criticising society even in threat of losing the benefits the post guarantees. That seemingly masochistic tendency has its rationale. Every representative has many privileges on the assumption that he, or she, has great responsibilities in administrating. The higher those responsibilities are, the higher is the reward but also the severer is the punishment for the misfits done while in charge. But we all know that not everybody accepts the rules and many try to use their power for their personal benefit and do not want to undergo law’s penalties. The comic, showing in this case more civic sense than others, helped very much in this by the non-accessibility to the use of public force, finds in the role of the scapegoat the right accomplishment of his task, accepting the punishment when his breaking of the conventions is too stark to be forgiven. As Ceccarelli demonstrated, the role of the object of laughter (comic, ridicule) has its very own positive side: there is freedom of expression for the person, and at the same time integration in the society, even though at low levels. Then the banishment of a ‘social’ comic can never get to total extirpation from society, revealing how the scope of the comic lies on an entirely fictional layer, bearing no relation with facts, nor real consequences in terms of physical health. Myles na Gopaleen, mastering these three characteristics we postulated in the highest way, can be considered an author worth noting; and the oeuvre he wrote, the whole collection of Cruiskeen Lawn articles, is rightfully a novel because respects the canons of it especially regarding the authorial figure and his relationship with the readers. In addition, his work can be studied even if we cannot conduct our research on the whole of it, this proceeding being justified exactly because of the resemblances to the real figure of the storyteller: its ‘chapters’ —the daily articles— had a format that even the distracted reader could follow, even one who did not read each and every article before. So we can critically consider also a good part of them, as collected in the seven volumes published so far, with the addition of some others outside the collections, because completeness in this case is not at all a guarantee of a better precision in the assessment; on the contrary: examination of the totality of articles might let us consider him as a person and not a persona. Once cleared these points, we proceeded further in considering tout court the works of Brian O'Nolan as the works of a unique author, rather than complicating the references with many names which are none other than well-wrought sides of the same personality. By putting O'Nolan as the correct object of our research, empirical author of the works of the personae Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen, there comes out a clearer literary landscape: the comic author Brian O'Nolan, self-conscious of his paramount role in society as both a guide and a scourge, in a word as an a(rche)typical, intentionally chose to differentiate his personalities so as to create different perspectives in different fields of knowledge by using, in addition, different means of communication: novels and journalism. We finally compared the newly assessed author Brian O'Nolan with other great Irish comic writers in English, such as James Joyce (the one everybody named as the master in the field), Samuel Beckett, and Jonathan Swift. This comparison showed once more how O'Nolan is in no way inferior to these authors who, greatly celebrated by critics, have nonetheless failed to achieve that great public recognition O’Nolan received alias Myles, awarded by the daily audience he reached and influenced with his Cruiskeen Lawn column. For this reason, we believe him to be representative of the comic figure’s function as a social regulator and as a builder of solidarity, such as that Raymond Williams spoke of in his work (Williams 1982), with in mind the aim of building a ‘culture in common’. There is no way for a ‘culture in common’ to be acquired if we do not accept the fact that even the most functional society rests on conventions, and in a world more and more ‘connected’ we need someone to help everybody negotiate with different cultures and persons. The comic gives us a worldly perspective which is at the same time comfortable and distressing but in the end not harmful as the one furnished by politicians could be: he lets us peep into parallel worlds without moving too far from our armchair and, as a consequence, is the one who does his best for the improvement of our understanding of things.

Aldo Rossi, autobiografia scientifica: scrittura come progetto. Indagine critica tra scrittura e progetto di architettura

«In altri termini mi sfuggiva e ancora oggi mi sfugge gran parte del significato dell’evoluzione del tempo; come se il tempo fosse una materia che osservo dall’esterno. Questa mancanza di evoluzione è fonte di alcune mie sventure ma anche mi appartiene con gioia.» Aldo Rossi, Autobiografia scientifica. The temporal dimension underpinning the draft of Autobiografia scientifica by Aldo Rossi may be referred to what Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, the well-known French anthropologist, defines as “primitive mentality” and “prelogical” conscience : the book of life has lost its page numbers, even punctuation. For Lévy-Bruhl, but certainly for Rossi, life or its summing up becomes a continuous account of ellipses, gaps, repetitions that may be read from left to right or viceversa, from head to foot or viceversa without distinction. Rossi’s autobiographical writing seems to accept and support the confusion with which memories have been collected, recording them after the order memory gives them in the mental distillation or simply according to the chronological order in which they have happened. For Rossi, the confusion reflects the melting of memory elements into a composite image which is the result of a fusion. He is aware that the same sap pervades all memories he is going to put in order: each of them has got a common denominator. Differences have diminished, almost faded; the quick glance is prevalent over the distinction of each episode. Rossi’s writing is beyond the categories dependent on time: past and present, before and now. For Rossi, the only repetition – the repetition the text will make possible for an indefinite number of times – gives peculiarity to the event. As Gilles Deleuze knows, “things” may only last as “singleness”: more frequent the repetition is, more singular is the memory phenomenon that recurs, because only what is singular magnifies itself and happens endlessly forever. Rossi understands that “to raise the first time to nth forever”, repetition becomes glorification . It may be an autobiography that, celebrating the originality, enhances the memory event in the repetition; in fact it greatly differs from the biographical reproduction, in which each repetition is but a weaker echo, a duller copy, provided with a smaller an smaller power in comparison with the original. Paradoxically, for Deleuze the repetition asserts the originality and singularity of what is repeated. Rossi seems to share the thought expressed by Kierkegaard in the essay Repetition: «The hope is a graceful maiden slipping through your fingers; the memory of an elderly woman, indeed pretty, but never satisfactory if necessary; the repetition is a loved friend you are never tired of, as it is only the new to make you bored. The old never bores you and its presence makes you happy [...] life is but a repetition [...] here is the beauty of life» . Rossi knows well that repetition hints at the lasting stability of cosmic time. Kierkegaard goes on: «The world exists, and it exists as a repetition» . Rossi devotes himself, on purpose and in all conscience, to collect, to inventory and «to review life», his own life, according to a recovery not from the past but of the past: a search work, the «recherche du temps perdu», as Proust entitled his masterpiece on memory. If you want the past time to be not wasted, you must give it presence. «Memoria e specifico come caratteristiche per riconoscere se stesso e ciò che è estraneo mi sembravano le più chiare condizioni e spiegazioni della realtà. Non esiste uno specifico senza memoria, e una memoria che non provenga da un momento specifico; e solo questa unione permette la conoscenza della propria individualità e del contrario (self e non-self)» . Rossi wants to understand himself, his own character; it is really his own character that requires to be understood, to increase its own introspective ability and intelligence. «Può sembrare strano che Planck e Dante associno la loro ricerca scientifica e autobiografica con la morte; una morte che è in qualche modo continuazione di energia. In realtà, in ogni artista o tecnico, il principio della continuazione dell’energia si mescola con la ricerca della felicità e della morte» . The eschatological incipit of Rossi’s autobiography refers to Freud’s thought in the exact circularity of Dante’s framework and in as much exact circularity of the statement of the principle of the conservation of energy: in fact it was Freud to connect repetition to death. For Freud, the desire of repetition is an instinct rooted in biology. The primary aim of such an instinct would be to restore a previous condition, so that the repeated history represents a part of the past (even if concealed) and, relieving the removal, reduces anguish and tension. So, Freud ask himself, what is the most remote state to which the instinct, through the repetition, wants to go back? It is a pre-vital condition, inorganic of the pure entropy, a not-to-be condition in which doesn’t exist any tension; in other words, Death. Rossi, with the theme of death, introduces the theme of circularity which further on refers to the sense of continuity in transformation or, in the opposite way, the transformation in continuity. «[...] la descrizione e il rilievo delle forme antiche permettevano una continuità altrimenti irripetibile, permettevano anche una trasformazione, una volta che la vita fosse fermata in forme precise» . Rossi’s attitude seems to hint at the reflection on time and – in a broad sense – at the thought on life and things expressed by T.S. Eliot in Four Quartets: «Time present and time past / Are both perhaps present in time future, / And time future is contained in time past. / I all time is eternally present / All time is unredeemable. / What might have been is an abstraction / Remaining perpetual possibility / Only in a word of speculation. / What might have been and what has been / Point to one end, which is always present. [...]» . Aldo Rossi’s autobiographical story coincides with the description of “things” and the description of himself through the things in the exact parallel with craft or art. He seems to get all things made by man to coincide with the personal or artistic story, with the consequent immediate necessity of formulating a new interpretation: the flow of things has never met a total stop; all that exists nowadays is but a repetition or a variant of something existing some time ago and so on, without any interruption until the early dawnings of human life. Nevertheless, Rossi must operate specific subdivisions inside the continuous connection in time – of his time – even if limited by a present beginning and end of his own existence. This artist, as an “historian” of himself and his own life – as an auto-biographer – enjoys the privilege to be able to decide if and how to operate the cutting in a certain point rather than in another one, without being compelled to justify his choice. In this sense, his story is a matter very ductile and flexible: a good story-teller can choose any moment to start a certain sequence of events. Yet, Rossi is aware that, beyond the mere narration, there is the problem to identify in history - his own personal story – those flakings where a clean cut enables the separation of events of different nature. In order to do it, he has to make not only an inventory of his own “things”, but also to appeal to authority of the Divina Commedia started by Dante when he was 30. «A trent’anni si deve compiere o iniziare qualcosa di definitivo e fare i conti con la propria formazione» . For Rossi, the poet performs his authority not only in the text, but also in his will of setting out on a mystical journey and handing it down through an exact descriptive will. Rossi turns not only to the authority of poetry, but also evokes the authority of science with Max Plank and his Scientific Autobiography, published, in Italian translation, by Einaudi, 1956. Concerning Planck, Rossi resumes an element seemingly secondary in hit account where the German physicist «[...] risale alle scoperte della fisica moderna ritrovando l’impressione che gli fece l’enunciazione del principio di conservazione dell’energia; [...]» . It is again the act of describing that links Rossi to Planck, it is the description of a circularity, the one of conservation of energy, which endorses Rossi’s autobiographical speech looking for both happiness and death. Rossi seems to agree perfectly to the thought of Planck at the opening of his own autobiography: «The decision to devote myself to science was a direct consequence of a discovery which was never ceased to arouse my enthusiasm since my early youth: the laws of human thought coincide with the ones governing the sequences of the impressions we receive from the world surrounding us, so that the mere logic can enable us to penetrate into the latter one’s mechanism. It is essential that the outer world is something independent of man, something absolute. The search of the laws dealing with this absolute seems to me the highest scientific aim in life» . For Rossi the survey of his own life represents a way to change the events into experiences, to concentrate the emotion and group them in meaningful plots: «It seems, as one becomes older. / That the past has another pattern, and ceases to be a mere sequence [...]» Eliot wrote in Four Quartet, which are a meditation on time, old age and memory . And he goes on: «We had the experience but missed the meaning, / And approach to the meaning restores the experience / In a different form, beyond any meaning [...]» . Rossi restores in his autobiography – but not only in it – the most ancient sense of memory, aware that for at least 15 centuries the Latin word memoria was used to show the activity of bringing back images to mind: the psychology of memory, which starts with Aristotele (De Anima), used to consider such a faculty totally essential to mind. Keith Basso writes: «The thought materializes in the form of “images”» . Rossi knows well – as Aristotele said – that if you do not have a collection of mental images to remember – imagination – there is no thought at all. According to this psychological tradition, what today we conventionally call “memory” is but a way of imagining created by time. Rossi, entering consciously this stream of thought, passing through the Renaissance ars memoriae to reach us gives a great importance to the word and assumes it as a real place, much more than a recollection, even more than a production and an emotional elaboration of images.

Max Bill in Italia . Lo spazio logico dell'architettura

I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: ‘for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited ’. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill’s relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular ‘geographic delimitation’; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill’s comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in ‘Werk’, magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill’s architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in ‘Konkrete Architektur?’, again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill’s themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill’s works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the ‘minimalist’ tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill’s heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill’s son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill’s experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on ‘Endless Ribbons’ sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill’s wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill’s political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill’s architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill’s composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill’s plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill’s main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill’s works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the ‘Concrete Art’ of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the ‘rules of the game’, derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill’s vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill’s architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to ‘zero degree’ reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill’s essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident ‘on the surface’ and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill’s works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill’s main lesson.

Per un'indagine comparata della relazione voce-movimento nel performer

The present study investigates the principles that effect the relationship between voice and movement in performance. The topic stresses a contemporary tendency, which emerges from the work of numerous artits and looks into a research field that has not yet been well explored. The research arises from what I observed and experienced during my performance practical work and what I deepened after theorical studies: expression through movement and voice reflects constant principles. The first two chapters of the former study analyze the compared lines of the inquiry, from a theoretical point of view (interior and exterior voice-movement spatial patterns, and temporal patterns) and a practical point of view referring to body, action and relation. The third one is a survey on 'vocal gesture' as devised by Francesca della Monica, a topic that finds here the first academic investigation, built after nine years sudies with the artist on the oral sources of her teaching. The research is based on practical and theorical sources (especially philosophical studies of Giovanni Piana, Carlo Serra, Merleau-Ponty; performing studies of Grotowski, Laban, Dalcroze, Tomatis; ancient greek philosophy and literature; bodywork tecqniques as Kineseology, Body-mind centering, Alexander, Feldenkrais). The purpose of the study is to theorize, sistematyze and expose clear lines of compared investigation awakening the performer's interest on a central issue of his work and drawing the researcher's attention to make further focusing on the matter. Abstract (Italian) La ricerca va incontro a una tendenza che la contemporaneità pone in risalto con l'opera di numerosi artisti, investigando un campo ancora poco visitato a livello critico. Essa teorizza, sistematizza ed espone le costanti riscontrate nella relazione tra voce e movimento. L'indagine deriva dal presupposto, a me suggerito dalla pratica e dallo scambio con maestri e performer, e qui approfondito e restituito a livello teorico, che nella danza e nel canto, nell'espressione attraverso il movimento o attraverso la voce, si riflettono gli stessi principi. La tesi è articolata in tre capitoli: i primi due sviluppano le linee di indagine comparata, prima da un punto di vista filosofico e poi da un punto di vista pratico, il terzo porta alla luce il concetto di gesto-vocale come inteso da Francesca della Monica, di cui questo studio rappresenta il primo contributo scientifico, aprendo una ricerca nuova agli studi di settore. Il primo capitolo, 'Risonanze', sviluppa le premesse filosofiche della questione, introduce il corpo come veicolo di voce e movimento, affronta il tema del movimento della voce nello spazio interno del corpo e nello spazio di relazione. Legge poi il movimento in termini temporali, secondo i concetti di istante, ritmo, forma e flusso. Il secondo capitolo, 'Costanti', espone le costanti concrete della relazione voce-movimento in riferimento allo spazio interno del corpo, all'azione, allo spazio esterno di relazione. Il terzo capitolo, 'Confini', analizza il gesto vocale, come inteso da Francesca della Monica, concetto sintesi dell'intera ricerca poiché integra, nella sua essenza, il movimento fisico e vocale, restituendo e approfondendo lo spettro di riflessioni emerse nei primi due capitoli. Il gesto vocale, nella sua accezione espressiva, così come il lavoro di Francesca della Monica, è ancora estraneo agli studi di settore e trova in questo studio un primo contributo accademico. Le fonti sono quelle dell'insegnamento orale di Francesca della Monica, che ho seguito per nove anni, fino a desumerne una mia personale sistematizzazione, integrata con altri punti di vista critici. Analizzo i diversi livelli di profondità del gesto vocale scandendo il tema secondo la categoria della relazione: relazioni motorie, relazioni materiche, relazioni spaziali, temporali, compositive e sinestesiche. Le fonti della ricerca sono scaturite da due sorgenti, quella sul campo, e quella della teoria, confluite qui in un unico flusso. Le fonti 'in presa diretta' sono state avvalorate e confrontate con le fonti relative agli studi di settore (in particolare per la filosofia Giovanni Piana, Carlo Serra, Merleau-Ponty, per il teatro, il canto e la danza Grotowski, Laban, Dalcroze, Tomatis) e le bodywork techniques (Kinesiologia, Body-mind centering, metodo Alexander, metodo Feldenkrais). Ampio spazio viene dato alla grecità antica, che propone sull'espressione di voce e movimento un pensiero integrato carico di speculazioni che racchiudono in nuce i principi sviluppati. Lo studio tenta di offrire un livello di lettura idoneo a suscitare l'interesse del performer, e a valere come momento di indagine per lo studioso, che possa da queste basi operare approfondimenti sulle connessioni proposte. L'obiettivo è restituire la conoscenza, intuita in virtù della pratica, elaborata ed arricchita grazie alla teoria, su un nodo fondamentale per gli studi teatrali e recente oggetto di attenzione da parte di critici e artisti.

Ignazio Gardella, metodo e linguaggio nel progetto della residenza

La ricerca inquadra all’interno dell’opera dell’autore, lo specifico tema della residenza. Esso costituisce il campo di applicazione del progetto di architettura, in cui più efficacemente ricercare i tratti caratteristici del metodo progettuale dell’architetto, chiave di lettura dello studio proposto. Il processo che giunge alla costituzione materiale dell’architettura, viene considerato nelle fasi in cui è scomposto, negli strumenti che adotta, negli obbiettivi che si pone, nel rapporto con i sistemi produttivi, per come affronta il tema della forma e del programma e confrontato con la vasta letteratura presente nel pensiero di alcuni autori vicini a Ignazio Gardella. Si definiscono in tal modo i tratti di una metodologia fortemente connotata dal realismo, che rende coerente una ricerca empirica e razionale, legata ad un’idea di architettura classica, di matrice illuministica e attenta alle istanze della modernità, all’interno della quale si realizza l’eteronomia linguistica che caratterizza uno dei tratti caratteristici delle architetture di Ignazio Gardella; aspetto più volte interpretato come appartenenza ai movimenti del novecento, che intersecano costantemente la lunga carriera dell’architetto. L’analisi dell’opera della residenza è condotta non per casi esemplari, ma sulla totalità dei progetti che si avvale anche di contributi inediti. Essa è intesa come percorso di ricerca personale sui processi compositivi e sull’uso del linguaggio e permette un riposizionamento della figura di Gardella, in relazione al farsi dell’architettura, della sua realizzazione e non alla volontà di assecondare stili o norme a-priori. E’ la dimensione pratica, del mestiere, quella che meglio si presta all’interpretazione dei progetti di Gardella. Le residenze dell’architetto si mostrano per la capacità di adattarsi ai vincoli del luogo, del committente, della tecnologia, attraverso la re-interpretazione formale e il trasferimento da un tema all’altro, degli elementi essenziali che mostrano attraverso la loro immagine, una precisa idea di casa e di architettura, non autoriale, ma riconoscibile e a-temporale.

Contaminazioni tra arte e architettura

Il concetto di contaminazione fra architettura ed arti plastiche e figurative è molto antico. La dicotomia arte-architettura, sancita in via definitiva con il moderno museo di spoliazione napoleonica, non può che essere considerata una variazione neo-tecnicista sulla quale, non sempre giustamente, sono andati assestandosi gli insegnamenti delle scuole politecniche. Non così è sempre stato. Come il tempio greco può essere considerato un’opera plastica nel suo complesso, esempio tra i primi di fusione tra arte e architettura, moltissimi sono gli esempi che hanno guidato la direzione della ricerca che si è intesa perseguire. Molti sono gli esempi del passato che ci presentano figure di architetto-artista: un esempio fra tutti Michelangelo Buonarroti; come per altro non è nuovo, per l’artista puro, cimentarsi nella progettazione dello spazio architettonico o urbano, o per l'architetto essere coinvolto dalle indagini della ricerca artistica a lui contemporanea dalla quale trarre suggestioni culturali. Le rappresentazioni dei linguaggi visivi sono il frutto di contaminazioni che avvengono su diversi livelli e in più direzioni. Spesso le ricerche artistiche più significative hanno anticipato o influenzato il mondo del design, dell’architettura, della comunicazione. L’intenzione della ricerca è stata quindi approfondire, attraverso un viaggio nel Novecento, con particolare attenzione al Secondo Dopoguerra, i fenomeni culturali che hanno prodotto i più significativi sviluppi stilistici nell’ambito della ricerca e del rinnovo del linguaggio architettonico. Il compito, parafrasando Leonardo Benevolo, non è stato quello di elencare le singole battute della discussione ma di riconoscere gli interventi fruttuosi a lunga scadenza. Mutuando gli insegnamenti della scuola del Bauhaus, arte e architettura sono state affiancate perché considerate espressioni strettamente relazionate di coevi fenomeni culturali. L’obiettivo ha puntato all’individuazione dei meccanismi delle interazioni tra discipline, cercando di delineare il profilo della complessità dell’espressione del contemporaneo in architettura.

«L’Eroica» e la xilografia italiana dal tardo simbolismo all’espressionismo (1911-1917)

Il lavoro di ricerca vuole analizzare, attraverso lo studio specifico della rivista artistico letteraria «L’Eroica» fondata a La Spezia nel 1911 da Ettore Cozzani e Franco Oliva, gli artisti e le situazioni in cui si sviluppa e si diffonde in Italia un linguaggio grafico di tipo fauve-espressionista, in perfetta sintonia con le coeve esperienze straniere. Nello specifico, si è focalizzata l’attenzione sui così detti ‘anni eroici de L’Eroica’ (1911-1917), periodo in cui risulta più evidente il passaggio che si ebbe nel panorama dell’illustrazione italiana da uno stile ancora riconducibile a un linguaggio simbolista a uno, per l’appunto espressionista. Questa rivista, infatti, nella fase conosciuta come “gli anni eroici dell’Eroica” (1911-17), s’interessa in modo quasi esclusivo alla xilografia contemporanea avvalendosi in un primo momento della collaborazione di artisti noti nell’ambito del gusto liberty come, ad esempio, Adolfo De Carolis e dei suoi allievi (Gino Barbieri, Ettore di Giorgio, Antonio Moroni). Tale collaborazione però termina con la cosiddetta “Secessione degli Xilografi”, ossia l’abbandono nel 1914 da parte di De Carolis e dei suoi della testata spezzina, circostanza questa che determinerà un nuovo indirizzo stilistico per la rivista in cui prenderanno sempre più spazio artisti di una generazione più giovane, peraltro già attivi su «L’Eroica» stessa, quali ad esempio Lorenzo Viani, Arturo Martini, Emilio Mantelli, Felice Casorati, Giuseppe Biasi, Roberto Melli e Gino Carlo Sensani, questi ultimi tutti rappresentanti di un espressionismo italiano di primo ordine

I manoscritti miniati dell'Illustratore nella cultura figurativa del secondo quarto del XIV secolo

La tesi è dedicata alla personalità artistica dell’Illustratore, tra i protagonisti della miniatura bolognese degli anni trenta e quaranta del Trecento, così felicemente soprannominato da Roberto Longhi. Dopo un capitolo dedicato alla vicenda critica dell’artista, la tesi affronta il percorso artistico dell’Illustratore nell’ambito della decorazione libraria bolognese del secondo quarto del XIV secolo. Ho trattato le opere attribuite al’Illustratore insieme agli esempi contemporanei della miniatura bolognese, in modo da far emergere il ruolo di questo maestro nelle relazioni con il contesto cittadino. Nella successione cronologica dei manoscritti, emerge un nuovo sconvolgimento caotico che scardina l’ordine spaziale e compositivo delle opere iniziali debitrici del giottismo del Maestro del 1328. Il capitolo si conclude con alcune osservazioni sui rapporti tra il maestro e i suoi aiuti e sul rapporto con Buffalmacco. In questo capitolo sono inoltre presentate due nuove attribuzioni. Gli ultimi due capitoli sono un approfondimento sull’interazione tra il linguaggio figurativo dell’artista e la funzione dell’immagine quale forma di comunicazione visiva in stretta relazione con i testi scritti che accompagnano e sui caratteri della committenza, là dove è possibile definirli. La prima parte del terzo capitolo è dedicata all’illustrazione dei libri legales, mentre nella seconda parte si tratta di un caso particolare, le iniziali istoriate dell’Inferno e del Purgatorio di Dante Alighieri della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze (ms. 1005), per molti aspetti riconducibili all’illustrazione giuridica. La mia intenzione in questo capitolo è di verificare come il caratteristico linguaggio narrativo espressivo e diretto dell’Illustratore abbia risposto alla funzione delle immagini dipinte nei codici giuridici di offrire una struttura materiale alla memorizzazione visiva per via di luoghi e figure dei contenuti di studio del diritto comune. In appendice alla tesi si trova un catalogo dei manoscritti decorati da miniature dell’Illustratore, comprensivo anche di una sezione per le opere di dubbia o erronea attribuzione.

Il caso del Maestro di Ozieri e la cultura pittorica del Cinquecento in Sardegna

La tesi si occupa del rapporto tra il Maestro di Ozieri e la produzione figurativa in Sardegna nella prima metà del Cinquecento. Studia l'uso delle incisioni. Valuta l'influenza della pittura romana e meridionale. Riflette sulla possibile identità straniera del pittore, sulla base delle molte somiglianze con artisti tedeschi e fiamminghi. Si occupa di comprendere quali possano essere considerate le opere autografe e quali quelle eseguite da seguaci e imitatori. Riformula alla luce dei confronti stilistici e delle ricerche in archivio la personalità dell'artista e la sua collocazione cronologica.

Giovanni Francesco da Rimini Un percorso fra tradizione e rinnovamento nella pittura italiana di metà Quattrocento.

La tesi presenta l’attività di Giovanni Francesco da Rimini, pittore attivo all’incirca dal 1440 al 1470. Analizzando le varie esperienze tra Padova, Perugia, Firenze e Bologna, si ricostruisce un catalogo delle sue opere.

Gli schemata corporei degli Orixás: Azioni, gesti e atteggiamenti della cultura afro-brasiliana nelle metodologie pedagogico-teatrali

Questa tesi prende in esame le convergenze culturali (tecniche e prassi attoriali) nelle metodologie pedagogiche del “secondo” Novecento teatrale. L’analisi riguarda il modo in cui le tecniche provenienti dai derivati della tradizione africana – in particolare le azioni, i gesti e gli atteggiamenti corporei usati nelle danze sacre del Candomblé – e lo studio degli organi espressivi del corpo permettono all’ artista della scena di acquisire conoscenze pragmatiche su determinati automatismi della sua struttura bio-psichica. L’esame di queste convergenze è fatto pertanto attraverso l’analisi di pratiche teatrali che ammettono le interconnessioni culturali, le “migrazioni” ed i “contagi” fra tecniche teatrali europee e modus operandi extraeuropei. Mediante l’analisi di queste pratiche pedagogiche transculturali si verifica che, gli elementi tecnico-espressivi “estranei” appartenenti ad altre culture possono essere efficaci in un tipo di metodologia “meticcia” solo quando questo modus operandi transculturale contempla la partecipazione collaborativa tra i soggetti coinvolti nel processo educativo.

La cerchia di Giulio Clovio: gli incontri, i viaggi, le amicizie di un artista europeo

La tesi riguarda il miniatore Giulio Clovio (Grižane, Croazia, 1498 – Roma, 1578), considerandolo come il fulcro di una rete di relazioni tra committenti, artisti e letterati. È divisa in tre parti, seguendo la vita dell’artista: giovinezza (1498-1534), maturità (1534-1561) e vecchiaia (1561-1578). Tra i committenti più significativi: Domenico e Marino Grimani e il cardinale Alessandro Farnese. Tra gli artisti italiani: Giulio Romano, Girolamo dai Libri, Valerio Belli, Sofonisba Anguissola. Tra gli artisti europei: Francisco de Hollanda, Pieter Brueghel il Vecchio, Bartholomeus Sprangher, El Greco e Lampsonio.

Enrico Prampolini tra arte e architettura. Teorie, progetti e Arte Polimaterica

Obiettivo principale della ricerca è quello di aggiungere un tassello mancante, attraverso una nuova chiave di lettura, alla complessa attività artistico-teorica dell’artista futurista Enrico Prampolini (1894-1956). Questa tesi, oltre a riordinare e raccogliere tutto ciò che riguarda l’architettura e il rapporto di quest’ultima con le arti nell'opera di Prampolini, coglie l’occasione per puntualizzarne aspetti ancora poco esplorati, grazie anche all'analisi inedita dei documenti originali dell'artista conservati presso il CRDAV del Museo d’arte contemporanea di Roma. Partendo dall'analisi dei rapporti dell’artista modenese con le avanguardie straniere, la ricerca prosegue con la presa in esame dei manifesti, degli scritti e degli articoli noti e inediti legati alla teoria architettonica nella produzione dell’artista modenese. Il nucleo centrale della ricerca è costituito dagli elementi inediti emersi presso l’Archivio Prampolini consistenti in relazioni di progetti architettonici per un Piano urbanistico del Centro Alberghiero di Castel Fusano (1938) e per due alberghi nel centro di Roma (1938-1939). La seconda parte della ricerca si concentra sull'analisi del rapporto tra arte e architettura nel Futurismo e sul fondamentale contributo dato in tal senso da Prampolini, in particolare attraverso la “plastica murale”, come completamento dell’architettura futurista e fascista e la concezione dell’Arte Polimaterica. Nell'ultima parte della ricerca si affronta infine l'analisi del rapporto tra arte e architettura gestito in ambito istituzionale in Italia tra le due guerre, con l’emanazione, nel 1942, della legge detta “del 2%”. Aspetto finora inedito delle vicende legate alla “legge del 2%” è l'emergere del ruolo centrale di Prampolini nel contribuire al dibattito che portò alla sua approvazione, e non secondariamente nella ricerca di migliori condizioni economiche e maggiori occasioni di lavoro per gli artisti. La figura di Enrico Prampolini emerge dunque, da questa ricerca, come un nodo fondamentale per comprendere alcuni degli aspetti ancora inesplorati della cultura artistico-architettonica italiana degli anni Venti-Quaranta.

Salomé et Jean Baptiste. Réinvestissements symboliques et récritures d'un mythe dans la littérature et dans l'art (1870-1914)

La publication de nombreuses œuvres, à la fois littéraires et picturales, entre 1870 et 1914, inspirées par l’épisode biblique du meurtre de Jean Baptiste par Salomé, s’inscrit dans une crise qui touche à cette époque, en Europe, aussi bien le sujet que la notion de représentation. Le mythe de Salomé permet de poursuivre une réflexion de nature littéraire, historique et esthétique concernant le processus d’autonomisation de l’art. À partir des sources bibliques et antiques, dans lesquelles Salomé et Jean Baptiste incarnent respectivement le monde païen en conflit avec le monde chrétien, ces deux personnages font graduellement leur entrée dans l’univers de la fiction. Ils sont au cœur de la transition d’une lecture transcendante — reliée particulièrement à la tradition catholique — de l’épisode tragique qui les unit, à une lecture immanente qui en fait deux instances purement esthétiques. La danseuse et le dernier des prophètes émergent dans la littérature et dans l’art occidentaux comme deux pôles symboliques, liés l’un à l’autre par différents types de relation, susceptibles d’être librement réinvestis par de nouvelles significations et à l’écart des conventions. Si, dans la première partie du XIXe siècle, Salomé et Jean Baptiste sont encore liés à leur sens orthodoxe, au tournant du siècle ils finissent par s’autonomiser de l’Écriture et donnent lieu à de multiples récritures et à des adaptations inattendues. Celles-ci ressortissent alors moins du blasphème à proprement parler que d’un témoignage emblématique d’une transformation du rapport que l’artiste entretient avec son œuvre. Celui-ci, en s’identifiant avec le prophète décollé, se mesure à l’œuvre d’art, qui est incarnée par Salomé. La relation entre Salomé et Jean Baptiste, dans ces diverses représentations, exprime et reflète le moment où art et littérature se reconnaissent comme fictions.

Marco Zoppo e il Rinascimento tra l'Emilia e il Veneto

La presente ricerca si occupa della figura di Marco Zoppo, pittore e artista poliedrico, nato a Cento, in Emilia, intorno al 1432. L'indagine si concentra soprattutto sugli esordi e la prima maturità di questo artista, che lo videro attivo in centri importanti come Bologna e Padova e Venezia.