Creazione e sviluppo di corpora multimediali. Nuove metodologie di ricerca nella traduzione audiovisiva

The construction and use of multimedia corpora has been advocated for a while in the literature as one of the expected future application fields of Corpus Linguistics. This research project represents a pioneering experience aimed at applying a data-driven methodology to the study of the field of AVT, similarly to what has been done in the last few decades in the macro-field of Translation Studies. This research was based on the experience of Forlixt 1, the Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation, developed at the University of Bologna’s Department of Interdisciplinary Studies in Translation, Languages and Culture. As a matter of fact, in order to quantify strategies of linguistic transfer of an AV product, we need to take into consideration not only the linguistic aspect of such a product but all the meaning-making resources deployed in the filmic text. Provided that one major benefit of Forlixt 1 is the combination of audiovisual and textual data, this corpus allows the user to access primary data for scientific investigation, and thus no longer rely on pre-processed material such as traditional annotated transcriptions. Based on this rationale, the first chapter of the thesis sets out to illustrate the state of the art of research in the disciplinary fields involved. The primary objective was to underline the main repercussions on multimedia texts resulting from the interaction of a double support, audio and video, and, accordingly, on procedures, means, and methods adopted in their translation. By drawing on previous research in semiotics and film studies, the relevant codes at work in visual and acoustic channels were outlined. Subsequently, we concentrated on the analysis of the verbal component and on the peculiar characteristics of filmic orality as opposed to spontaneous dialogic production. In the second part, an overview of the main AVT modalities was presented (dubbing, voice-over, interlinguistic and intra-linguistic subtitling, audio-description, etc.) in order to define the different technologies, processes and professional qualifications that this umbrella term presently includes. The second chapter focuses diachronically on various theories’ contribution to the application of Corpus Linguistics’ methods and tools to the field of Translation Studies (i.e. Descriptive Translation Studies, Polysystem Theory). In particular, we discussed how the use of corpora can favourably help reduce the gap existing between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Subsequently, we reviewed the tools traditionally employed by Corpus Linguistics in regard to the construction of traditional “written language” corpora, to assess whether and how they can be adapted to meet the needs of multimedia corpora. In particular, we reviewed existing speech and spoken corpora, as well as multimedia corpora specifically designed to investigate Translation. The third chapter reviews Forlixt 1's main developing steps, from a technical (IT design principles, data query functions) and methodological point of view, by laying down extensive scientific foundations for the annotation methods adopted, which presently encompass categories of pragmatic, sociolinguistic, linguacultural and semiotic nature. Finally, we described the main query tools (free search, guided search, advanced search and combined search) and the main intended uses of the database in a pedagogical perspective. The fourth chapter lists specific compilation criteria retained, as well as statistics of the two sub-corpora, by presenting data broken down by language pair (French-Italian and German-Italian) and genre (cinema’s comedies, television’s soapoperas and crime series). Next, we concentrated on the discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of summary tables reporting the frequency of categories applied to the French-Italian sub-corpus. The detailed observation of the distribution of categories identified in the original and dubbed corpus allowed us to empirically confirm some of the theories put forward in the literature and notably concerning the nature of the filmic text, the dubbing process and Italian dubbed language’s features. This was possible by looking into some of the most problematic aspects, like the rendering of socio-linguistic variation. The corpus equally allowed us to consider so far neglected aspects, such as pragmatic, prosodic, kinetic, facial, and semiotic elements, and their combination. At the end of this first exploration, some specific observations concerning possible macrotranslation trends were made for each type of sub-genre considered (cinematic and TV genre). On the grounds of this first quantitative investigation, the fifth chapter intended to further examine data, by applying ad hoc models of analysis. Given the virtually infinite number of combinations of categories adopted, and of the latter with searchable textual units, three possible qualitative and quantitative methods were designed, each of which was to concentrate on a particular translation dimension of the filmic text. The first one was the cultural dimension, which specifically focused on the rendering of selected cultural references and on the investigation of recurrent translation choices and strategies justified on the basis of the occurrence of specific clusters of categories. The second analysis was conducted on the linguistic dimension by exploring the occurrence of phrasal verbs in the Italian dubbed corpus and by ascertaining the influence on the adoption of related translation strategies of possible semiotic traits, such as gestures and facial expressions. Finally, the main aim of the third study was to verify whether, under which circumstances, and through which modality, graphic and iconic elements were translated into Italian from an original corpus of both German and French films. After having reviewed the main translation techniques at work, an exhaustive account of possible causes for their non-translation was equally provided. By way of conclusion, the discussion of results obtained from the distribution of annotation categories on the French-Italian corpus, as well as the application of specific models of analysis allowed us to underline possible advantages and drawbacks related to the adoption of a corpus-based approach to AVT studies. Even though possible updating and improvement were proposed in order to help solve some of the problems identified, it is argued that the added value of Forlixt 1 lies ultimately in having created a valuable instrument, allowing to carry out empirically-sound contrastive studies that may be usefully replicated on different language pairs and several types of multimedia texts. Furthermore, multimedia corpora can also play a crucial role in L2 and translation teaching, two disciplines in which their use still lacks systematic investigation.

Identità e diaspora attraverso lo specchio doppio del processo traduttivo. La traduzione del romanzo "The Namesake" - "L'omonimo" di J. Lahiri e il doppiaggio del film "The Namesake" - "Il destino nel nome" di M. Nair

La ricerca si propone come studio teorico e analitico basato sulla traduzione letteraria e audiovisiva del genere diasporico, esemplificato nel romanzo The Namesake – L’omonimo di J. Lahiri e nel film The Namesake – Il destino nel nome di M. Nair. Si sviluppa, quindi, un doppio percorso di analisi, concentrandosi sulla traduzione interlinguistica di due modalità testuali differenti, quella letteraria (il testo narrativo) e quella audiovisiva (in particolare, il doppiaggio). L’approccio teorico è di stampo interdisciplinare, come risulta sempre più imprescindibile nel campo dei Translation Studies: infatti, si cerca di coniugare prospettive di natura più linguistica, quali i Descriptive Translation Studies (in particolare, Toury 1995) e lo sviluppo degli studi sui cosiddetti ‘universali traduttivi’, con approcci di stampo più culturalista, in particolare gli studi sulla traduzione post-coloniali, con le loro riflessioni sui concetti di ‘alterità’ e ‘ibridismo’. Completa il quadro teorico di riferimento una necessaria definizione e descrizione del genere diasporico relativo alla cultura indiana, in rapporto sia al contesto di partenza (statunitense) sia al contesto di arrivo (italiano) per entrambi i testi presi in considerazione. La metodologia scelta per l’indagine è principalmente di natura linguistica, con l’adozione del modello elaborato dallo studioso J. Malone (1988). L’analisi empirica, accompagnata da una serie di riflessioni teoriche e linguistiche specifiche, si concentra su tre aspetti cruciali per entrambe le tipologie testuali, quali: la resa della naturalezza dei dialoghi nel discorso letterario e in quello filmico, la rappresentazione del multiculturalismo e delle varietà linguistiche caratterizzanti i due testi di partenza e i numerosi riferimenti culturo-specifici delle due opere e la loro traduzione in italiano. Si propongono, infine, alcune considerazioni in ottica intersemiotica in relazione alle tre aree individuate, a integrazione dell’indagine in chiave interlinguistica.

La traduzione intralinguistica, interlinguistica e intercodica della trilogia marsigliese di Jean Claude Izzo

Il testo ripercorre le origini del romanzo poliziesco, la sua struttura, le tecniche narrative utilizzate e l’evoluzione del genere che ha condotto alla nascita del Noir francese e del Noir Mediterraneo. Arrivando ad osservare che per le sue caratteristiche, la letteratura noir in generale presenta specificità di tipo culturale, ambientale e linguistico, che risultano molto evidenti nell’opera di Izzo, si giunge a considerare come sia necessario per il traduttore porsi rispetto all’opera come un antropologo o un etnologo, di farsi cioè interprete di una “cultura”. Nella terza parte del lavoro vengono presentati la Trilogia di Izzo, la struttura narrativa e gli elementi socio-culturali presenti nell’opera. La quarta parte propone le teorie relative sia al problema della traduzione interlinguistica, sia a quello della traduzione intralinguistica e successivamente dopo una analisi della traduzione italiana dei testi, presenta, in appendice, una possibile traduzione del prologo di Total Khéops, inteso come sintesi delle caratteristiche narrative e culturali dell’autore. La parte conclusiva di questo lavoro riguarda la traduzione intercodica e, seguendo la linea di pensiero che ha governato l’analisi della Trilogia vengono presi in esame e messi a confronto col testo narrativo alcuni dialoghi significativi dell’adattamento per la televisione.

Epos orale russo tra oralità e scrittura: problemi e proposte di traduzione

In the present thesis, I discuss the role of orality in translation, taking into account the problems arising while translating Russian folk epics. I investigate the meaning of orality in the context of folkloristic translation, trying to define a concept of oral poetry, and exploring its consequences for translation. In the first chapter, I try to identify the main differences between written literature and oral modes of expression, with special reference to folklore. Oral verbal art is performed, sung or recited, and based on a vital and dynamic interrelation between kinesics, sound, speech and gestures. According to Muhawi (2006), performance provides an interpretive frame enabling a correct interpretation of the message conveyed beyond the literal meaning. Transposing certain performance elements into print is one of the most controversial problems in folklore studies. However, formulas and formal stylistic devices may be rendered in transcription, building a bridge between oral and written elements. In the translation of oral poetry in transcription, this interconnection between orality and literacy might be emphasized, thus creating a hybrid dimension where oral and literary features coexist. In the second chapter, I introduce and describe the genre of Russian folk epics, transmitted orally, and transcribed between the 19th and 20th centuries, from a historical, linguistic and stylistic point of view. In the third and fourth chapters, I explore the issue of translation of Russian oral poetry. I first analyse existing Italian translations of Russian epics, and then present and discuss my own translation, based on a philological, scholarly approach. Thus, in my translation, which is followed by a rich commentary, I try to focus on the rendering of formulas as one of the most relevant aspects of Russian epics. At the same time, oral devices combine with literary features, thus creating a sort of frozen orality.